Synergistic Effect Of Chitosan Research Articles

Exploring the properties of gelatin/chitosan bioaerogel scaffolds: Toward ultra‐light and highly porous materials

AbstractThis study investigates the development and characterization of chitosan, gelatin, and chitosan/gelatin (Chi/Gel) bioaerogel composites through a facile and eco‐friendly approach. The goal is to optimize their structural and functional properties for potential environmental and biomedical applications. Direct freezing and lyophilization approach were used to prepare the aerogels, the focus was on investigating the effects of blending ratios on the density, porosity, surface area, and water absorption capabilities of the aerogels. The results show that Chi/Gel 60/40 composition achieved an optimal balance of structural robustness and functional performance, characterized by a moderate density of 74.2 mg/cm3, the highest porosity among the samples at 93.5%, an impressive surface area of 184.8 m2/g, and a water absorption capacity of 28.8 g/g. These results suggest that the synergistic effect of chitosan and gelatin at specific ratios significantly enhances the overall properties of the material. Our findings suggest that Chi/Gel bioaerogels, especially the 60/40 composite, hold great promise for diverse applications.Highlights All Gelatin/Chitosan bioaerogels exhibited high porosity and low density. The Chi/Gel 60/40 mix achieved the highest porosity and surface area. Highest water adsorption was observed in the Chi/Gel 60/40 composite. Synergistic effects enhanced properties of the Gelatin/Chitosan scaffolds.

The combined effect of chitosan and High Hydrostatic Pressure on Listeria monocytogenes and Escherichia coli

This study explores the combined effect of different High Hydrostatic Pressures (HHP; 200–300 MPa) with various chitosan concentrations (up to 0.2%) on five Listeria monocytogenes strains and one of Escherichia coli, at temperatures 20 & 35 °C. Cells were resuspended in ACES buffer 1 h prior to HHP. A synergistic effect of chitosan and HHP was reported for first time in the above bacterial species tested. Synergistic effect up to 1 log reduction was observed at 300 MPa and chitosan at 20 °C against L.monocytogenes LO28 with FBR13 being the most sensitive strain at 250 MPa and 0.1% chitosan. Higher combined effect was found at 35 °C compared to 20 °C at 200 MPa highlighting for first time the significant role of temperature in the above synergistic action. Pressure and temperature had a greater impact on inactivation and synergism than chitosan concentrations. Synergistic effect (1 log reduction) was also observed in E. coli K12 at 0.1% chitosan and 200 MPa. Industrial relevanceThis study presents the significance of combining HHP with natural antimicrobials to control L. monocytogenes and E. coli. Even though the technology is used for 3 decades in the food industry, its cost is still relatively high. Therefore, it is important to investigate novel ways to reduce the pressure intensity resulting in reduced costs, lower energy consumption and a broader product portfolio. This research demonstrates for first time the synergistic action of chitosan and HHP on L. monocytogenes and E. coli and the significant role of temperature that could contribute in the enhancement of the antimicrobial effect and optimization of the processing conditions. This aligns also with the growing demand for more sustainable and natural systems regarding the food production.

Synergistic effect of chitosan and β-carotene in inhibiting MNU-induced retinitis pigmentosa

In this study, N-Methyl-N-nitrosourea (MNU) was intraperitoneally injected to construct a mouse retinitis pigmentosa (RP) model to evaluate the protective effect of chitosan and β-carotene on RP. The results demonstrated that chitosan synergized with β-carotene significantly reduced retinal histopathological structural damage in RP mice. The co-treatment group of β-carotene and chitosan restored the retinal thickness and outer nuclear layer thickness better than the group treated with the two alone, and the thickness reached the normal level. The content of β-carotene and retinoids in the liver of chitosan and β-carotene co-treated group increased by 46.75 % and 20.69 %, respectively, compared to the β-carotene group. Chitosan and β-carotene supplement suppressed the expressions of Bax, Calpain2, Caspase3, NF-κB, TNF-α, IL-6, and IL-1β, and promoted the up-regulation of Bcl2. Chitosan and β-carotene interventions remarkably contributed to the content of SCFAs and enhanced the abundance of Ruminococcaceae, Rikenellaceae, Odoribacteraceae and Helicobacteraceae. Correlation analysis demonstrated a strong association between gut microbiota and improvement in retinitis pigmentosa. This study will provide a reference for the study of the gut-eye axis.

Zinc oxide–chitosan matrix for efficient electrochemical sensing of acetaminophen

The acetaminophen is an antipyretic and nonopioid analgesic that is prescribed for the management of fever and mild to moderate pain. The detection of acetaminophen by ZnO and ZnO@Chitosan-modified electrodes made of glassy carbon was compared. Acetaminophen was detected using surfaces of ZnO and ZnO@Chitosan over a 10–50 µM concentration range. The detection limits for ZnO and ZnO@Chitosan were anticipated to be 0.94 and 0.71 μmol L−1, respectively. In a wide range of acidic, neutral, and basic mediums with varying pH values, the impact of a change in solution pH on acetaminophen sensitivity was investigated. Electrokinetic studies were used to evaluate the acetaminophen detection efficiency. The charge transfer resistance (Rc) for various surfaces was measured using electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS). Using DFT studies, the synergistic effect of chitosan on zinc oxide was also shown. The Forcite model was used to calculate the surface interactions between chitosan and zinc oxide. Acetaminophen adsorption on the chitosan surface was also studied using the B3LYP density functional method.Graphical abstract

Synergistic Effect of Chitosan and Metal Oxide Additives on Improving the Organic and Biofouling Resistance of Polyethersulfone Ultrafiltration Membranes.

The combination of chitosan and metal oxides was utilized as an addition to improve the fouling resistance of polyethersulfone (PES) ultrafiltration membranes. Pure water flux, membrane hydrophilicity by the contact angle, scanning electron micrographs, and Fourier-transform infrared spectra were used to characterize the membranes. With the addition of metal oxides, the modified membrane's water flux increased. The PES membrane with 0.25% wt chitosan and 2.0% wt AgNO3 had the highest flux and antibacterial activity among the membranes tested. Because of its potential to improve membrane hydrophilicity, the water flux increased with the addition of chitosan and AgNO3. Because of the improved hydrophilicity, the contact angle reduced as chitosan and Ag loading was increased. The PES-chitosan-Ag2O (from AgNO3 2.0% wt) membrane had high antibacterial activity against Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus, whereas the PES-2.0% wt Ag membrane did not show the same result. Finally, the addition of chitosan in the PES-Ag membrane increased the membrane's antibacterial activity substantially.

Preparation and characterization of a new sustainable bio-based elastomer nanocomposites containing poly(glycerol sebacate citrate)/chitosan/n-hydroxyapatite for promising tissue engineering applications

Poly (glycerol sebacate citrate) (PGSC) has potential applications in tissue engineering due to its biodegradability and suitable elasticity. However, its applications are restricted owing to its acidity and high degradation rate. In this study, a new bio-nanocomposite based on PGSC has been synthesized by incorporating chitosan (CS) and various concentrations of hydroxyapatite nanoparticles (n-HA). It is assumed that the basicity of a CS and hydroxyl groups of n-HA will reduce the acidity of PGSC and control the rate of degradation. Also, the biocompatibility of n-HA and inherent hydrophilicity of CS can improve cell adhesion and proliferation of PGSC-based scaffolds. FTIR, XRD, FESEM, and EDX tests confirmed the synthesis of these nanocomposites and the interaction between each of the components. The results of the DMTA test also indicated the elastic behavior of the samples embedded with n-HA. The hydrophilicity assay demonstrated that the water contact angle of the scaffolds decreased as the concentration of n-HA augmented, and it reached the value of 44 ± 0.9° for nanocomposite containing 5 wt.% n-HA. The degradation rate of all PGSC nanocomposites was reduced due to the anionic groups of n-HA and CS. TGA assay indicated that the incorporation of n-HA led to the enhancement of scaffolds’ thermal stability. Furthermore, the synergistic effect of CS and n-HA on the enhancement of protein adsorption and cell proliferation was confirmed through protein adhesion and MTT assay, respectively. Consequently, the addition of n-HA and CS perform the new bio-nanocomposites scaffolds based on PGSC with sufficient hydrophilicity, flexibility, and thermal stability in tissue engineering applications.

Brush-Structured Chitosan/PolyHEMA with Thymine and Its Synergistic Effect on the Specific Interaction with ssDNA and Cellular Uptake.

Cationic polymers are known to attach on an anionic cell surface and favor gene transportation/transfection into the cells. However, when the positive charges accumulate, they tend to cause cell damage and delivery failure. Chitosan (CS) is a potential cationic bio-derived polymer whose chemical structures can be modified to fine-tune the charges as well as the add-on functions. The present work demonstrates (i) the decoration of a nucleic acid sequence-like brush structure on CS to allow the specific interaction with DNA and (ii) delivery into the cell. By simply applying mercaptoacetic acid as the chain transfer agent, the grafting of poly(hydroxyethyl methacrylate) (PHEMA) containing Thy (P(HEMA-Thy)) on CS is possible. The brush-like P(HEMA-Thy) leads Thy moieties to be in sequences. The Thy sequences perform as poly[T] for the specific interaction with ssDNA. The synergistic effect of CS and Thy sequences, i.e., electrostatic and base pairing interactions, results in an effective and efficient binding with ssDNA as well as significant delivery, especially in cellular uptake and cell viability. The use of CS in combination with Thy sequences in brush-like structures on CS is a model for other polysaccharides to be conjugated with the as-designed nucleic acid sequences for potential gene delivery.

Synergistic Effect of Chitosan and Activated Carbon (AC) in Suppressing Recombination Charge of Composite Ca2Fe2O5−AC/Chitosan for High Photodegradation of Fipronil Wastewater

Synergistic Effect of Chitosan and Activated Carbon (AC) in Suppressing Recombination Charge of Composite Ca2Fe2O5−AC/Chitosan for High Photodegradation of Fipronil Wastewater

Mold-free shelf-life extension of fresh rice noodles by synergistic effects of chitosan and common food preservatives

The antifungal synergy of chitosan (CH) was investigated with the common food preservatives, sodium benzoate (SB) or potassium sorbate (PS), against spoilage molds associated with fresh rice noodles to extend the shelf-life of the noodles and to reduce the use of chemical preservatives. To assess the synergistic effect of antimicrobial agents, we determined the fraction inhibitory concentration (FIC) index and isobolograms metric to justify the synergistic effect. We showed that CH with either SB or PS act synergistically against Aspergillus flavus and Penicillium citrinum. We also show that the combinations, 0.1% CH and 0.1% PS, completely inhibited molds and microbial growth of fresh rice noodles for longer than 28 days at the ambient storage condition. This longer storage time is a marked improvement from traditional noodles with either 0.1% added of PS or SB with a shelf-life of less than 1 day. Our combinations in fresh rice noodles show no effect compared to the control on the sensory evaluation and their physical properties including firmness, whiteness, and water activity. Thus, our research proposed the use of CH in combination with PS to extend the mold-free shelf-life of fresh rice noodles at 30 °C with no negative effects on noodle quality. • Synergistic antifungal action of chitosan (CH) and potassium sorbate (PS). • 0.1% CH and 0.1% PS showed the strongest antifungal activity on noodle. • Mold-free shelf-life of noodle added 0.1% CH + 0.1% PS was >28 days at 30 °C. • No alteration on physical properties and sensory evaluation of fresh rice noodle.

Synergistic Effect of Glycyrrhizic Acid and ZnO/Palygorskite on Improving Chitosan-Based Films and Their Potential Application in Wound Healing.

The synergistic effect of chitosan (CS), glycyrrhizic acid (GA) and ZnO/palygorskite (ZnO/PAL) as potential wound dressing was evaluated in the form of films by the solution casting method. The nanocomposite films were well-characterized with ATR-FTIR, XRD and SEM to explore the interactions between CS, GA and ZnO/PAL. Physical, mechanical and antibacterial properties of the nanocomposite films were systematically investigated for their reliability in end-up utilization. Importantly, it was found that the presence of PAL in the films provided enhanced mechanical properties, whereas CS, GA and ZnO supplied a broad-spectrum antibacterial activity, especially for drug-resistant bacteria such as ESBL—E. coli and MRSA. Overall, this research demonstrated that the prepared films can be a promising candidate for wound-care materials.

Formulation and characterization of hydroxyapatite-based composite with enhanced compressive strength and controlled antibiotic release.

A composite based on hydroxyapatite (HA) and chitosan (CS) combined with ciprofloxacin (CIP) was formulated by the solid-liquid mixing method. The optimization of the solid to the liquid ratio and the use of chitosan in a small amount (≤5wt%) promoted the preparation of stable and rigid monoliths. A synergistic effect of CS and CIP contents on the compressive strength of the CIP-loaded composite was evidenced. The compressive strength of the fabricated biocomposite ranged in values from 1 to 6MPa, comparable to those reported for cancellous bone. The improvement of the mechanical properties with the increase of the rate of organic components was correlated with the diminution of the surface area and the reduction in the pore volume of the specimens. On the other hand, the in vitro release experiments of the antibiotic indicated a sustained and controlled release of CIP over 10 days. Moreover, in vitro antibacterial tests performed on the biocomposite HA-CS5-CIP showed significant inhibition of Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli pathogens. According to the showed results, the formulated composite with three-phase components could be a promising material for bone repair and local antibiotic release for the treatment of bone infections.

Synergistic effects of chitosan and DNA self-assembly films on the chiral discrimination of tryptophan enantiomers

The rational design of electrochemical methods for chiral recognition is a focus of research in the detection fields of biomolecules and pharmaceuticals. In this work, electrochemical chiral interface based on chitosan (CS) and deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) was constructed with self-assembly technology, and then characterized by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), cyclic voltammetry, and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy. The FT-IR and SEM results showed the spatial structure of DNA and CS changed significantly and formed superhelix structure during the self-assembly process. Differential pulse voltammetry (DPV) results showed that the oxidation peak current ratio of D-Trp to L-Trp (ID/IL) was observed to be 4.02 at 25 °C due to the synergistic effects of CS and DNA, obviously higher than that on any individual CS or DNA modified electrode. In addition, there was a linear relationship between the peak current and Trp enantiomer concentration in the range of 0.005–0.15 mM, and the detection limits of D-Trp and L-Trp were 1.33 and 1.67 µM, respectively. More importantly, the chiral interface can also be used to identify the percentage of D-Trp in non-racemic Trp enantiomers mixture solutions, showing its effectiveness and promising potential in practical applications.

A Novel Amperometric Glucose Biosensor Based on Fe3O4‐Chitosan‐β‐Cyclodextrin/MWCNTs Nanobiocomposite

AbstractA novel enzymatic biosensing platform toward glucose is achieved with nanocomposite of magnetic nanoparticles (Fe3O4−CS−CD) and multi‐walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs). The synergistic effect of chitosan, β‐cyclodextrin and MWCNTs can facilitate electron transfer between enzyme and electrode based on the promoting results of the cyclic voltammetry (CV) and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS). The new biosensors exhibited direct electron transfer (DET) from enzyme to electrode after glucose oxidase (GOx) was immobilized on the modified electrode with the nanocomposite. Consequently, the enzymatic glucose biosensor displayed a considerably wide linear range (40 μM to 1.04 mM) with a high sensitivity of 23.59 μA mM−1cm−2, low detection limit of 19.30 μM, good selectivity, reproducibility and repeatability for detecting glucose. In addition, the current response still retained at 93.4 % after 25 days. Furthermore, the practical application of glucose biosensor was test in human serum samples with satisfactory accuracy, demonstrating promising and practical potential in biomedical diagnostics.

Synergistic Effect of Chitosan and Selenium Nanoparticles on Biodegradation and Antibacterial Properties of Collagenous Scaffolds Designed for Infected Burn Wounds.

A highly porous scaffold is a desirable outcome in the field of tissue engineering. The porous structure mediates water-retaining properties that ensure good nutrient transportation as well as creates a suitable environment for cells. In this study, porous antibacterial collagenous scaffolds containing chitosan and selenium nanoparticles (SeNPs) as antibacterial agents were studied. The addition of antibacterial agents increased the application potential of the material for infected and chronic wounds. The morphology, swelling, biodegradation, and antibacterial activity of collagen-based scaffolds were characterized systematically to investigate the overall impact of the antibacterial additives. The additives visibly influenced the morphology, water-retaining properties as well as the stability of the materials in the presence of collagenase enzymes. Even at concentrations as low as 5 ppm of SeNPs, modified polymeric scaffolds showed considerable inhibition activity towards Gram-positive bacterial strains such as Staphylococcus aureus and methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus and Staphylococcus epidermidis in a dose-dependent manner.

Induction of antibody responses in mice immunized intranasally with Type I interferon as adjuvant and synergistic effect of chitosan.

Type I IFNs are a range of host-derived molecules with adjuvant potential; they have been used for many years in the treatment of cancer and viral hepatitis. Therefore, the safety of IFNs for human use has been established. In this study, we evaluated the mucosal adjuvanticity of IFN-β administered intranasally to mice with diphtheria toxoid, and suggested a method to improve its adjuvanticity. When IFN-β alone was used as a mucosal adjuvant, no clear results were obtained. However, simultaneous administration of IFN-β and chitosan resulted in an enhancement of the specific serum immunoglobulin G (IgG) and IgA antibody responses, the mucosal IgA antibody response, and antitoxin titers. Furthermore, the intranasal administration of IFN-α alone resulted in a greater increase in antibody titer than IFN-β, and a synergistic effect with chitosan was also observed. These findings suggest that intranasal administration of chitosan and Type I IFNs may display an effective synergistic mucosal adjuvant activity.

A Synergistic Effect of Chitosan and Lactic Acid Bacteria on the Control of Cruciferous Vegetable Diseases

Two lactic acid bacteria (LAB) designated J02 and J13 were recovered from fermented vegetables based on their ability to suppress soft rot disease caused by Pectobacterium carotovorum subsp. carotovorum (Pcc) on radish. J02 and J13 were identified as Lactobacillus pentosus and Leuconostoc fallax, respectively. The ability of J02 and J13 to suppress plant diseases is highly dependent on chitosan. LAB alone has no effect and chitosan alone has only a moderate effect on disease reduction. However, J02 or J13 broth cultures plus chitosan display a strong inhibitory effect against plant pathogens and significantly reduces disease severity. LAB strains after being cultured in fish surimi (agricultural waste) and glycerol or sucrose-containing medium and mixed with chitosan, reduce three cruciferous vegetable diseases, including cabbage black spot caused by Alternaria brassicicola, black rot caused by Xanthomonas campestris pv. campestris, and soft rot caused by Pcc. Experimental trials reveal that multiple applications are more effective than a single application. In-vitro assays also reveal the J02/chitosan mixture is antagonistic against Colletotrichum higginsianum, Sclerotium rolfsii, and Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. rapae, indicating a broad-spectrum activity of LAB/chitosan. Overall, our results indicate that a synergistic combination of LAB and chitosan offers a promising approach to biocontrol.

A novel bacterial biofilms eradication strategy based on the microneedles with antibacterial properties

Abstract Bacterial biofilms possess high adaptive resistance to antimicrobials and human immune system, and it is extremely difficult to kill bacteria or remove biofilms from solid surfaces. Microneedles (MNs) can destroy the integrality of bacterial biofilms, and are helpful for bacterial biofilms eradication. In this study, we report dissolvable MNs composed of chitosan (CS) and zinc nitrate (CS-Zn2+ MNs), which combine the antimicrobial properties of CS and Zn2+ with the structural characteristics of MNs. The synergistic effect of CS and Zn2+ gives the CS-Zn2+ MNs fascinating antibacterial properties, and the microscale needle tips structure of MNs make the CS-Zn2+ MNs can puncture the bacterial biofilms delivery CS and Zn2+ to infection site. Counting the colony forming units assay shown that the antimicrobial properties of the CS-Zn2+ MNs was superior to CS MNs. Bacterial live/dead staining assay demonstrated that the CS-Zn2+ MNs exhibited better therapeutic effect to eradicate bacterial biofilms than membrane with same ingredient. Besides, 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) assays confirmed the excellent cytocompatibility of the CS-Zn2+ MNs. Therefore, we believe the CS-Zn2+ MNs are promising for applications in bacterial biofilms contaminated sites.

Synergistic effect of chitosan and halloysite nanotubes on improving agar film properties

Agar-based nanocomposites at different halloysite loadings, with and without chitosan as an ingredient and modifier, were prepared by solution casting. The morphology of the nanocomposites was studied by field-emission scanning electron microscopy, and results showed that chitosan partly promoted halloysite dispersion in the nanocomposites. The synergetic effect of chitosan and halloysite on the mechanical properties, water resistance and transparency of the obtained nanocomposites was evaluated. Results indicated that with increased chitosan and/or halloysite content, the tensile strength and elongation at the break of nanocomposites increased significantly. When added 40% chitosan and 8% halloysite into agar matrix, the tensile strength and elongation at the break of agar/chitosan/halloysite composite was improved from 35.03 MPa to 14.79% to 48.29 MPa and 22.62%, respectively. With increasing chitosan content from 0 to 60%, the water-swelling degree of the obtained composites decreased from 409.8% to 34.7%. In addition, well-dispersed halloysite in the polymer matrix decreased the moisture uptake, water solubility and water-swelling degree of the composites. All the agar/chitosan/halloysite nanocomposite films showed >70% transparency in the visible-light region (400–800 nm), indicating that the light transmittance of the obtained nanocomposites was slightly affected by chitosan and halloysite.

Synergistic Effect of Chitosan and Clove Oil on Raw Poultry Meat

Poultry raw meat is a perishable and nutritious food and considered as a prime source of protein. Its high moisture content favors the bacterial growth and leads to deteriorative changes. Bacterial contamination and lipid oxidation reduce the quality and stability of chicken meat and ultimately result in social health concern. For the purpose of extending shelf life of meat and to prevent further bacterial contamination, antimicrobial based edible coatings (food grade material) are being widely used now days which also maintain the quality of meat. In present study, antimicrobial potential of chitosan and clove oil as coating material was checked on quality attributes of fresh poultry meat. The study was divided in to three phases; first phase deals with preparation of edible coating for its application on meat. In second phase, proximate composition of fresh raw chicken meat was checked prior to application of coating material followed by storage at refrigeration temperature (24 days). In last phase, chitosan based coated and uncoated (control) samples were studied periodically for microbial analysis (TPC) and sensory characteristics. The obtained results were subjected to statistical analysis and a significant difference (p ≤ 0.05) was observed among treatments. On over all basis, it was concluded that treatment, T4, containing 1% chitosan solution +2% starch solution +1.5 mL clove oil performed best due to their synergistic barrier properties against aerobic microbes and increased the shelf stability of raw meat in comparison to uncoated meat samples.

Integration of chitosan and plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria to control Papaya ringspot virus and Tomato chlorotic spot virus

Papaya ringspot virus-W (PRSV-W) and Tomato chlorotic spot virus (TCSV) are common viruses infecting vegetables in south Florida. Application of plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR) has emerged as a potential alternative of chemical pesticides to control these viruses. But, it is not sufficient to completely replace chemical control. This study aimed to investigate the synergistic effect of chitosan and PGPR to control PRSV-W and TCSV. The efficiency of PGPR to suppress PRSV-W and TCSV was significantly improved when they were accompanied with chitosan treatment. The highest reduction in disease severity of both PRSV-W and TCSV was achieved when chitosan treatment was accompanied with mixture of two PGPR (IN937a + SE34) or three PGPR strains (IN937a + SE34 + SE56). The results of this study proved that implementation of chitosan and PGPR could significantly restrict losses due to PRSV-W and TCSV in squash and tomato, in Florida and the United States.