Synergistic Effect Of Addition Research Articles

Synergistic effect of additives on 2D perovskite film towards efficient and stable solar cell

Recently, two-dimensional (2D) organic-inorganic hybrid perovskites have attracted tremendous attention due to their excellent environment stability. However, the inhibition of out-of-plane charge transport limits the performance of 2D based perovskite solar cells (PVSCs). To overcome this issue, we prepare the vertical-orientated 2D perovskite film via introducing dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) and thio-semicarbazide (TSC) as additives into the precursor solution. High-quality 2D (BA)2(MA)3Pb4I13 (BA = n-butylammonium, MA = methylammonium) films with uniform morphology, increased grain size, intensified crystallinity and vertical orientation are therefore fabricated by a synergistic effect of additives. As a result, the trap-state density in 2D (BA)2(MA)3Pb4I13 films is reduced and the charge transport is remarkably improved. The power conversion efficiency (PCE) of the PVSCs is boosted from the 1.05% to 14.15%. An unsealed device retains 90.3% of its initial PCE after 720 h storage in air atmosphere with relative humidity of 25 ± 5% at 25 °C. The results show the synergistic effect of TSC and DMSO on perovskite films is an effective approach toward efficient and stable 2D PVSC.

Synergistic Effect Between Full-Term Pregnancy/Breastfeeding And Familial Susceptibility On Breast Cancer Risk.

BackgroundBreast cancer is the most common cancer in women worldwide, and reproductive factors and family history of malignancy are considered as high risk factors. The present study aimed to evaluate the synergistic effect of reproductive factors and family history on breast cancer.MethodA total of 1215 breast cancer patients and 1215 control participants from two medical centers were enrolled, and reproductive factor history and family cancer history information was collected. Multivariate logistic regression analyses were performed to estimate the adjusted odds ratio (OR), and synergy index (SI) was used to assess the combined effect of potential factors.ResultsCompared to the controls, a negative association between full-term pregnancy/breastfeeding and breast cancer was observed regardless of the status of family cancer history (OR: 0.675, 95% CI: 0.560–0.814 and OR: 0.631, 95% CI: 0.503–0.789 respectively) after adjustment of other confounders, while the risk effect of abortion was unproven. The synergistic effect of history of full-term pregnancy and family history of malignancy was indicated in the combined analyses with SI as 9.429 (95% CI:1.248–71.245).ConclusionFull-term pregnancy/breastfeeding were protective factors against breast cancer and synergistic additive effect was demonstrated between no full-term pregnancy/breastfeeding and a family history of malignancy on the risk of breast cancer.

The Degree of Multidimensional Severity of Alcohol Use Disorder among Treatment-Seeking Patients: Is There an Additive Effect of Parental Alcohol Use Disorder?

Background: The additive effect of parental alcohol use disorders (AUD) is conventionally defined as an increasing risk of the offspring developing AUD relative to family history negative, < family history positive with 1 parent (FHP1), < FHP2. The few studies on the additive effect of parental AUD have focused on the risk of development of offspring AUD and not on the degree of multidimensional AUD addiction severity. Aims: The aims of the present study were to examine the frequency of treatment-seeking outpatients exposed to FHP1 and FHP2 and whether addiction severity was impacted by the additive effect of parental AUD among AUD female and male offspring. Methods: This cross-sectional study was based on 3,361 consecutive treatment-seeking outpatients from 2006 to 2016, assessed by means of the ­European Addiction Severity Index (EUROP-ASI). The ­EUROP-ASI assessed multidimensional addiction severity, comprising alcohol and other drug use, somatic and psychiatric health status, family and other social status, economy and employment-related problems and criminal status composite scores at treatment entry. Results: Among females, 40.38% had FHP1 and 15.68% FHP2, whereas males had 40.90% FHP1 and 13.24% FHP2. No conventional additive effect was found on the composite scores among both genders. However, another type of synergistic additive effect, only manifesting with exposure to FHP2, was found for employment-related problems and psychiatric status composite scores among male offspring. Conclusions: Exposure to parental AUD is strikingly high among treatment-seeking outpatients. Nonetheless, the additive effect has a modest impact on multidimensional addiction severity and is mostly related to psycho-social impairment among treatment-seeking male offspring.

Detection of stable QTLs for grain protein content in rice (Oryza sativa L.) employing high throughput phenotyping and genotyping platforms

Lack of appropriate donors, non-utilization of high throughput phenotyping and genotyping platforms with high genotype × environment interaction restrained identification of robust QTLs for grain protein content (GPC) in rice. In the present investigation a BC3F4 mapping population was developed using grain protein donor, ARC10075 and high-yielding cultivar Naveen and 190 lines were genotyped using 40 K Affimetrix custom SNP array with the objective to identify stable QTLs for protein content. Three of the identified QTLs, one for GPC (qGPC1.1) and the other two for single grain protein content (qSGPC2.1, qSGPC7.1) were stable over the environments explaining 13%, 14% and 7.8% of the phenotypic variances, respectively. Stability and repeatability of these additive QTLs were supported by the synergistic additive effects of multi-environmental-QTLs. One epistatic-QTL, independent of the main effect QTL was detected over the environment for SGPC. A few functional genes governing seed storage protein were hypothesised inside these identified QTLs. The qGPC1.1 was validated by NIR Spectroscopy-based high throughput phenotyping in BC3F5 population. Higher glutelin content was estimated in high-protein lines with the introgression of qGPC1.1 in telomeric region of short arm of chromosome 1. This was supported by the postulation of probable candidate gene inside this QTL region encoding glutelin family proteins.

Synergistic effect of electrolyte additives on the improvement in interfacial stability between ionic liquid based gel electrolyte and LiFePO4 cathode

Polyethylene (PE)-supported poly (vinylidene fluoride)-hexafluoropropene P(VdF-HFP) based GPE was prepared by using ionic liquid 1-ethyl-3-methyl-imidazolium bis(trifluoromethylsulfonyl)imide (EMITFSI) as solvent, lithium bis(trifluoromethylsulfonyl)imide (LiTFSI) as lithium salt, vinylene carbonate (VC) and lithium bis(oxalato)borate (LiBOB) as CEI (solid electrolyte interface formed between cathode and electrolyte) film-forming additive. The performance of ionic liquid type GPE with VC and LiBOB additives was understood by electrochemical impedance spectroscopy, linear sweep voltammetry, charge/discharge test, scanning electron microscope, transmission electron microscope, X-ray diffraction and inductively coupled plasma. It was found that the ionic liquid based GPE with 5 wt% VC and 1.5 wt% LiBOB as additives helped to improve the interfacial stability by forming superior quality of CEI layer on the surface of LiFePO4 cathode. Thinner and more uniform CEI layer built by the synergistic effect of additives, which VC contributed to a soft organic layer, while LiBOB facilitated the formation of a brittle and tough inorganic layer, could inhibit the further dissolution of Fe ion and keep the structural integrity of LiFePO4. Caused by the preferably comprehensive performance of ionic liquid based GPE, in which exhibited good compatibility with lithium anode, and the improved oxidative potential of 5.4 V, the Li/GPE/LiFePO4 coin cell showed excellent cyclic stability, maintaining 96.7% of its initial discharge capacity after 100 cycles at 0.1C rate, compared to that of 72.3% for the GPE without additive.

High efficient electron field emission from rGO conformally coated NiO nanoflakes architecture

In the study, we report the facile synthesis of reduced graphene oxide (rGO) conformally coated vertically aligned, densely packed NiO nanoflakes (NFs) architecture for high efficient electron field emission applications. The NiO NFs architecture was grown on the Si substrate by a simple hydrothermal method, followed by decoration with rGO by drop casting method. The grazing incidence X-ray diffraction measurements reveal the formation of cubic structured NiO. The grown NiO NFs architecture is in better stoichiometry as evidenced from the resonant Rutherford backscattering spectrometry measurements. The rGO conformally coated NiO NFs (GNiO NFs) shows higher mobility and lower sheet resistance in comparison with its counterparts. X-ray absorption near edge structure analyses at O K-edge reveals the increase in unoccupied density of states due to the charge transfer from NiO to rGO. The rGO conformally coated NiO NFs architecture exhibits low turn-on voltage and enhanced field emission (FE) current as compared to the NiO NFs architecture. The observed low turn-on voltage and enhanced FE current for the GNiO NFs architecture is ascribed to the synergistic effect of addition of rGO as the conductive channels, which results in better charge transport and the enhanced field emission current characteristics.

Synergistic Effect of Addition of Fillers on Properties of Interior Waterborne UV-Curing Wood Coatings

A waterborne ultraviolet (UV)-curing coating was prepared on the surface of wood materials with modification of talcum powder and calcium carbonate (CaCO3). When the waterborne UV-curing coatings on the surface of wood materials (WUVCW) was radiated for 1 min by UV (λ = 365 nm) and dried at 40 °C for 10 min, it showed good hardness, adhesion, and impact strength, with controlling the talcum content of 2.0% and CaCO3 content of 1.0%, respectively. When the content of talcum powder was higher than 2%, the mechanical properties and gloss of the WUVCW decreased, and when the talcum powder of WUVCW increase to more than 5%, a matte surface appeared after curing. When CaCO3 and talcum powder were present at the same time, the mechanical properties of WUVCW were better than those of only CaCO3 or talcum powder.

Additives-assisted electrodeposition of fine spherical copper powder from sulfuric acid solution

Metal removal and recovery from wastewater is of great importance for the environmental protection and resources sustainability. In this study, the synergistic effect of additives towards the electrochemical recovery of Cu was illustrated using low-cost stainless steel cathode. It has been identified that potassium ferrocyanide has the effect of grain refining, and 2, 2′-dipyridine has the effect of spherical growth. Therefore, fine spherical copper deposited product is firstly obtained in the presence of two target-specific additives from dilute solution, and satisfied current efficiency is achieved. This additives-assisted electrodeposition approach may serve as a promising alternative to overcome the bottlenecks of existing metal recovery and water purification.

Synergistic effect of additives on electrodeposition of copper from cyanide-free electrolytes and its structural and morphological characteristics

Electrodeposition of acid copper plating on mild steel substrate is tedious due to the galvanic displacement reaction of copper on mild steel. This can be avoided by using a proper complexing agent, because the complexing agent tuned the potential of noble direction to less noble direction by complex formation. In this paper, environment friendly electrodeposition of copper from non-cyanide electrolyte using sodium gluconate as complexing agent was investigated in alkaline medium. The effects of additives such as 1, 2, 3-benzotriazole, sodium lauryl sulphate, PEG 8000 and saccharin were studied. These additives are found to reduce the grain size, grain boundaries and improve surface morphology of the copper deposits. Also they improve the throwing power of the depositing electrolytes and hardness of deposits. The electrodeposited copper coatings were characterized by X-ray diffraction technique. XRD results indicate that the electrodeposited copper shows polycrystalline and face centered cubic structure. The crystal size was calculated by XRD and AFM analysis. Among these additives studied, the mixture of benzotriazole and sodium lauryl sulphate acts as the best additive. A uniform pore-free surface observed under SEM and AFM results reveal the grain refining brought about by the additives.

Synergistic effect of triton X100 and 3-hydroxybenzaldehyde on Zn-Mn electrodeposition from acidic chloride bath

The effect of two non-complexing additives, namely Triton X100 and 3-hydroxybenzaldehyde (3-HBA) on Zn-Mn alloy deposition was investigated. The study was carried out using a simple KCl-based bath. To this end, cyclic voltammetry associated to the switching potential method, bulk electrolyses and scanning electron microscopy were used. Electrochemical study, from additives-free bath, showed that the potential of beginning Zn-Mn alloy deposition (E = −1.52 V vs. Ag/AgCl) stands between those of Zn (E = −1.03 V) and Mn (E = −1.65 V) alloying elements. The coatings obtained from this bath are Mn-poor alloys with dendritic structure, and the current efficiency is low (60%). It was found that the conjunction of triton X100 ad 3-HBA suppresses completely the individual electrodeposition of Zn. The synergistic effect of additives favors Zn and Mn co-deposition, but Mn-rich alloys are deposited only from E = −1.8 V vs. Ag/AgCl. The coatings obtained at lower cathodic potentials are adherent, smooth and bright. The current efficiency is enhanced and reaches 85%. Voltammogram data, from a comparative study using polyethylene glycol (PEG8000) instead of triton X100, display prominently the vital role that plays the hydrophobic head of triton X100 molecule in enhancing Mn incorporation into Zn matrix. Moreover, the switching potential technique demonstrated that at cathodic potentials higher than −1.8 V, the hydrogen evolution reaction is catalyzed when Mn-rich are deposited such that it gives rise to a higher pH increase at the cathode surface. This pH increase leads to an intense precipitation of hydroxides that blocks the alloy deposition process.

Graphene oxide nanosheets and d-α-Tocopheryl polyethylene glycol 1000 succinate (TPGS) doping improves biocompatibility and ultrafiltration in polyethersulfone hollow fiber membranes

Novel graphene oxide (G)-and d-α-Tocopheryl polyethylene glycol 1000 succinate (T)-doped polyethersulfone (P) hollow fiber membranes (GTP HFMs) were efficiently prepared. GTP HFMs were found to be a desirable biocompatible substrate for attachment and proliferation of human embryonic kidney-293 (HEK-293) cells. Significantly high porosity (94.58±1.1%), low contact angle (61.1±2.5°), low hemolysis (0.58% in batch mode and 0.64% in continuous mode), low terminal complement complex activation (SC5b-9 marker level ∼6.73ng/mL), prolonged blood coagulation time, and low platelet adhesion were measured for GTP HFMs indicating the superior suitability of GTP HFMs for blood-contact applications. Further, SEM and confocal laser microscopy studies showed the significantly high HEK-293 cells attachment and proliferation on GTP HFMs which was corroborated by results of glucose consumption analysis and MTT cell proliferation assay. High ultrafiltration coefficient (110±3mL/m2/h/mmHg), and albumin solute rejection (94.87±0.5%) were also measured for GTP HFMs. Thus, these results clearly indicated that the synergistic effect of additives improved the biocompatibility and ultrafiltration in GTP HFMs. The developed GTP HFMs can potentially be used for simultaneous/sequential cells attachment and proliferation, and ultrafiltration applications such as the bioartificial kidney.

Lack of incremental effect of histamine receptor antagonists over proton pump inhibitors on the risk of neoplastic progression in patients with Barrett's esophagus: a cohort study.

Long-term acid suppression reduces the risk of progression to esophageal adenocarcinoma (EAC) in patients with Barrett's esophagus (BE). Given recent reports about the harmful effects of using chronic proton pump inhibitors (PPI) there is renewed interest in alternative methods of acid suppression. Hence, we studied the effect of H2 receptor antagonists (H2 RA) on the risk of progression to neoplasia in our BE cohort. This is a retrospective analysis of prospectively collected data of patients in our BE registry from 2002 to 2015. Patients' characteristics, endoscopic findings, such as the length of BE, hiatal hernia size and histological findings and patients' use of medications such as PPI, aspirin, H2 RA, metformin and antihyperlipidemic agents were studied. The cohort consisted of 1466 patients with a mean age of 61 ± 13 years. The patients had a predominance of male sex (76.7% [1118/1457]) and Caucasian race (96.6% [1209/1252]). After excluding prevalent high-grade dysplasia (HGD) or EAC, 1025 patients had a median follow up of 43.6 months during which 57 patients progressed to HGD or EAC. PPI use (56% in progressors vs 69% in non-progressors; P = 0.007) but not H2 RA use (12% progressors vs 19% in non-progressors P = 0.162) was associated with lower risk of neoplastic progression. On multivariate analysis, there was no synergistic effect of addition of H2 RA to PPI on risk of neoplastic progression to HGD or EAC (relative risk 0.33; confidence intervals 0.05-2.29, P = 0.262). H2 RA do not seem to have a chemopreventive role in patients with BE.

Synergistic Effect of Additives on Friction and Wear Properties in Combination of Boron Cast Iron and CrN Coating

Synergistic Effect of Additives on Friction and Wear Properties in Combination of Boron Cast Iron and CrN Coating

電解精製浴からの電析銅の表面粗度および均一電着性に及ぼす添加剤の相乗効果

電解精製浴からの電析銅の表面粗度および均一電着性に及ぼす添加剤の相乗効果

Electrodeposition of Nanocrystalline Zinc from Sulfate and Sulfate-Gluconate Electrolytes in the Presence of Additives

This study investigated electrodeposition of zinc from sulfate and sulfate-gluconate electrolytes in the presence and absence of additives such as Polyethylene glycol (PEG), hexadecyltrimethylammonium bromide (CTAB) and thiourea. Equilibrium distribution of zinc (II) species revealed that in both sulfate and sulfate-gluconate electrolytes, ZnSO4 was the predominant species at the pH range of 1 to 6. Voltammetric analysis and potentiostatic experiments showed that although ZnSO4 had higher concentration in both sulfate and sulfate-gluconate electrolytes, zinc-gluconate (Zn(GH4)+) species played a significant role in the reduction process. Due to strong effects of (Zn(GH4)+) species on the deposition process a negative shift in reduction potential and a decrease in zinc diffusion coefficient was observed. Effects of gluconate complex agent on the deposition of zinc was confirmed by evaluation of the surface morphology and the texture of electrodeposited zinc on mild steel substrate. Two distinct microstructures with different preferred orientations were produced from sulfate and sulfate-gluconate electrolytes under the same deposition conditions. Synergistic effects of additives resulted in the formation of zinc coatings with nano grain sizes for both sulfate and sulfate-gluconate electrolytes with the same preferred orientation. X-ray diffraction results indicated that the effects of ligands from which zinc deposition occurred became negligible in the presence of all additives.

Abstract P111: Cross-Inhibition of the Vasorelaxing Effect of Ang-(1-9) and Ang-(1-7) in Aortic Rings

Angiotensin-(1-9) is a nonapeptide formed by the hydrolysis of angiotensin I by ACE2 that seems to counter-regulate the classical RAS axis. The effect produced by Ang-(1-9), has an important role in the cardiovascular system promoting effects similar to those of Ang-(1-7). As vasodilation, anti-hypertrophic action in cardiomyocytes and antihypertensive effect. Because it has been reported that the Ang-(1-9) effects are independent of the Ang-(1-7) receptor Mas, in this study we investigated a possible synergistic additive effect of Ang-(1-9) and Ang-(1-7) in aortic rings. Materials and methods: The endothelium-dependent vasodilatory response to Ang-(1-7) and Ang-(1-9) (10-10 - 10-6 moles/l) alone or in combination was tested in aortic rings taken from Sprague-Dawley rats, pre-contracted with phenylephrine (0.1 umoles/L). Results: In aortic rings from SD rats, Ang-(1-7) and Ang-(1-9) induces vascular relaxation (Emax= 13.8±4.5% and 15±2.5%, n=5, respectively). Interestingly, pre-incubation with Ang-(1-9) abolished the vasodilatation induced by Ang- (1-7) (Emax= -2.7 ±1.4%, n=5). Likewise, pre-incubation with Ang-(1-7) abolished the vasorelaxation induced by Ang- (1-9). Indeed in aortic rings pre-incubated with Ang-(1-7),addition of Ang-(1-9) induced contraction instead of relaxation of the aortic rings (Emax= -10±1.7%, n=5). To test the effect of acute combination of the peptides in aortic rings, Ang-(1-7) was prepared in a 10-7M solution of Ang-(1-9) or vice-versa. As observed with pre-incubetion, the vasodilator effect induced by Ang (1-7) or Ang-(1-9) was abolished (Emax= -2.9±2.6 %, n=6 and 4±1.3%, n=6, respectively). These results suggest that these two peptides counter-regulate the vascular effects of each other. Whether these phenomenon in due to receptor internalization or to a signaling-related mechanism, remain to be clarified.

Synergistic effect of polyaniline, nanosilver, and carbon nanotube mixtures on the structure and properties of polyacrylonitrile composite nanofiber

In this study, various amounts of carbon nanotubes (CNTs), nanosilver (AgNPs), and polyaniline (PANI) were incorporated at the same pot into the structure of composite polyacrylonitrile (PAN) nanofibers, which were produced by electrospinning process in order to see synergistic effect of the additives on the final properties of the composite materials. Performance and characteristic properties of composite nanofibers were analyzed by tensile tester, electrical conductivity meter, Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy, differential scanning calorimetry, X-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy, and antimicrobial activity test. Statistical analysis (analysis of variance) was performed to see whether the differences were statistically significant or not. It was seen that samples with AgNPs had higher breaking strength and electrical conductivity than the samples with CNTs. Generally, PANI improved the crystallinity of the composite material more than the nanoparticles (CNTs and AgNPs). Even though each of the nanoparticles was used in low concentrations, the composite materials (PAN–1CNT–1AgNO3–R and PAN–PANI–1AgNO3–R) gained antimicrobial properties due to the synergistic effect of additives. The results suggested that PAN composite nanofibers with 3 wt% PANI and 1 wt% AgNO3 generally presented better performance than the other samples in terms of electrical conductivity, antimicrobial activity, mechanical strength, crystallization, and thermal stability.

Widening Synthesis Bottlenecks: Realization of Ultrafast and Continuous‐Flow Synthesis of High‐Silica Zeolite SSZ‐13 for NOx Removal

AbstractCharacteristics of zeolite formation, such as being kinetically slow and thermodynamically metastable, are the main bottlenecks that obstruct a fast zeolite synthesis. We present an ultrafast route, the first of its kind, to synthesize high‐silica zeolite SSZ‐13 in 10 min, instead of the several days usually required. Fast heating in a tubular reactor helps avoid thermal lag, and the synergistic effect of addition of a SSZ‐13 seed, choice of the proper aluminum source, and employment of high temperature prompted the crystallization. Thanks to the ultra‐short period of synthesis, we established a continuous‐flow preparation of SSZ‐13. The fast‐synthesized SSZ‐13, after copper‐ion exchange, exhibits outstanding performance in the ammonia selective catalytic reduction (NH3‐SCR) of nitrogen oxides (NOx), showing it to be a superior catalyst for NOx removal. Our results indicate that the formation of high‐silica zeolites can be extremely fast if bottlenecks are effectively widened.

Widening Synthesis Bottlenecks: Realization of Ultrafast and Continuous-Flow Synthesis of High-Silica Zeolite SSZ-13 for NOx Removal.

Characteristics of zeolite formation, such as being kinetically slow and thermodynamically metastable, are the main bottlenecks that obstruct a fast zeolite synthesis. We present an ultrafast route, the first of its kind, to synthesize high-silica zeolite SSZ-13 in 10 min, instead of the several days usually required. Fast heating in a tubular reactor helps avoid thermal lag, and the synergistic effect of addition of a SSZ-13 seed, choice of the proper aluminum source, and employment of high temperature prompted the crystallization. Thanks to the ultra-short period of synthesis, we established a continuous-flow preparation of SSZ-13. The fast-synthesized SSZ-13, after copper-ion exchange, exhibits outstanding performance in the ammonia selective catalytic reduction (NH3 -SCR) of nitrogen oxides (NOx ), showing it to be a superior catalyst for NOx removal. Our results indicate that the formation of high-silica zeolites can be extremely fast if bottlenecks are effectively widened.

Application of Minkowski layer for intergranular fractal surfaces of multiphase active microalloyed and alloyed aluminium-silicate ceramics

Microalloyed and alloyed aluminium-silicate ceramics represents multiphase and multifunctional solid–solid system. The microstructure of aluminium-silicate ceramics matrix is arranged with favorable relationship between crystallinity and amorphousness. Numbered physical processes and interactions take place in very complex intergranular and interphase areas, making new boundaries and regions with fractal nature. Fractal nature of grains contours, macro, mezzo and micro pores and nanostructure phases at grain boundaries make this ceramics an active dielectric material. The synergistic effect of additives, dislocations and impurities leads to dislocations movement at grain boundaries and fragmentation of existing grains in a large number of micrograins with distinct fractal nature. Hence, permanent change of micromorphology occurs in intergranular area. Fractal analysis of intergranular microstructure has included application of Minkowski layer, correlated with fractal dimension. It represents convex layer of grains contour roughness and irregularity, determined in accordance with grain contours fractality. The introduction of fractal microstructure analysis allows better interpretation of many physical and physico-chemical processes, bearing in mind that Minkowski layer defines grains contact probability.