Synchronous Reference Frame Theory Research Articles

Control of Solar Photovoltaic Integrated Universal Active Filter Using Artificial Intelligence Technique

This paper organizes, a different technique based on adaptive filtering is proposed for the control of three phase worldwide active power filter with a solar photovoltaic array integrated at its DC bus. Two adaptive filters along with a zero crossing detection method are used to remove the magnitude of fundamental active component of distorted load currents, which is then used in estimation of reference signal for the shunt active filter. This technique enables extraction of active component of all three phases with reduced mathematical computation. The series active filter control is based on synchronous reference frame theory and it regulates load voltage and maintains it in-phase with voltage at point of common coupling under conditions of voltage sag and swell. In this paper An artificial intelligence technique fuzzy logic controller is used. The performance of the system is evaluated on an MATLAB/SIMULINK software under various dynamic conditions such as sag and swell in voltage at point of common coupling, load unbalancing and change in solar irradiation intensity.

Fault-tolerant shunt active power filter with synchronous reference frame control and self-tuning filter

This research proposes a novel method that combines Proportional-Integral (PI) control, Artificial Neural Networks (ANNs), and Synchronous Reference Frame (SRF) theory to improve the performance of a three-phase shunt Active Power Filter (APF) under fault situations. The main goal is to reduce power quality problems in electrical grids that are having problems, such harmonics and voltage sags. To precisely manage the APF, the reference frame in which the grid voltages and currents are synchronized is identified using the SRF theory. In order to provide quick and precise correction of voltage and current distortions, the PI controller is integrated to control the APF's compensatory action. The PI controller offers trustworthy control while running normally, but during errors or disruptions, its functionality may suffer. In order to overcome this difficulty, a self-tuning filter in the form of an Artificial Neural Network (ANN) is presented, which may adaptively modify the PI controller's settings under fault situations. To maintain ideal filter performance, the ANN constantly learns from the system's reaction and modifies in real-time. This self-adjusting feature makes sure that even in the event of grid failures, the APF maintains its ability to mitigate problems with power quality. The suggested method effectively reduces harmonics, voltage sags, and other power quality disturbances under both normal and fault circumstances, as shown by the simulation results. In complicated electrical grid systems, the combination of SRF theory, PI control, and ANN-based self-tuning provides a strong way to improve the dependability and effectiveness of three-phase shunt Active Power Filters.

HRES Integrated DSTATCOM Using High Gain Sepic-Zeta Based WOA Optimized ANFIS-MPPT Controller for PQ Issues

The power generated by renewable energy sources (RES), including photovoltaic (PV) and wind energy systems, are a great deal dependent on climate situations that result in Power Quality (PQ) issues, which require rapid adjustment of energy transmission and distribution systems. As a solution, (Distribution Static Synchronous Compensator) DSTATCOM is implemented for reactive power compensation, reducing voltage sag, swell, and THD. A novel High-gain SEPIC-ZETA converter is designed in this study to enhance the voltage obtained from the PV system with high efficiency. On the other hand, the proposed work aims to improve PQ issues using DSTATCOM with PV-Wind and battery systems. Adaptive Neuro-Fuzzy Inference System (ANFIS) based Maximum Power Point (MPPT) controller is adopted for tracking optimal power from the PV and to tune the parameters of this controller adopting Whale optimization algorithm (WOA). Moreover, the PWM rectifier is employed to convert the AC supply from the wind energy system to DC and it is controlled by the Proportional Integral (PI) controller. Hysteresis Current Controller (HCC) is incorporated to generate reference current based on Synchronous Reference Frame (SRF) theory, which is required for the reduction of harmonics. Three phase voltage source inverter is integrated to convert DC-AC supply for distributing the energy supply to load application. Finally, the anticipated work is implemented in MATLAB/Simulink and the comparative analysis is made towards the conventional topologies to authenticate the proficiency of the developed work. As a consequence, the outcomes demonstrate the improved PQ with a lower THD value of 0.72% with high tracking efficiency is accomplished by the proposed technique.

Hres Integrated Dstatcom Using High Gain Sepic-Zeta Based Woa Optimized Anfis-Mppt Controller for Pq Issues

The power generated by renewable energy sources (RES), including photovoltaic (PV) and wind energy systems, are a great deal dependent on climate situations that result in Power Quality (PQ) issues, which require rapid adjustment of energy transmission and distribution systems. As a solution, (Distribution Static Synchronous Compensator) DSTATCOM is implemented for reactive power compensation, reducing voltage sag, swell, and THD. A novel High-gain SEPIC-ZETA converter is designed in this study to enhance the voltage obtained from the PV system with high efficiency. On the other hand, the proposed work aims to improve PQ issues using DSTATCOM with PV-Wind and battery systems. Adaptive Neuro-Fuzzy Inference System (ANFIS) based Maximum Power Point (MPPT) controller is adopted for tracking optimal power from the PV and to tune the parameters of this controller adopting Whale optimization algorithm (WOA). Moreover, the PWM rectifier is employed to convert the AC supply from the wind energy system to DC and it is controlled by the Proportional Integral (PI) controller. Hysteresis Current Controller (HCC) is incorporated to generate reference current based on Synchronous Reference Frame (SRF) theory, which is required for the reduction of harmonics. Three phase voltage source inverter is integrated to convert DC-AC supply for distributing the energy supply to load application. Finally, the anticipated work is implemented in MATLAB/Simulink and the comparative analysis is made towards the conventional topologies to authenticate the proficiency of the developed work. As a consequence, the outcomes demonstrate the improved PQ with a lower THD value of 0.72% with high tracking efficiency is accomplished by the proposed technique.

A New Design of UPQC-Based Hybrid Multi-Carrier Modulation for Transformer Less Grid Connected PV-Based Active Power Filter

In recent times, there has been a growing concern over the augmented power consumption, leading to a pressing need for compensating devices to maintain power quality in grid-connected systems. One extensively employed solution is the Unified Power Quality Conditioner (UPQC), which incorporates both shunt and series active power filters (APFs) connected through a DC-link capacitor. However, traditional systems using compensating devices can be costly and cumbersome, often relying on transformers to interface with the grid. To address these drawbacks, this report proposes a transformer-less networking approach using a multi-level inverter (MLI) that reduces the number of switches in the shunt and series APF. To enable the efficient operation of the MLI in UPQC, the report utilizes Synchronous Reference Frame Theory and Hybrid Multi-Carrier Pulse Width Modulation (H-MCPWM) techniques for reference signal generation and gate control, respectively. MATLAB/Simulink simulation version 2019a is employed to validate the performance of the proposed system, along with a hardware prototype featuring a motor load. A key aspect of the investigation involves conducting harmonic analysis for various modulation indices with a non-linear load. The resulting data is then compared to the outcomes of the conventional model. By exploring this approach, the report aims to showcase the viability of the transformer-less networking of MLI in UPQC, thereby paving the way for more cost-effective and efficient grid-connected systems with improved power quality.

A Robust approach for mitigating load voltage imbalances using glowworm swarm optimizer for power quality enrichment

This paper addresses the paramount issue of maintaining optimal power quality in power system networks to ensure reliable operations. The paper introduces an innovative solution that effectively mitigates power quality challenges stemming from disturbances like voltage sag/swell events and harmonics. The approach combines a Dynamic Voltage Restorer (DVR) unit with a Solar PhotoVoltaic (PV) system, incorporating advanced control strategies. Leveraging the Glowworm Swarm Optimizer (GSO) Tuned Proportional-Integral-Derivative (PID) Controller and the Versatile Control on Synchronous Reference Frame (VCSRF) theory, our system achieves exceptional results. Extensive MATLAB/Simulink simulations demonstrate the superiority of the proposed DVR system over traditional PID, GA, PSO, and SSA controller-based DVR systems. Notably, our approach achieves significant reductions in Total Harmonic Distortion (THD), with reductions of 5.27 % (PID), 3.14 % (GA), 1.29 % (PSO), 0.841 % (SSA), and 0.03 % (GSO-PID), underscoring its substantial effectiveness. Practical implementation further validates the improved THD performance. The paper's findings highlight the efficiency and potential of the integrated DVR unit with a solar PV system in effectively mitigating power quality issues. These results offer valuable insights for researchers and practitioners seeking advanced solutions to power quality challenges. Future research endeavors aim to optimize and expand this approach for diverse power quality improvement applications.

A Simulation Analysis of Grid-Connected DSTATCOM with PWM Voltage Control and Hysteresis Current Control for Power Quality Improvement

Abstract The DTSTACOM is a power quality compensator that can be used in the distribution grid to compensate the demand of reactive power, which can be produced by different linear and non-linear loads. In this process, the control method of DSTATCOM is one of the key factors influencing the performance of DSTATCOM. This study aims to analyse the effect of two modulation schemes, Pulse Width Modulation (PWM) and Hysteresis Current Control (HCC), under several conditions. The proposed modelling approach and Synchronous Reference Frame (SRF) theory are used to verify reactive power compensation and total harmonic distortion (THD). Further, PWM and Hysteresis Current Control (HCC) with proportional-integral (PI) controller simulated in MATLAB for different cases, and percentage THD was calculated to prove the effectiveness of the proposed method for the control of reactive power and THD with grid-connected DSTATCOM. The results presented here justify that the HCC controller can be better than the PWM method to generate the PWM pulses for reduction of harmonics under various conditions of DTSTACOM to compensate the reactive power. Additionally, the simulation was performed to check the efficacy of the projected method to reduce THD by varying the current control band of HCC.

Hybrid Naïve Back Propagation Based iCOSϕ Algorithm for Enriching the Grid Performance with Photovoltaics/Battery/Ultracapacitor/Fuel Cell

This paper presents a novel method for the combination of photovoltaic (PV), fuel cell (FC), battery, and ultracapacitor systems with D-STATCOM (Distribution Static Compensator) for grid integration. In this study, a novel naive backpropagation algorithm (NBP) based iCOSϕ is proposed for obtaining fundamental components from load current for effective harmonics compensation and contributes power quality enhancement by delivering power to the grid and connected loads. Further, a modified incremental conductance (MIC) approach is employed to acquire maximum power in the event of different atmospheric conditions. The performance of the proposed method is investigated under four uncertain conditions such as (a) linear loads, (b) zero voltage regulation under dynamic loads, (c) non-linear loads, and (d) variations in solar irradiance. Moreover, the breakthrough of the developed method is compared with various existing techniques like synchronous reference frame (SRF) theory, iCosϕ, fuzzy logic controller (FLC), conductance fryze, adaptive neuro-fuzzy inference system, and gradient descent back propagation learning (GDBP) neural network (NN) based iCosϕ. The simulation outcomes disclosed that the proposed NBP based iCOSϕ technique rendered a prolific performance rather than other existing methods under all uncertain conditions.

Design and Simulation of Hybrid Shunt Active Filter for PQ Improvement using PID Genetic Algorithm Controller in 3ϕ-4 Wire System

This paper provides an economical solution and advanced method by tuning and optimizing system for power in the transmission line. The proposed system uses PID Genetic Algorithm (GA) controller in three phase four wire system for Total Harmonic Distortion (THD) minimization under balanced load conditions. In this article, traction load model is taken into consideration to evaluate the designed Shunt Active Power Filter (SAPF) for reduction of harmonics in three phase four wire system. Many existing SAPF models were tested using non-linear diode rectifier load for analysis. The GA technique for the reduction of harmonics is used to tune PID parameters such as a proportional (Kp), Integrator (Ki), and Derivative (Kd). In contrast with other controllers such as PI Controller, Fuzzy Logic Controller (FLC), Hysteresis Controller (HC), Sliding Mode Controller (SMC) and Synchronous Reference Frame Theory (SRFT), the performance of the proposed controller is compared. The performance of the designed controller with GA adjusted PID is validated at various loading conditions by comparing it to the performance of the existing system. The outcomes are addressed to demonstrate the effectiveness of the created system.

Performance analysis of SRFT based D-STATCOM for power quality improvement in distribution system under different loading conditions

Abstract Presently the term “Power Quality” is gaining more and more attention due to different kinds of non-linearities induced by various converters used in the industries. Power quality is all about assessing and maintaining optimal quality of power during various stages of the power system ranging from generation to distribution. This research intends to provide a better understanding to various researchers about the applications of the Distribution Static Compensator (D-STATCOM) in mitigating various power quality concerns typically focused on harmonics elimination and voltage profile improvement. D-STATCOM is designed and installed in the distribution network to maintain reactive power demand, harmonic mitigation, and power factor correction. A Synchronous Reference Frame Theory (SRFT) based control technique is adopted to extract reference current. The behavior of the system with and without D-STATCOM is analyzed in detail for various loads. As a result, this study presents various ideas, adjustments, and compensating methods for several loading conditions. Finally, it is found that the current THD has been considerably improved under various loading conditions.

Power quality improvement of utility-distribution system using reduced-switch DSTATCOM in grid-tied solar-PV system based on modified SRF strategy

Abstract This paper describes a three-phase VSC based 4-switch Grid-Tied Solar PV-DSTATCOM using Modified Synchronous Reference Frame (MSRF) Theory to achieve the Unity Power Factor (UPF) operation, Zero Voltage Regulation (ZVR) operation, perform harmonics compensation and compensation against load unbalancing. The DC-Link voltage is set stable and voltage balancing is done across the split-capacitors under all load-charge conditions. Coordinated design of DSTATCOM consists of integrated Grid-Tied Solar Photovoltaic (PV) array and a DC-to-DC boost converter circuit for improvement of Photovoltaic energy/power. Maximum Power Point Tracking (MPPT) is used to provide the fixed power which is trapped and transferred from the array to the boost converter. UPF operation and ZVR are not available together. So, models are designed separately to accomplish one of the objectives (UPF and ZVR) for linear, non-linear and unbalanced loads. Simulation models are first designed in MATLAB software and then in Real-Time using RT-LAB having MASTER and CONSOLE blocks for Computation and Communication. In building of the model, Real-Time Digital Simulator (OPAL-RT 4510) is used in which hardware synchronised models are embedded, and hardware real-time results are displayed on the synchronised four-channel oscilloscope RIGOL-MSO5204.

The performance of a multilevel multifunctional solar inverter under various control methods

Photovoltaic (PV) inverters are now supposed to provide additional supporting services with more reliability and efficiency. This paper presents three different control methods for generating reference current in a multifunctional, multilevel grid-tied PV inverter for harmonic, reactive, and unbalance compensation. These methods are the synchronous reference frame (SRF) theory (d-q), the instantaneous reactive power (IRP) theory (p-q), and the conservative power theory (CPT). As a result, the primary goal is to propose a low-cost multifunctional solar invert for distributed generation, with an appropriate prototype developed in the laboratory for experimental validation of various modes of operation. Demonstrated results show that the presented inverter is capable of providing various ancillary services with all three types of control.

A Dual Fundamental Current Extraction Controller for DSTATCOM in the Distribution System for Power Quality Improvement Under Non-Ideal Source Voltage Condition

Most of the controllers often fail to work properly when encountered with power quality (PQ) issues like unbalanced and distorted grid voltage conditions in three-phase distribution system (TPDS). To address this problem, usually a dynamic static compensator (DSTATCOM) is utilized in TPDS. For enhanced performance, a novel dual fundamental component extraction (DFCE) technique is proposed for generating reference currents (RC) in a TPDS exhausting DSTATCOM. The proposed controller is highly effective for reactive power compensation and source current harmonic suppression under source unbalanced voltages condition with nonlinear load conditions. For computation of RC and phase synchronization, the controller extracts the required fundamental voltage and current at the same time. Consequently, the controller is able to control DSTATCOM operation in TPDS without any phase locked loop (PLL) and low pass filter (LPF). For generation of fundamental components of voltage and current, projected controller utilizes the self-tuning filter (STF). The efficacy of the controller is established in comparison to existing controllers like synchronous reference frame theory, p-q theory and STF-p-q under different grid voltage conditions. To enhance PQ, the suggested controller works efficiently for fundamental current component extraction without using PLL and low/high pass filter in case of grid distorted voltage condition.

Suppression of over voltage in SiC-based inverter fed induction motor

ABSTRACT Silicon carbide (SiC) based inverters are widely used due to their fast switching and ability to withstand high temperatures and Voltage. This helps to increase efficiency and reduces switching losses compared to the silicon-based inverter. However, this fast-switching device causes an increase in the Voltage at the junction of the cable and motor due to the reflected wave. The main causes of overvoltage are cable/motor impedance mismatch, fast-switching inverter devices (IGBT), and inverter-motor separation. To extend the induction motor lifespan, overvoltage reduction is necessary. Passive and active filters solve the problem, but passive filters are bulky and have high power loss. This paper presents a shunt active filter approach for an inverter-fed induction motor to reduce overvoltage. To show the effectiveness of the proposed approach, the findings were compared to the topology of the clamp-type active filter already in use. The shunt active filter used Proportional Integral (PI) and fuzzy controllers to generate reference current according to the Synchronous Reference Frame (SRF) theory. Harmonics in the power system were removed using the SRF theory. The unique aspect of this work is how the reference current is produced in the shunt active filter using the SRF theory. The proposed shunt active filter with a fuzzy controller was added to the hardware implementation to achieve better results than previous active filters.

Solar Assisted Relift Luo Converter with UPQC for Voltage Unbalance Mitigation Using DDSRF Theory

The upsurge seen in integration of sensitive non-linear loads and Photovoltaic (PV) system based power generation has strengthened the demand for enhanced Power Quality (PQ) in distributed power system. Thereby, a Unified Power Quality Conditioner (UPQC), which is a custom power device is proposed in this work for improving the PQ of the overall network. The load side PQ issues is mitigated using the shunt compensator, while the source side PQ issues is mitigated using the series compensator of the UPQC. The active power to the load is provided from the PV system through a shunt compensator. The voltage level of the output obtained from the PV is improved with the aid of Re-lift Luo converter, which is a DC-DC converter of high efficiency and voltage gain. Moreover, in order to provide a stabilized voltage supply to the UPQC, an Adaptive Proportional Integral (PI) controller is selected and its gains are adjusted with the application of Fuzzy Logic Controller (FLC). The Decoupled Double Synchronous Reference Frame (DDSRF) theory is applied to derive the reference voltage and reference current for balancing source voltage variations and load current harmonics, respectively. The series and shunt compensators are controlled using Cascaded Type-2 FLC (CT2FLC). The effectiveness of the proposed PV-UPQC configuration in eliminating load current harmonics and source voltage fluctuations is evaluated on the basis of MATLAB simulations.

Solar photovoltaic‐interfaced shunt active power filter implementation for power quality enhancement in grid‐connected systems

SummaryThis paper proposes a synchronous reference frame (SRF) control with a photovoltaic (PV)‐based shunt active power filter (SAPF) that is utilized to mitigate harmonics impacted by fast‐growing nonlinear load (NL), including compensation of reactive power in distribution systems. The PV module is constructed with an enhanced incremental conductance (EINC) maximum power point tracking approach with an interconnected SAPF. It can support load reactive power demand, eliminating harmonics obtained by NL and the active power supported by the PV arrays. Traditional tuning PI controllers perform poorly under variable load conditions. An adaptive intelligent nonlinear controller capable of simultaneously addressing the impacts of variable load, NL generation of harmonic current, and reactive power demand. This research aims to improve power quality based on an adaptive neuro‐fuzzy inference system (ANFIS) to enhance PV‐SAPF dynamic performance and achieve optimized performance. This control technique reduces the percentage of total harmonic distortion (THD) of the source current below IEEE standards from generating an NL and balanced/unbalanced load condition and regulates the DC‐link voltage constant. Moreover, the presented SRF theory, solar PV, and step‐up converter are addressed. The proposed system control strategy is implemented in the MATLAB/Simulink platform and the Texas Instruments Cyclone IV EP4CE30F484 FPGA board to carry out the hardware implementations of the proposed PV‐SAPF system and validated experimentally.

A simple robust mechanism of PV-supported dynamic voltage restorer using interval type-2 fuzzy logic controller

Power electronic devices and variable speed drives solve a power quality issue. To increase the power quality, the distribution side must be compensated by concurrently infusing actual and reactive power. A cost-effective method of preventing voltage sag and swell in power electronic loads is the use of a dynamic voltage restorer. To enhance the power quality for end users, a DC-link component will be combined with the DVR. Ratings for DC-Link elements and inverters are more challenging when constructing a DVR. To simplify things, the Distributed Energy Source (DES) is combined with the DC-Link and the Inverter. The PV-integrated DVR is under the supervision of the Interval type-2 Fuzzy Logic Controller using Synchronous Reference Frame Theory. Reactive power is injected and absorbed under defective situations using a variety of injection techniques with various controllers. The suggested controller enhances power quality and provides exact results under different fault scenarios. Matlab is used to compare the proposed IT2-FLC to a type-1 fuzzy-adjusted PI controller and a traditional mathematical PI controller. The results of the simulations showed that the suggested methodology provided a better outcome on the Distribution side. To validate the simulation results, a scaled-down rating prototype model is created.

Multi-Converter UPQC Optimization for Power Quality Improvement Using Beetle Swarm-Based Butterfly Optimization Algorithm

The primary goal of this paper is to design a Multi-Converter Unified Power Quality Conditioner (MC-UPQC). The proposed method is solved based on the Synchronous Reference Frame (SRF) theory. The MC-UPQC involves two series Voltage Source Converters (VSCs) for power transfer between feeders to eliminate voltage sag, swell, interruption, and transient response in the system. The proposed model adopts control strategies based on an optimized Fuzzy Logic Controller (FLC) in SRF, utilizing a hybrid metaheuristic algorithm called Beetle Swarm-based Butterfly Optimization Algorithm (BS-BOA), which combines Beetle Swarm Optimization (BSO) and Butterfly Optimization Algorithm (BOA) for membership limit optimization and control rule generation. The major benefit of the optimized FLC-based MC-UPQC is its quick behavior in minimizing Total Harmonic Distortion (THD) in source and load side voltages and currents. Simulation and MATLAB environment are used for the entire system implementation. The comparative analysis of the proposed controller for MC-UPQC is performed against conventional controllers to validate its effectiveness. Quantitative data related to the main research outcomes, such as THD of source voltage and current, and dynamic behavior of the system, are included. The main benefit of the study is the significant reduction in THD and improved dynamic performance of the system.

Power quality enhancement using active power filter five-level cascade H-bridge under unbalanced and distorted grid

Introduction. To improve the power quality of a supply system, the total harmonic distortion (THD) is the most important parameter in the quantification of harmonics caused by nonlinear loads. In practice, it must be less than 5 %. The novelty of the proposed work consists in the use of a cascaded five level active filter, when the converter consisting of six H-bridge pairs, each one includes four transistors. Purpose. To increase the efficiency of this filter, two techniques for quantification of harmonic currents are proposed, first the PQ-theory which is simple but can only be used in case of a balanced grid, and second the synchronous reference frame theory (SFR-theory), which is capable of creating harmonic current not only in an unbalanced grid, but also in an unbalanced and distorted beam. Methods. Using the control techniques, the harmonic current is extracted from load current and considered as a reference. The constructed current should follow this reference. Results. The estimation of the active and reactive powers is based on the measurement of the currents crossing the load and the network voltages, these powers are used to determine the shape of the harmonic (reference) current. Using the PI regulator, the output current of the five-level inverter follows the reference current perfectly. The inverters output current is injected into the grid to eliminate harmonic currents. Practical value. In practice, the harmonic distortion rate THD is the most widely used criterion for criticizing the waveform of the currents and judging the quality of the energy involved. For currents on the source side, the THD is considered acceptable if it is less than 5 %, in our proposal the THD is 0.85 % with the PQ-theory and 2.34 % with SFR-theory, so it is optimal.

Implementation of an ADALINE-Based Adaptive Control Strategy for an LCLC-PV-DSTATCOM in Distribution System for Power Quality Improvement

This study investigated the problem of controlling a three-phase three-wire photovoltaic (PV)-type distribution static compensator (DSTATCOM). In order to model, simulate, and control the system, the MATLAB/SIMULINK tool was used. Different controllers were applied to create switching pulses for the IGBT-based voltage source converter (VSC) for the mitigation of various power quality issues in the PV-DSTATCOM. Traditional control algorithms guarantee faultless execution or outcomes only for a restricted range of operating situations due to their present design. Alternative regulators depend on more resilient neural network and fuzzy logic algorithms that may be programmed to operate in a variety of settings. In this study, an adaptive linear neural network (ADALINE) was proposed to solve the control problem more efficiently than the existing methods. The ADALINE method was simulated and the results were compared with the results of the synchronous reference frame theory (SRFT), improved linear sinusoidal tracer (ILST), and backpropagation (BP) algorithms. The simulation results showed that the proposed ADALINE method outperformed the compared algorithms. In addition, the total harmonic distortions (THDs) of the source current were estimated under ideal grid voltage conditions based on IEEE-929 and IEEE-519 guidelines.