Synchronous Rotation Research Articles

Flows, circulations, and energy transport in the outer and deep atmospheres of synchronous and non-synchronous hot Jupiters

Aims. Recent studies have shown that vertical enthalpy transport can explain the inflated radii of highly irradiated gaseous exoplanets. Simultaneously, they have also shown that rotation can influence this transport, leading to highly irradiated, rapidly rotating objects that are uninflated. Here, we explore the flows that underpin this transport, including the impact of synchronous or non-synchronous rotation. Methods. We used DYNAMICO to run a series of long timescale HD209458b-like atmospheric models at various rotation rates. For models that are tidally locked, we considered rotation rates between 1/16th and 40 times the rotation rate of HD209458b, whilst for non-synchronous models, we considered the range one-eighth to four times HD209458b. Results. We find that our synchronous models fall into one of three Ω-dependent regimes. At low Ω, we find that the outer atmosphere dynamics are driven by a divergent day-night wind, which drives weak vertical transport and can lead to the formation of a night-side hot-spot. At intermediate Ω, we find classical hot Jupiter dynamics, whilst at high Ω we find a strong Coriolis effect that suppresses off-equator dynamics, including the jet-driving standing waves, thus also reducing vertical transport. As for non-synchronicity, when small, we find that it has little effect on the dynamics. However as it grows, we find that temporal variations prevent the formation of the persistent structures that drive large-scale dynamics and transport. Conclusions. We find that rotation can significantly impact the atmospheric dynamics of irradiated exoplanets, including vertical enthalpy advection, which may help explain the scatter in the hot Jupiter radius-irradiation relation. We have also identified a seemingly robust atmospheric feature at slow rotation: a night-side hot-spot. As this may have important implications for both the phase curve and atmospheric chemistry, we suggest that this study be followed up with next-generation global circulation models (GCMs) that robustly model radiation and chemistry.

Rotational Risley prisms: Fast and high-accuracy inverse solution and application based on back propagation neural networks

In the application of rotational Risley prism systems, there is a conflict between inverse solution time and accuracy. This paper proposes an inverse solution method based on back propagation neural networks to solve this problem. The training set data for prism rotation, azimuth, and elevation angles are produced based on the beam deflection model of the actual application. After that, two independent networks are trained individually. One network is used to calculate the angular difference, while the other network calculates the synchronous rotation angle to satisfy the solutions of elevation and azimuth angles of target. The azimuth and elevation root mean square errors for the inverse solution of the spiral trajectory using the trained network were 8.04e-04 arcsec and 2.60e-3 arcsec, respectively. At a solution time of 80 µs, the pointing accuracy in the experiment was less than 1 arcsec. The experimental results demonstrate that the proposed inverse solution method can obtain high-accuracy analytical solutions with low time consumption.

Observation of Moon-like Synchronous Revolution and Rotation of Janus Microparticles Trapped in an Annular Optical Trap

Observation of Moon-like Synchronous Revolution and Rotation of Janus Microparticles Trapped in an Annular Optical Trap

Overview of the habitability of exoplanets several factors of habitability

By analyzing the data of the earth and the sun, we get some of the factors of a planets habitability, such as the distance from the star to the planet, the atmosphere, and the tidal locked effect. We use the equation of radiative equilibrium and get the orbital semi-major axis in terms of the stars radius and the planets temperature and albedo. Then, according to the data of the planet and the definition of habitat zone, we can get the range of the habitat zone. We find that the relationship between the radius of the star and the planets radius is the radius of the stars surface, the temperature of the planets surface, and the albedo. We also discussed how the albedo, the star mass, the composition of the atmosphere, and the tidal lock influence the planets habitability. In conclusion, the only factor of the habitability of a planet is not the distance from the sun to the planet, we need to consider more factors and re-examine the habitability of the planets.

Equilibrium Figures of Two Liquid Masses with Synchronous Rotation. Dynamics of Double Asteroid (190166) 2005 UP156

The problem of equilibrium figures of two liquid masses in a state of tidal mutual capture is posed and solved. The condition of complete synchronous (orbital plus spin) rotation is satisfied in the system, and both bodies have the same masses and congruent ellipsoidal surfaces. For each figure, besides its own gravity and centrifugal forces, the attraction from the second body is taken into account in the tidal approximation. The spatial form of equilibrium figures as triaxial ellipsoids is found by an analytical and numerical method. The spin rotation of ellipsoidal equilibrium figures is established to occur not around small axes, as is usually assumed, but around the middle axes of the ellipsoids. This method is used to study the binary asteroid (190166) 2005 UP156, which approximately satisfies the initial conditions of the problem. The study showed that with the parameters known today, the system of two asteroids (190166) 2005 UP156 is nonequilibrium.

Examining the detectability of ringing on highly eccentric exoplanets

Context. Eccentric exoplanets offer an opportunity to study the response of an atmosphere to changing thermal forcing and the robustness of the super-rotating equatorial jet seen on tidally locked hot Jupiters. However, the atmospheric dynamics on eccentric planets strongly depend on the planetary rotation period, which is difficult to constrain observationally. The ringing phenomenon, whereby the observed emission increases and decreases after the periastron passage as the flash-heated hemisphere rotates into and out of view, can provide a tight constraint on rotation. Aims. We studied five highly eccentric transiting exoplanets HAT-P-2 b, HD 80606 b, TOI-3362 b, TOI-4127 b and HD 17156 b to find which displays strong ringing signals that are sufficiently strong for the James Webb Space Telescope (JWST) to detect. Methods. We implemented the treatment of eccentricity and non-synchronous rotation in the non-grey climate model expeRT/MITgcm and generated synthetic light curves. Results. We find four detectable ringing peaks on HD 80606 b and some undetectable ringing on TOI-4127 b and HD 17156 b. The lack of clouds, photo-chemistry and obliquity in our models may have led us to overestimate the amplitude of the ringing however. The strength of the ringing signal is mostly determined by the eccentricity, planetary rotation period, planet-to-star radius ratio and apparent magnitude of the system. We searched for more exoplanets that could show ringing but found no candidates as promising as HD 80606 b. Conclusions. We recommend prioritising HD 80606 b as a target for ringing with JWST. A baseline of five days after the periastron passage would capture three ringing peaks, which is sufficient to tightly constrain the planetary rotation period. An extension to seven days would add a fourth peak, which would allow us to verify the rotation period.

The Yarkovsky Effect on the Long-term Evolution of Binary Asteroids

We explore the Yarkovsky effect on small binary asteroids. While significant attention has been given to the binary YORP effect, the Yarkovsky effect is often overlooked. We develop an analytical model for the binary Yarkovsky effect, considering both the Yarkovsky–Schach and planetary Yarkovsky components, and verify it against thermophysical numerical simulations. We find that the Yarkovsky force could change the mutual orbit when the asteroid’s spin period is unequal to the orbital period. Our analysis predicts new evolutionary paths for binaries. For a prograde asynchronous secondary, the Yarkovsky force will migrate the satellite toward the location of the synchronous orbit on ∼100 kyr timescales, which could be faster than other synchronization processes such as YORP and tides. For retrograde secondaries, the Yarkovsky force always migrates the secondary outward, which could produce asteroid pairs with opposite spin poles. Satellites spinning faster than the Roche limit orbit period (e.g., from ∼4 hr to ∼10 hr) will migrate inward until they disrupt, reshape, or form a contact binary. We also predict a short-lived equilibrium state for asynchronous secondaries where the Yarkovsky force is balanced by tides. We provide calculations of the Yarkovsky-induced drift rate for known asynchronous binaries. If the NASA DART impact broke Dimorphos from synchronous rotation, we predict that Dimorphos’s orbit will shrink by ȧ∼7 cm yr−1, which can be measured by the Hera mission. We also speculate that the Yarkovsky force may have synchronized the Dinkinesh–Selam system after a possible merger of Selam’s two lobes.

Moderate magnitude clockwise rotation of the Yunlong Basin: Implications for synchronous Eocene rotation of the southeastern Tibetan Plateau

Abstract The clockwise rotation and southeastward extrusion of the southeastern Tibetan Plateau have played important roles in accommodating the uplift and deformation of the plateau. Numerous paleomagnetic studies have suggested post–late Eocene clockwise rotation of the southeastern Tibetan Plateau along the eastern Himalaya syntaxis, whereas few researchers have addressed the specific Eocene deformation, leading to ambiguous interpretations of the tectonic evolution in the region. Herein, we conducted a paleomagnetic study of the Yunlong Formation in the Yunlong Basin, which is Late Cretaceous to early Paleocene in age. In total, 386 oriented samples were collected. Rock magnetic, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and energy-dispersive spectroscopy (EDS) analyses revealed detrital carriers, such as hematite and some magnetite. In thermal demagnetization processes, 332 characteristic remanent magnetizations were isolated, which yielded positive reversals and tilt tests, providing a site-mean direction of declination (Ds) = 56.0° ± 2.6°, inclination (Is) = 34.3° ± 3.8°, α95 = 2.7°, k = 91.0, and N = 31 after tilt correction. Magnetostratigraphic analysis was performed, and a depositional age of 79–61 Ma for the section was obtained, which is consistent with the previous paleontological and detrital zircon ages. Compared with the Eurasia reference pole of the period, the data revealed a 45.2° ± 5.1° clockwise rotation of the Yunlong area since 79–61 Ma. The integrated regional paleomagnetic results suggest the occurrence of ~20° of clockwise rotation of the Lanping-Simao terrane during the Eocene, which is similar (in terms of magnitude and time of occurrence) to that of the Gonjo Basin in the eastern Qiangtang terrane. Integrated with other lines of geologic evidence, we propose a new deformation model in which the entire southeastern Tibetan Plateau experienced ~20° of rigid clockwise rotation during the Eocene, followed by subsequent oroclinal bending.

Did atmospheric thermal tides cause a daylength locking in the Precambrian? A review on recent results

After the initial suggestion by Zahnle and Walker (1987) that the torque accelerating the spin rate of the Earth and produced by the heating of the atmosphere by the Sun could counteract the braking luni-solar gravitational torque in the Precambrian, several authors have recently revisited this hypothesis. In these studies, it is argued that the geological evidence of the past spin state of the Earth plays in favor of this atmospheric tidal locking of the length of the day (LOD). In the present review of the recent literature, we show that the drawn conclusions critically depend on LOD estimates based on stromatolite growth band data of Panella at 1.88 and 2.0 Ga which are subject to large uncertainties. When only the most robust cyclostatigraphic estimates of the LOD are retained, the LOD locking hypothesis is not supported. Moreover, our consideration of the published General Circulation Model numerical simulations and of a new analytical model for the thermal atmospheric tides suggest that the atmospheric tidal resonance, which is the crucial ingredient for the LOD locking in the Precambrian, was never of sufficiently large amplitude to allow for this tidal LOD lock.

Signs of magnetic star-planet interactions in HD 118203

Context. Planetary systems with close-in giant planets can experience magnetic star-planet interactions that modify the activity levels of their host stars. The induced activity is known to strongly depend on the magnetic moment of the interacting planet. Therefore, such planet-induced activity should be more readily observable in systems with close-in planets in eccentric orbits, since those planets are expected to rotate faster than in circular orbits. However, no evidence of magnetic interactions has been reported in eccentric planetary systems to date. Aims. We intend to unveil a possible planet-induced activity in the bright (V = 8.05 ± 0.03 mag) and slightly evolved star HD 118203, which is known to host an eccentric (e = 0.32 ± 0.02) and close-in (a = 0.0864 ± 0.0006 au) Jupiter-sized planet. Methods. We characterized the planetary system by jointly modelling 56 ELODIE radial velocities and four sectors of TESS photometry. We computed the generalized Lomb-Scargle periodogram of the TESS, ELODIE, and complementary ASAS-SN data to search for planet-induced and rotation-related activity signals. We studied the possible origins of the stellar variability found, analysed its persistence and evolution, and searched for possible links with the eccentric orbital motion of HD 118203 b. Results. We found evidence of an activity signal within the TESS photometry that matches the 6.1-day orbital period of its hosted planet HD 118203 b, which suggests the existence of magnetic star-planet interactions. We did not find, however, any additional activity signal that could be unambiguously interpreted as the rotation of the star, so we cannot discard stellar rotation as the actual source of the signal found. Nevertheless, both the evolved nature of the star and the significant orbital eccentricity make the synchronous stellar rotation with the planetary orbit very unlikely. Conclusions. The planetary system HD 118203 represents the best evidence that magnetic star–planet interactions can be found in eccentric planetary systems, and it opens the door to future dedicated searches in such systems that will allow us to better understand the interplay between close-in giant planets and their host stars.

Evidence of apsidal motion and a possible co-moving companion star detected in the WASP-19 system

Context. Love numbers measure the reaction of a celestial body to perturbing forces, such as the centrifugal force caused by rotation, or tidal forces resulting from the interaction with a companion body. These parameters are related to the interior density profile. The non-point mass nature of the host star and a planet orbiting around each other contributes to the periastron precession. The rate of this precession is characterized mainly by the second-order Love number, which offers an opportunity to determine its value. When it is known, the planetary interior structure can be studied with one additional constraint beyond the mass, radius, and orbital parameters. Aims. We aim to re-determine the orbital period, eccentricity, and argument of the periastron for WASP-19Ab, along with a study of its periastron precession rate. We calculated the planetary Love number from the observed periastron precession rate, based on the assumption of the stellar Love number from stellar evolutionary models. Methods. We collected all available radial velocity (RV) data, along with the transit and occultation times from the previous investigations of the system. We supplemented the data set with 19 new RV data points of the host star WASP-19A obtained by HARPS. Here, we summarize the technique for modeling the RV observations and the photometric transit timing variations (TTVs) to determine the rate of periastron precession in this system for the first time. Results. We excluded the presence of a second possible planet up to a period of ~4200 d and with a radial velocity amplitude bigger than ≃ 1 m s−1. We show that a constant period is not able to reproduce the observed radial velocities. We also investigated and excluded the possibility of tidal decay and long-term acceleration in the system. However, the inclusion of a small periastron precession term did indeed improve the quality of the fit. We measured the periastron precession rate to be 233−35+25″d−1. By assuming synchronous rotation for the planet, it indicates a k2 Love number of 0.20−0.03+0.02 for WASP-19Ab. Conclusions. The derived k2,p value of the planet has the same order of magnitude as the estimated fluid Love number of other Jupiter-sized exoplanets (WASP-18Ab, WASP-103b, and WASP-121b). A low value of k2,p indicates a higher concentration of mass toward the planetary nucleus.

The Current Sequence Components Extraction for Dual Synchronous Rotation Frame Current Control in Unbalanced Grid Conditions

The Current Sequence Components Extraction for Dual Synchronous Rotation Frame Current Control in Unbalanced Grid Conditions

Super-Earth LHS3844b is Tidally Locked

Short-period exoplanets on circular orbits are thought to be tidally locked into synchronous rotation. If tidally locked, these planets must possess permanent day- and night-sides, with extreme irradiation on the dayside and none on the nightside. However, so far the tidal locking hypothesis for exoplanets is supported by little to no empirical evidence. Previous work showed that the super-Earth LHS 3844b likely has no atmosphere, which makes it ideal for constraining the planet’s rotation. Here we revisit the Spitzer phase curve of LHS 3844b with a thermal model of an atmosphere-less planet and analyze the impact of nonsynchronous rotation, eccentricity, tidal dissipation, and surface composition. Based on the lack of observed strong tidal heating we rule out rapid nonsynchronous rotation (including a Mercury-like 3:2 spin–orbit resonance) and constrain the planet's eccentricity to less than ∼0.001 (more circular than Io's orbit). In addition, LHS 3844b’s phase curve implies that the planet either still experiences weak tidal heating via a small-but-nonzero eccentricity (requiring an undetected orbital companion), or that its surface has been darkened by space weathering; of these two scenarios we consider space weathering more likely. Our results thus support the hypothesis that short-period rocky exoplanets are tidally locked, and further show that space weathering can significantly modify the surfaces of atmosphere-less exoplanets.

Quantifying tidal versus non-tidal stresses in driving time-varying fluxes of Enceladus' plume eruptions

In this study we investigate the relative importance of endogenic vs. exogenic stresses in controlling the location and timing of active ice-shell deformation on Enceladus, which is expressed by cyclic plume eruptive flux along active fault zones (i.e., the tiger stripes). Although the variation of the eruption flux on Enceladus follows the periodicity of the diurnal tide, it remains unclear why there is a consistent phase delay of the observed peak eruption when compared to the predicted peak tidal stress. Here, we explore whether endogenic stresses in the ice shell are capable of explaining this observed phase delay. To achieve this goal, we performed geologic mapping along the tiger-stripe faults that host the erupting plumes. Using the fault kinematics established from our mapping, we determine the general stress state (i.e., the principal-stress directions) along the tiger-stripe faults. This knowledge in turn forms the basis for inferring the most likely plume-eruption mechanism. Our mapping shows that the tiger-stripe fractures are not tensile cracks but are instead left-slip fault zones locally displaying extensional fissures. This insight leads to a hypothesis that strike-slip faults and their local tensile cracks experience simultaneous shear and tensile failure, and that the tensional opening reaches maximum at the time of the peak plume flux. We quantified this hypothesis using a stress decomposition model that assesses (1) the relative importance in magnitude between the tectonic stress and tidal stress exerted on the tiger-stripe faults and (2) the role of ice shell properties such as the shear strengths, tensile strengths, and ice shell thickness in controlling the eruption phase delay. Using laboratory-determined ice strengths and the best estimate of the ice shell thickness at the South Polar Terrain of Enceladus, which hosts the tiger-stripe faults, our model results indicate that the endogenic tectonic stress is comparable in magnitude to the tidal stress. Although we cannot rule out warm-ice convection, true polar wander, and non-synchronous rotation as causes of endogenic stresses, the large variation in ice shell thickness makes the lateral gravitational-potential gradient the most plausible source of the endogenic stress required by our model results.

Ultra-low frequency magnetic energy focusing for highly effective wireless powering of deep-tissue implantable electronic devices.

The limited lifespan of batteries is a challenge in the application of implantable electronic devices. Existing wireless power technologies such as ultrasound, near-infrared light and magnetic fields cannot charge devices implanted in deep tissues, resulting in energy attenuation through tissues and thermal generation. Herein, an ultra-low frequency magnetic energy focusing (ULFMEF) methodology was developed for the highly effective wireless powering of deep-tissue implantable devices. A portable transmitter was used to output the low-frequency magnetic field (<50Hz), which remotely drives the synchronous rotation of a magnetic core integrated within the pellet-like implantable device, generating an internal rotating magnetic field to induce wireless electricity on the coupled coils of the device. The ULFMEF can achieve energy transfer across thick tissues (up to 20cm) with excellent transferred power (4-15mW) and non-heat effects in tissues, which is remarkably superior to existing wireless powering technologies. The ULFMEF is demonstrated to wirelessly power implantable micro-LED devices for optogenetic neuromodulation, and wirelessly charged an implantable battery for programmable electrical stimulation on the sciatic nerve. It also bypassed thick and tough protective shells to power the implanted devices. The ULFMEF thus offers a highly advanced methodology for the generation of wireless powered biodevices.

Model Predictive Control of Counter-Rotating Motors for Underwater Vehicles Considering Unbalanced Load Variation

The propulsion system for underwater vehicles, driven by a counter-rotating permanent magnet synchronous motor (CRPMSM), can enhance the operational stability and efficiency of the vehicle. Due to the influence of complex underwater flows, the load imbalance of CRPMSM’s dual counter-rotating rotors may lead to severe issues of dual-rotor desynchronization rotation. Combining traditional vector control (VC) with master-slave control strategies can address the desynchronization problem when CRPMSM’s load changes. However, it results in significant speed fluctuations and a long transition time during the transition from load disturbance to synchronous rotation. This paper introduces a model predictive control (MPC) strategy to effectively resolve this issue. The incremental MPC model is established based on the mathematical model of CRPMSM in the dq coordinate system. The predictive control system forecasts the d- and q-axis components of stator currents for the next four control cycles. It selects the optimal control increments to minimize the cost function based on current predictions and different inverter voltage states. The obtained optimal d- and q-axis components of stator voltage are used to control CRPMSM under unbalanced load disturbances. Simulation results demonstrate that, compared to the VC strategy, CRPMSM utilizing the MPC strategy exhibits better dynamic performance with faster speed response and reduced torque fluctuations during load and speed variations.

Direct N-body Simulations of Satellite Formation around Small Asteroids: Insights from DART’s Encounter with the Didymos System

We explore binary asteroid formation by spin-up and rotational disruption considering the NASA DART mission's encounter with the Didymos–Dimorphos binary, which was the first small binary visited by a spacecraft. Using a suite of N-body simulations, we follow the gravitational accumulation of a satellite from meter-sized particles following a mass-shedding event from a rapidly rotating primary. The satellite’s formation is chaotic, as it undergoes a series of collisions, mergers, and close gravitational encounters with other moonlets, leading to a wide range of outcomes in terms of the satellite's mass, shape, orbit, and rotation state. We find that a Dimorphos-like satellite can form rapidly, in a matter of days, following a realistic mass-shedding event in which only ∼2%–3% of the primary's mass is shed. Satellites can form in synchronous rotation due to their formation near the Roche limit. There is a strong preference for forming prolate (elongated) satellites, although some simulations result in oblate spheroids like Dimorphos. The distribution of simulated secondary shapes is broadly consistent with other binary systems measured through radar or lightcurves. Unless Dimorphos's shape is an outlier, and considering the observational bias against lightcurve-based determination of secondary elongations for oblate bodies, we suggest there could be a significant population of oblate secondaries. If these satellites initially form with elongated shapes, a yet-unidentified pathway is needed to explain how they become oblate. Finally, we show that this chaotic formation pathway occasionally forms asteroid pairs and stable triples, including coorbital satellites and satellites in mean-motion resonances.

The computational complexity of multi-agent pathfinding on directed graphs

While the non-optimizing variant of multi-agent pathfinding on undirected graphs is known to be a polynomial-time problem since almost forty years, a similar result has not been established for directed graphs. In this paper, it will be shown that this problem is NP-complete. For strongly connected directed graphs, however, the problem is polynomial. And both of these results hold even if one allows for synchronous rotations on fully occupied cycles. Interestingly, the results apply also to the so-called graph motion planning feasibility problem on directed graphs.

The critical mass ratio for W UMa-type contact binary systems

Contact binaries are close binary systems in which both components fill their inner Roche lobes so that the stars are in direct contact, and in potential mass and energy exchange. The most common such systems of low mass are the so-called W UMa-type. In the last few years, there has been a growing interest of the astronomical community in stellar mergers, primarily due to the detection of gravitational waves (mergers of black holes and neutron stars), but also because of an alternative model for the type Ia supernovae (merger of two white dwarfs), which are again particularly important in cosmology where they played a significant role in the discovery of dark energy and the accelerated expansion of the Universe. In that sense, contact systems of W UMa type with extremely low mass ratio are especially interesting because there are indications that, in their case too, stars can merge and possibly form fast-rotating stars such as FC Com stars and the blue-stragglers, and (luminous) red novae such as V1309 Sco. Namely, the previous theoretical research has shown that in the cases when the orbital angular momentum of the system is only about three times larger than the rotational angular momentum of the primary, a tidal Darwin's instability occurs, the components can no longer remain in synchronous rotation, orbit continue to shrink fast, and they finally merge into a single star. The above stability condition for contact systems can be linked to a specific critical mass ratio below which we expect a system to be unstable. We give an overview of this condition and show how it can be used to identify potential mergers. Finally, we discuss a number of known extreme mass ratio binaries from the literature and consider prospects for future research on this topic.

ROBUST SENSORLESS SPEED CONTROL OF AN INDUCTION MOTOR DRIVE USING A SYNERGETIC APPROACH

This paper uses a model reference adaptive system (MRAS) to build an improved sensorless rotor-field oriented control (RFOC) induction motor (IM) drive in all speed ranges. However, in the presence of external disturbances and parameter variations, the linear tuning method of the Proportional Integrator (PI) controller in the MRAS adaptation mechanism degrades motor performance. An advanced MRAS-based synergetic technique is proposed to develop two suitable adaptation mechanisms that generate slip speed and stator resistance estimates. The reference and adjustable models are developed in the synchronous rotation coordinate system (d-q frame). The effectiveness of the proposed control algorithm was evaluated under various operating conditions using a specific sensorless IM benchmark and the MATLAB/Simulink software environment.