Synonym Pairs Research Articles

A Polarity Capturing Sphere for Word to Vector Representation

Embedding words from a dictionary as vectors in a space has become an active research field, due to its many uses in several natural language processing applications. Distances between the vectors should reflect the relatedness between the corresponding words. The problem with existing word embedding methods is that they often fail to distinguish between synonymous, antonymous, and unrelated word pairs. Meanwhile, polarity detection is crucial for applications such as sentiment analysis. In this work we propose an embedding approach that is designed to capture the polarity issue. The approach is based on embedding the word vectors into a sphere, whereby the dot product between any vectors represents the similarity. Vectors corresponding to synonymous words would be close to each other on the sphere, while a word and its antonym would lie at opposite poles of the sphere. The approach used to design the vectors is a simple relaxation algorithm. The proposed word embedding is successful in distinguishing between synonyms, antonyms, and unrelated word pairs. It achieves results that are better than those of some of the state-of-the-art techniques and competes well with the others.

The variability of synonymic oppositions chior–orb, vechi–bătrîn, copac–pom, mal–țărm and their lexicographic treatment

The analysis of a series of synonymic oppositions in Romanian aims at pointing to their variation on a diachronic and diatopic level, the relationship between these two levels, as well as how these linguistic realities are treated at a lexicographic level, especially in modern dictionaries of synonyms. The modern dictionaries of synonyms do not pay enough attention to the relationship between synonyms, as their lexicographic entries mainly consist of ordering the synonyms of the title word and occasionally adding examples. This is known as the ``cumulative” method, and it is favoured by an inadequate definition of the synonymic relationship. Therefore, following the analysis of four pairs of synonyms belonging to the basic Romanian vocabulary we have concluded that the approach of synonymic oppositions in two representative Romanian dictionaries of synonyms is merely approximate and at times inappropriate. The structure of the lexicographic entries in these dictionaries often shows an inadequate knowledge of words history and how it is reflected as a variation at the dialectal level. The exemplification method is as well inadequate because the authors deliberately provide examples that are irrelevant for the identification of the differences between the synonyms.

Integrating Linguistic Knowledge to Sentence Paraphrase Generation

Paraphrase generation aims to rewrite a text with different words while keeping the same meaning. Previous work performs the task based solely on the given dataset while ignoring the availability of external linguistic knowledge. However, it is intuitive that a model can generate more expressive and diverse paraphrase with the help of such knowledge. To fill this gap, we propose Knowledge-Enhanced Paraphrase Network (KEPN), a transformer-based framework that can leverage external linguistic knowledge to facilitate paraphrase generation. (1) The model integrates synonym information from the external linguistic knowledge into the paraphrase generator, which is used to guide the decision on whether to generate a new word or replace it with a synonym. (2) To locate the synonym pairs more accurately, we adopt an incremental encoding scheme to incorporate position information of each synonym. Besides, a multi-task architecture is designed to help the framework jointly learn the selection of synonym pairs and the generation of expressive paraphrase. Experimental results on both English and Chinese datasets show that our method significantly outperforms the state-of-the-art approaches in terms of both automatic and human evaluation.

Благоверная царица хитра была мудра: об одной синонимической паре в русском фольклоре

Благоверная царица хитра была мудра: об одной синонимической паре в русском фольклоре

Re-Examination of Synonymy in the Standard Igbo

This study examines synonymy in Standard Igbo (SI) to empirically determine if absolute synonyms actually exist in SI. By the application of cognitive linguistic theory and by adopting a descriptive survey method, the study tries to ascertain the factual behavior of synonyms in SI. The data used for this research work are gathered from documented materials from authors who have written on Igbo synonymy. Forty-six pairs of Igbo synonyms are subjected to analysis using the interchangeablity/substitution method to determine if members of a pair can always substitute each other in all contexts. The study discovers that there are always subtle but noticeable meaning differences realized between the members of the pairs, which is caused by contextual, collocational, and connotative restrictions. The study concludes that members of synonymous pairs in the SI differ from each other when they are placed in certain contexts. Hence, absolute synonyms do not exist in SI as claimed by some of previous scholars.

Towards a linguistic vision of the world at the paremiological level of language

This article examines the thematic groups of the Russian paremiological minimum of Grigoriy Permyakov, and its reflection in various foreign paremiological corpora, to support the idea of the specifics of a linguistic picture of the world at the paremiological level of language. The authors’ collections of Slavonic proverbs from 2000–2019 are utilized. The work applies the approach of contrastive paremiological studies promulgated by Valeriy Mokienko, in order to demonstrate the systematic characteristics of the paremiological level of expression: polysemantic, currently synonymous (70 groups) and antonymous (30 groups) Russian proverbs. Some proverbs are found in several synonymous and/or antonymous pairs: from our database, the total number of proverbial synonyms is 195 out of 500 proverbs, and of proverbial antonyms 83 out of 500 (as a result, approximately 39% of our Russian paremiological minimum are in a synonymous relationship and approximately 17% of proverbs are in an antonymous relationship). The authors conclude that the synonymous proverbs appear in all 12 groups of our thematic classification of Russian proverbs and the antonymous Russian proverbs appear in 10 thematic chapters out of 12. It is proposed that the thematic subgroups, containing synonyms or/and antonyms, are the dominating segments of the Russian proverbial representation of the world, which highlight the most important sides of the Russian conception of life embodied in proverbs.

Lexical Analysis of Arabic Near-Synonyms in the Holy Qur'an: A Case Study ofسنةsanah and عام‘aam

Translation is a process that enables communication between different cultures and breaks barriers between languages. Synonymy is equivalence of sense (Griffiths, 2006). It refers to words that mean the same or show semantic resemblance to one another. Words in synonymous pairs can replace each other in sentences with no change of the literal meaning, and therefore, the substitutability test is used to determine whether or not words are synonyms. Translators face many problems in conveying the intended semantic message and finding the exact lexical equivalents in the target language, in addition to the cultural aspects that they need to overcome in the source language. The present study is an attempt to explore the strategies used by different Qur'an translators in rendering an Arabic synonymous pair, namely سنةsanah and عام ‘aam (year) into English, and to find out which translations could be more proper than others. The findings proved that some Qur'anic terms are untranslatable, and choosing an accurate equivalent in the target language is not possible because of the differences in the lexical items available in each language. This study concludes that the Holy Qur'an has distinctive aspects that cannot be delivered in other languages and it impresses the readers with the deep and expressive terms that were used for certain purposes.

Synonym Extraction in Shipping Industry with Distant Supervision and Deep Neural Network

Zhao, Y.; Liu, Q.-W.; Hu F.-H.; Lu, G., and Zhang, T., 2019. Synonym extraction in shipping industry with distant supervision and deep neural network. In: Gong, D.; Zhu, H., and Liu, R. (eds.), Selected Topics in Coastal Research: Engineering, Industry, Economy, and Sustainable Development. Journal of Coastal Research, Special Issue No. 94, pp. 455–459. Coconut Creek (Florida), ISSN 0749-0208.Current synonym extraction methods, including lexical pattern based methods, distributional similarity-based methods, and search engine based methods, usually need a lot of manual work, either in rule editing or in training corpus labeling. This paper tries to find synonyms in a “self-supervised” way and presents a synonym extraction framework based on distant supervision. The model used here is LSTM and CRF. We first analyze the nature of the synonym representations of the Nautical Navigation in text; then automatically generate labeled training samples by using structured knowledge (a domain dictionary) and some generic heuristic rules. Finally, we train some “LSTM + CRF” models and use them to extract synonyms in the shipping industry corpus. More than 100 thousand facts are successfully extracted, which contain 3,629 distinct pairs of synonyms; and the precision is 0.967.

Antonym-Synonym Classification Based on New Sub-Space Embeddings

Distinguishing antonyms from synonyms is a key challenge for many NLP applications focused on the lexical-semantic relation extraction. Existing solutions relying on large-scale corpora yield low performance because of huge contextual overlap of antonym and synonym pairs. We propose a novel approach entirely based on pre-trained embeddings. We hypothesize that the pre-trained embeddings comprehend a blend of lexical-semantic information and we may distill the task-specific information using Distiller, a model proposed in this paper. Later, a classifier is trained based on features constructed from the distilled sub-spaces along with some word level features to distinguish antonyms from synonyms. Experimental results show that the proposed model outperforms existing research on antonym synonym distinction in both speed and performance.

A Semantic Prosody Analysis on Two Synonymous Pairs in English Native Speakers’ and Chinese Learners’ Writings

The concept of semantic prosody has attracted great research interest in language teaching. Identifying learners’ perception of semantic prosody and collocation may be beneficial to vocabulary teaching. This study analyzes two pairs of synonyms in English writings of Chinese students and English native speakers based on the ICNALE corpus. The analysis finds that Chinese writers’ perception of semantic prosody is mostly consistent with that of native speakers. However, the use of collocation is quite different between them.

Vidy\u0101nandin\u2019s Discussion with the Buddhist on Svasa\u1e43vedana, Pratyak\u1e63a and Pram\u0101\u1e47a

Two of the terms in the title are from Vidyānandin’s Tattvārtha-śloka-vārttika (TAŚV, 1, 6, 11), which is his commentary on Umāsvāti’s Tattvārtha-sūtra (TAS). Sūtra 6 of the TAS states the following: pramāṇa-nayair adhigamaḥ, ‘knowledge—of the seven categories—is obtained through the pramāṇas and the nayas’). Vidyānandin’s commentary on this sūtra 6 entails a total of 56 ślokas, with his own prose vārttika on each of them in varying lengths. TAŚV 1, 6, 1–8 deal with particulars and universals, for which he uses the synonymous pairs aṃśa/aṃśin and avayava/avayavin. That he is attacking the Buddhist position regarding this age old theme in Indian philosophy, is evident also in that he quotes Dharmakīrti’s Pramāṇa-vārttika. By the time he comes to his TAŚV 1, 6, 6, he establishes that an object as a whole is open to perception and that the Buddhist also accepts perception as a valid means of knowledge, but does not accept the perception of an object as a whole. From TAŚV 1, 6, 11 onwards Vidyānandin continues with the same theme, elaborating his attack of the Buddhist view even further, doing so in terms of svasaṃvedana, pratyakṣa and pramāṇa (self-awareness, perception and valid means of knowledge). The presentation will attempt to deal with these concepts in order to see how Vidyānandin vindicates the Jaina position vis-à-vis the Buddhist one. This presentation will continue from my previous study of Vidyānandin’s TAŚV 1, 6, \t1–10.

Extending a sentiment lexicon with synonym–antonym datasets: SWNetTR++

In our previous studies on developing a general-purpose Turkish sentiment lexicon, we constructed SWNetTR-PLUS, a sentiment lexicon of 37K words. In this paper, we show how to use Turkish synonym and antonym word pairs to extend SWNetTR-PLUS by almost 33 % to obtain SWNetTR++, a Turkish sentiment lexicon of 49K words. The extension was done by transferring the problem into the graph domain, where nodes are words, and edges are synonym--antonym relations between words, and propagating the existing tone and polarity scores to the newly added words using an algorithm we have developed. We tested the existing and new lexicons using a manually labeled Turkish news media corpus of 500 news texts. The results show that our method yielded a significantly more accurate lexicon than SWNetTR-PLUS, resulting in an accuracy increase from 72.2 % to 80.4 %. At this level, we have now maximized the accuracy rates of translation-based sentiment analysis approaches, which first translate a Turkish text to English and then do the analysis using English sentiment lexicons.

NUANSA MAKNA SINONIM ADJEKTIVA SIKAP BATIN DALAM BAHASA INDONESIA

The purpose of this study was to determine the pair of synonyms and nuances of the meaning of the pair of synonyms of the Indonesian mental attitude adjective. This research is qualitative research using the descriptive method. The data of this study are the basic adjectives of the inner attitude of Indonesian. The results of this study indicate that (1) there are 26 pairs of Indonesian mental attitude adjectives that are proven to be synonymous and (2) all pairs of Indonesian mental attitude adjectives that prove synonymous with meaning nuances. Not all Indonesian mental attitude adjectives that have synonym and most synonymous pairs are adjunctive nuances of meaning on cognitive meaning anda a small part of emotive menaing.

SINONIM ADJEKTIVA DALAM BAHASA MINANGKABAU DI KENAGARIAN KACANG KECAMATAN X KOTO SINGKARAK KABUPATEN SOLOK

This study aims to describe: (1) the pair of adjective synonyms in Minangkabau Language at Kanagarian Kacang, District X Koto Singkarak, Solok Regency, and (2) types for the pair ofadjective synonymsin Minangkabau Language at Kanagarian Kacang, District X Koto Singkarak, Solok Regency. Type of this research is qualitative research with descriptive methods. Data of this research are adjectives in Minangkabau language in variety of oral and writing. The source of this research data are adjective synonyms in Minangkabau language. This research conducted in the community of Kanagarian Kacang, District X Koto Singkarak, Solok Regency. Result of this study concluded: (1) the pair of adjective synonyms in Indonesian language are standard adjectives in high percentage and non-standard adjectives in low percentage, and (2) four types of adjective synonyms in Minangkabau language are absolute synonymy, complete synonymy, descriptive synonymy, and near-synonymy.Keywords: synonyms, adjektive, language Minangkabau

The influence of word frequency on word reading speed when individuals with macular diseases read text

People with central field loss (CFL) use peripheral vision to identify words. Eccentric vision provides ambiguous visual inputs to the processes leading to lexical access. Our purpose was to explore the hypothesis that this ambiguity leads to strong influences of inferential processes, our prediction being that increasing word frequency would decrease word reading time. Individuals with bilateral CFL induced by macular diseases read French sentences displayed with a self-paced reading method. Reading time of the last word of each sentence (target word) was recorded. Each target word (in sentence n) was matched with a synonym word (in sentence n+1) of the same length. When using absolute frequency value (Analysis 1), we found that reading time of target words decreased when word frequency increases, even when controlling for word length. The amplitude of this effect is larger than reported in previous investigations of reading with normal subjects. When comparing the effect of relative frequency (low vs. high) within each pair of synonyms (Analysis 2), results show the same pattern as the one observed in Analysis 1. Our results demonstrate clear-cut frequency effects on word reading time and suggest that inferential processes are stronger in CFL readers than in normally sighted observers. These results might also help design text simplification tools tailored for low-vision patients.

Лингвистическая характеристика текста экологической тематики

The article discusses the structural and semantic features of a regional newspaper text on environmental topics. The material contains 30 texts from the socio-political newspaper “Rech” of the city of Cherepovets, Vologda Oblast, published during 2017 - the Year of Ecology in Russia. It is shown that the newspaper text on environmental topics has the structure of an inverted pyramid, when important information is presented at the beginning of the article, and detailing is presented in the second part; the photographs accompanying the texts have a different visual-grammatical structure and can be interpreted as one-part and two-part sentences. In the semantic aspect, it is revealed that a larger number of contextual synonymous pairs than sets are formed; gradual antonyms are used; lexical units are included that fix the anthropocentric model of the interaction of man and nature. It is identified that there is a two-way interaction between the environmental event and the text: the event is the basis for creating the text, and vice versa, a newspaper text covering an environmental problem may precede one event or another. It is indicated that the newspaper text on environmental topics is characterized by a homogeneous presentation of the material, anthropocentricity and polyphonicity; softening the presentation of problematic information is achieved through the use of literary synonyms, gradual antonyms and relevant illustrations.

중국인 중·고급 학습자의 한국어 유의어 지식 양상

This study investigated the aspects of Korean synonym knowledge of Chinese intermediate and advanced learners. To meet the goal, 10 synonym pairs were selected through pretests and three tests were developed such as O/X test, multiple-choice cloze test, and cloze test. Sixty students(twenty per each level from 4 to 6 in TOPIK) and 20 native speakers were employed. As results, (i) native speakers also checked wrong in several O/X tests indicating having wrong intuition of use of some synonyms, (ii) rough development was found in synonym knowledge following to the proficiency, but the aspect is very irregular showing discrepancy from that of native speakers. This study claimed that proficiency was not able to predict development of synonym knowledge so that explicit educational intervention would be necessary.

Conservation of location of several specific inhibitory codon pairs in the Saccharomyces sensu stricto yeasts reveals translational selection.

Synonymous codons provide redundancy in the genetic code that influences translation rates in many organisms, in which overall codon use is driven by selection for optimal codons. It is unresolved if or to what extent translational selection drives use of suboptimal codons or codon pairs. In Saccharomyces cerevisiae, 17 specific inhibitory codon pairs, each comprised of adjacent suboptimal codons, inhibit translation efficiency in a manner distinct from their constituent codons, and many are translated slowly in native genes. We show here that selection operates within Saccharomyces sensu stricto yeasts to conserve nine of these codon pairs at defined positions in genes. Conservation of these inhibitory codon pairs is significantly greater than expected, relative to conservation of their constituent codons, with seven pairs more highly conserved than any other synonymous pair. Conservation is strongly correlated with slow translation of the pairs. Conservation of suboptimal codon pairs extends to two related Candida species, fungi that diverged from Saccharomyces ∼270 million years ago, with an enrichment for codons decoded by I•A and U•G wobble in both Candida and Saccharomyces. Thus, conservation of inhibitory codon pairs strongly implies selection for slow translation at particular gene locations, executed by suboptimal codon pairs.

SINONIM NOMINA BAHASA MELAYU MANADO

This research focuses on the problems of synonymy of the nouns in Malay Manado language. The objectives of the research are to describe the distinctive features among synonymous nouns in Malay Manado language. This research is descriptive research, of the type of the text analysis (content analysis), using the primary data (written) taken from Kamus Bahasa Malay Manado and the secondary data from the informants. The data were collected using the documentary method, listen and note taking method, and elicitation method. The analysis process was done using the orthographic similarity method because the standards are in the written form. Then, the similarity technique used was connect and compare equate technique (teknik hubung banding menyamakan (HBS)); and connect and compare distinguish technique (teknik hubung banding membedakan (HBB)). The analyses revealed the following: most Malay Manado nouns have near synonyms; there are general semantic features among the synonymous pairs of nouns; the pairs of the synonymous nouns are near synonyms because there are some distinguishing features (there are differences in aesthetic sense among the speakers, there are differences in the medium of sentences which use synonymous nouns, there are uncommon usage of nouns considered synonymous, and there are influences of dialects in the use of synonymous nouns). The use of synonymous nouns in the communication (both in spoken and written texts, both formal and informal usage), requires the accuracy on the part of the speakers due to the fact that there are distinguishing features in each of the synonymous pairs. This would avoid the obscurity and misunderstanding in receiving the information.Keywords: synonymous nouns, near synonym, distinguishing components of meaning, connect and compare equate technique, connect and compare distinguish technique

Attenuation of Marek's disease virus by codon pair deoptimization of a core gene

Marek's disease virus (MDV) is an oncogenic alphaherpesvirus of Gallus gallus, the domesticated chicken. Control strategies rely upon vaccination with live attenuated viruses of antigenically similar avian herpesviruses or attenuated strains of MDV. Recent studies in other viruses have shown that recoding certain viral genes to employ synonymous but rarely-used codon pairs resulted in viral attenuation. We deoptimized two MDV proteins, UL54/ICP27 and UL49/VP22, and demonstrate that the more severely deoptimized variant of UL54 accumulates significantly less gene product in vitro. Using these UL54 deoptimized mutants, we further demonstrate that animals infected with the UL54-recoded recombinant virus exhibited decreased viral genome copy number in lymphocytes, reduced lymphoid atrophy and reduced tumor incidence. This study demonstrates that codon pair deoptimization of a single viral gene can produce attenuated strains of MDV. This approach may be useful as a rational way of making novel live attenuated virus vaccines for MDV.