Synchronous Learning Research Articles

IMPROVING E-LEARNING BY FACIAL EXPRESSION ANALYSIS

Modern technology has become a vital part of our daily lives, and the world has undergone remarkable advancements in various scientific and technological fields. The advancement of technology presents a variety of opportunities for students to promote academic development and make it easier to access education through online learning systems. The most difficult and most demanding task during learning is to be aware of and support the emotional side of students. Recognizing one's emotions is easy for humans, but it is a challenging task for computers due to the specific features of the human face. However, recent advances in computing and image processing have made it possible and easy to detect and categorize emotions in images and videos. This paper focuses on detecting learners' emotions in real time during synchronous learning. In this regard, a video/chat application has been developed for the tutor to detect the emotions of the learners while presenting his lesson. The emotions detected are separated into three states (Satisfied, Neutral and Unsatisfied); each state is made up of two or three distinct emotions. The objective is to assist teachers in adapting teaching methods in virtual learning settings according to the emotions of learners.

Coding Decoded: Exploring Course Achievement and Gender Disparities in an Online Flipped Classroom Programming Course

In introductory programming courses (IPCs), students encounter various difficulties that are related to low achievement and high dropout and failure rates. Technology-rich approaches that promote self-directed learning while facilitating competency development and knowledge construction through social collaboration may offer advantages in this context. The current study assesses such an instructional approach by (1) identifying antecedents and process variables related to course achievement in an online flipped classroom IPC and (2) testing for gender differences regarding antecedents, process variables, and course achievement. In the winter semester of 2020/21, a sample of 144 Austrian university students participated in a survey with measurements at different points in time. Multiple linear regression was carried out to explore factors related to course achievement. The results indicate that gender, achievement-avoidance goals, academic self-concept, engagement in asynchronous learning, and course satisfaction were positively related to achievement. In contrast, work avoidance was identified as a barrier to achievement. Additionally, multivariate analysis of variance (MANOVA) was employed to test gender differences. MANOVA revealed significant gender differences regarding learning goals, mathematical self-concept, work avoidance, and engagement in synchronous learning. There were no gender differences regarding course satisfaction or achievement. The study has implications for designing innovative programming courses that could foster course satisfaction and achievement and thus reduce dropout and failure rates.

Exploring Hybrid Learning Formats in a Nordic Master’s Programme in Visual Studies and Art Education

This paper reports from a project in progress that aims to develop a hybrid learning format that is sufficiently flexible to accommodate collaborative situations between students and teachers on two campuses and in collaborative situations off-campus. The project explores a current co-teaching opportunity that AAU and Aalto University are facing due to the start-up of the new Nordic joint degree master's program Visual Studies and Art Education (NM NoVA). A new physical space has been established at the AAU Copenhagen campus, that digitally facilitates a video-mediated, synchronous learning environment and a similar facilitation is accessible at Aalto University. Teachers and researchers join into a collaboration and conduct the project drawing theoretical knowledge generated in the field of synchronous learning formats and from research in the particular subject related field of digital technology and visual arts education. Furthermore, the project uses the participants’ practical experience from engaging in different synchronous learning formats shared and informed by discussions with peers. Inspired by Design-Based Research (DBR), researchers actively engage in the problem analysis, design, implementation, and analysis of the hybrid learning format. Rich descriptions of the program's evolution are obtained through participant observations, interviews, and a "photo-safari" capturing interactions among students, teachers, and technology.Analytically, the study explores the hybrid format as an enactment of space beyond geographical constraints, drawing inspiration from the concept of "apparatus" within new materialism. Three analytical themes emerge: knowledge-building practices, community-building practices, and longitudinal aspects, providing insights into how the hybrid format impacts collaboration, engagement, and the evolution of educational spaces. Preliminary findings reveal the diverse orientations and pedagogical discussions that emerge within these hybrid spaces, challenging the traditional notion of a "third space" and paving the way for new conceptualisations. The project anticipates further exploration of interdependencies within third spaces and the dynamics of student and teacher bodies within this evolving educational landscape.

Online Flipped Classroom in Electricity and Magnetism Course Supported Google Classroom and Telegram: A Case Study

The online flipped classroom is a learning design gaining popularity in the current Education 4.0 era. This learning design combines the synchronous and asynchronous learning and provides opportunities for students to explore material before virtual meetings and solve problems directly during virtual meetings. This study aims to obtain an overview of the online flipped classroom implementation in physics courses. The researcher used the qualitative method in this study. Data collection was carried out through observation and documentation toward two lecturers and 25 physics education students taking electricity and magnetism courses at a university in West Java. The results showed that electricity and magnetism online learning combined asynchronous and synchronous learning through Google Classroom and Telegram in three stages: pre-class, in-class, and post-class. Studies on online learning using other learning management systems and social media to gain a more comprehensive overview of the use of learning management systems and social media in online learning are suggested.

Design and Evaluation of A Module in Climate Change and Disaster Risk Management (CCDRM)

The effectiveness of their teaching strategies has always been a concern for every professional teacher. Teaching strategies include students in every step of the learning process and encourage them to study. For this study, frequency (f), percentage (%), mean (M), and standard deviation (SD) and mixed factorial analysis of variance (MANOVA) were used. The intervention was given to the treatment group which was the synchronous learning modality, while the control group was represented by the asynchronous /self-regulated learning modality from 100 students of Isabela State University – Jones Campus under the new normal condition. The research instrument was developed for “Design and Evaluation of a Module in Climate Change and Disaster Risk Management (CCDRM)”. It is revealed that the overall results on the teachers’ and student evaluation of the CCDRM learning module show relatively high using the set indicators. During the pre-test, there was a higher proportion of students with moderate performance for asynchronous classes and fewer students with low performance compared to those who would undergo synchronous classes and during the post-test, there was a higher proportion of students with moderate performance for asynchronous classes and fewer students with low performance compared to those who underwent synchronous classes. As to the student’s performance, there was no statistically significant difference in the scores for synchronous and asynchronous classes. To teach university students about climate change and disaster risk management, it is advised that this research demonstrated the effectiveness of both the asynchronous and synchronous strategy. Keywords: Asynchronous, Synchronous, Climate Change and Disaster Risk Management, Teaching strategies

Use of specifications-based grading in an online, asynchronous graduate organic chemistry course

Specifications-based grading is an alternative grading scheme that emphasizes student proficiency of learning objectives. Course grades are determined by the number of objectives completed rather than the number of points accumulated. At the University of Saint Joseph, CHEM 510 Intermediate Organic Chemistry is the foundation course that all incoming graduate students take in their first semester of the fully online, asynchronous MS programs in Chemistry and Biochemistry. Students in CHEM 510 complete the entire course online and at their own pace within the structured due dates, which presents unique challenges compared with synchronous learning modalities. With these considerations in mind, CHEM 510 was revised to use a specifications-based grading scheme with an a la carte assessment menu and token system. Generally, students found the alternative grading scheme helpful, but they needed additional instructions and time to adjust to the new grading system. By the end of the semester, students expressed their appreciation for the ability to choose their assessment method, work at their own pace, and use the token system for extensions/retakes. The instructor found that implementation of specifications grading took greater time for the initial course setup, but did not require more time than points-based grading once the course began. One large positive outcome was that student-instructor interactions were more frequently about the content of the course rather than grades. Overall, there was a slight increase in the course’s pass rate compared to the pass rate prior to the change in grading modality. We believe that the implementation of the a la carte assessment menu accommodates a more diverse population of learners without sacrificing the integrity of student learning. Additionally, we believe that the diverse assessment opportunities were critical for the successful implementation of specifications-based learning in the online classroom environment, though further extension of the menu in synchronous, in-person classroom settings may be challenging.

How using a response system in blended synchronous seminars encourages online and onsite student participation

AbstractThe interest in blended synchronous learning environments has increased dramatically since the COVID-19 pandemic. However, a key challenge is how to simultaneously encourage online and onsite student participation. Response systems have been found to stimulate student participation in classroom and online education settings. This study investigates how online and onsite students participate in blended synchronous seminars where a response system is being used. The data comprises observations of blended synchronous seminars, students’ written reflections, and student interviews, all of which were thematically analyzed. It was found that using a response system encouraged online and onsite students to participate in various ways. Although online students mostly remained quiet, they perceived to engage through listening and thinking, participating in the seminars by absorbing information, and interacting with the content displayed via the response system. The onsite students participated vocally and more spontaneously. All students participated in written, anonymous, and game-based modes, suggesting that there were different and complementary ways for students to participate when using a response system, which extended beyond merely talking or chatting. Notably, most students perceived the response system crucial to their participation in the blended synchronous seminars. The findings underscore the importance of encouraging student participation in blended synchronous learning environments, highlighting response systems as effective tools to encourage onsite and, particularly, online student participation.

Framework for an interprofessional experience addressing health and disability for health professional students

Background and purposeA Health and Disabilities Interprofessional Education (IPE) course was implemented to join three healthcare disciplines together to collaboratively plan, implement, and reflect on professional roles and responsibilities. The goal and purpose of this course was to create an advancement of interprofessional education and practice within health science professions early in their students' programs utilizing innovative teaching methods working directly with individuals with disabilities. Educational activity and setting72 students were assigned to interprofessional teams of 10–11 people. Through asynchronous and synchronous learning activities, student teams worked together to plan and conduct community-based client interviews. FindingsQuantitative and qualitative evaluation methods were used to explore the impact of interprofessional experiential learning experiences. Qualitative data showed a greater awareness and understanding of the different roles and responsibilities in interprofessional teams as well as a greater appreciation for the value of interacting with persons with disabilities (PWD) during their training. Quantitative data showed a significant change in students' understanding of their roles and responsibilities as a member of an interprofessional team, their confidence with working with PWD in a future healthcare capacity, as well as their understanding of how the social determinants of health may influence the healthcare experience of a PWD. SummaryInterprofessional education and experiential learning opportunities are good ways to facilitate “real” patient care experiences and team roles and responsibilities. This enables healthcare students to practice communication, build relationships, and understand the lived experience of their patients.

Influencing Physical Therapist's Self-efficacy for Musculoskeletal Ultrasound Through Blended Learning: A Mixed Methods Study.

With the growing interest for physical therapists to incorporate musculoskeletal (MSK) ultrasound comes a need to understand how to organize training to promote the transfer of training to clinical practice. A common training strategy blends asynchronous learning through online modules and virtual simulations with synchronous practice on live simulated participants. However, few physical therapists who attend MSK ultrasound continuing education courses integrate ultrasound into clinical practice. Self-efficacy is a significant predictor of training transfer effectiveness. This study describes to what degree and how a blended learning strategy influenced participants' self-efficacy for MSK ultrasound and transfer of training to clinical practice. Twenty-one outpatient physical therapists with no previous MSK ultrasound training. Twenty-one participants assessed their self-efficacy using a 26-item self-efficacy questionnaire at 3 intervals: before asynchronous, before synchronous training, and before returning to clinical practice. Participants were interviewed within 1 week of training using a semi-structured interview guide. Quantitative analysis included descriptive statistics and repeated-measures ANOVA. Thematic analysis was used to examine participants' experiences, and "following the thread" was used to integrate findings. Self-efficacy questionnaire mean scores increased significantly across the 3- time points ( F [2, 40] = 172.7, P < .001, η 2 = 0.896). Thematic analysis indicated that asynchronous activities scaffolded participants' knowledge, enhanced their self-efficacy, and prepared them for synchronous learning; however, it did not replicate the challenges of MSK ultrasound. Synchronous activities further improved self-efficacy and helped participants better calibrate their self-judgments of their abilities and readiness to integrate MSK ultrasound training into clinical practice. Despite individual-level improvements in self-efficacy, interviewees recognized their limitations and a need for longitudinal training in a clinical environment. A blended learning approach positively affects participants' self-efficacy for MSK ultrasound; however, future training designs should provide learners with additional support during the transition phase.

Flipping Childbirth Education.

Since many childbirth education (CBE) courses have moved online, there is a need for a pedagogical design model for online learning. In this study, an online CBE course was flipped, user studies were conducted, and a pedagogical design model was developed. Flipped learning was chosen as it combines asynchronous and synchronous learning activities. The developed model was further strengthened by conducting a pilot study with public health nurses. User data were collected with questionnaires and analyzed using inductive thematic analysis. The results show that in informal learning settings, emphasis should be on which elements are asynchronous or synchronous and mandatory or voluntary. Additionally, time management and interaction between participants and their peers and the instructor should be considered for future training.

Dental Students' Satisfaction With Web-Based Learning During the Initial Phase of the COVID-19 Pandemic: Mixed Methods Study.

The COVID-19 pandemic has precipitated an accelerated shift in education, moving from traditional learning to web-based learning. This transition introduced a notable transactional distance (TD) between the instructors and learners. Although disease control and staff and students' safety are the top priorities during a pandemic, the successful delivery of education is equally crucial. However, the ramifications of this swift transition are particularly critical in the context of dental education. Dental education is inherently practice oriented, necessitating hands-on training and manual skills development, which poses unique challenges to distance learning approaches. This study aims to examine dental students' web-based learning satisfaction and experience of TD, investigate the predictors of web-based learning satisfaction, and explore the perceptions of students about the advantages and disadvantages of web-based learning. This study explored the factors associated with web-based learning satisfaction using TD theory during the transition to web-based education. Psychological factors that could influence satisfaction were adapted from the health belief model. We conducted a cross-sectional web-based survey of 345 dental students from 2 institutions in South Korea who were enrolled in the spring semester of 2020. Data were collected between July 8 and September 14, 2020. Qualitative analysis was used to examine responses to open-ended questions concerning perceptions of web-based learning. A multivariate hierarchical linear regression model was used to analyze the effects of student characteristics, TD, and psychological factors (ie, perceived risk of infection and efficacy belief of web-based learning) on web-based learning satisfaction. The average score for web-based learning satisfaction was 3.62 (SD 0.84), just above the midpoint of the possible range (1-5). Self-regulated learning (β=0.08; P=.046), learner-instructor interaction (β=0.08; P=.03), and learner-content interaction (β=0.64; P<.001) were associated with higher levels of satisfaction. Moreover, a significant association was revealed between high efficacy beliefs in web-based learning (β=0.20; P<.001) and satisfaction. Although the learning structure (synchronous vs asynchronous) did not exhibit a significant association with satisfaction, the qualitative analysis results revealed that each structure possesses distinct strengths and weaknesses. The students in synchronous learning (79/345, 22.9%) recognized heightened autonomy in the "learning environment" (19/79, 24%); however, technical issues (28/79, 35%) and reduced concentration (15/79, 19%) were identified as downsides. Conversely, the students in asynchronous settings (266/345, 77.1%) emphasized unlimited access to learning content (74/266, 27.8%) and the flexibility of "learning in preferred time" (69/266, 25.9%). Nevertheless, challenges, such as self-management difficulties (66/266, 24.8%) and limited interactions (55/266, 20.7%), were evident. The findings suggest that efforts to minimize TD, facilitating self-regulated learning and interaction among students and instructors, are critical for achieving web-based learning satisfaction. Moreover, establishing a common understanding among students regarding the necessity and efficacy of web-based learning during epidemics could enhance their satisfaction.

Dynamic multiple-graph spatial-temporal synchronous aggregation framework for traffic prediction in intelligent transportation systems.

Accurate traffic prediction contributes significantly to the success of intelligent transportation systems (ITS), which enables ITS to rationally deploy road resources and enhance the utilization efficiency of road networks. Improvements in prediction performance are evident by utilizing synchronized rather than stepwise components to model spatial-temporal correlations. Some existing studies have designed graph structures containing spatial and temporal attributes to achieve spatial-temporal synchronous learning. However, two challenges remain due to the intricate dynamics: (a) Accounting for the impact of external factors in spatial-temporal synchronous modeling. (b) Multiple perspectives in constructing spatial-temporal synchronous graphs. To address the mentioned limitations, a novel model named dynamic multiple-graph spatial-temporal synchronous aggregation framework (DMSTSAF) for traffic prediction is proposed. Specifically, DMSTSAF utilizes a feature augmentation module (FAM) to adaptively incorporate traffic data with external factors and generate fused features as inputs to subsequent modules. Moreover, DMSTSAF introduces diverse spatial and temporal graphs according to different spatial-temporal relationships. Based on this, two types of spatial-temporal synchronous graphs and the corresponding synchronous aggregation modules are designed to simultaneously extract hidden features from various aspects. Extensive experiments constructed on four real-world datasets indicate that our model improves by 3.68-8.54% compared to the state-of-the-art baseline.

English learning behaviors in computer-mediated communication during COVID-19 in Thailand’s Deep South

ABSTRACT COVID-19 has transformed how teaching is organized, with computer-mediated communication (CMC) implemented to overcome physical constraints from social distancing. This study explored behaviors and approaches employed by 10 English teachers from three private schools to optimize ELT with CMC in southern Thai provinces. Data collection involved focus group discussions and semi-structured interviews with the participants. Findings revealed that the students had transformed their behaviors of learning English through CMC. Consequently, CMC was utilized in two ways, including as auxiliary and primary instruments. Firstly, CMC was employed to supplement synchronous learning in the early stages of COVID-19 with social media to assign and return completed tasks. Nevertheless, online classes saw low student participation, notable learning fatigue, limited English practice opportunities, and inadequate self-practicing for language development. Secondly, after CMC was utilized as a primary instrument; the students had a broader opportunity to study English; demonstrated a higher commitment to learning; and adopted autonomous learning, self-assessment, and digital skills. This study further found that CMC-ELT performance could be maximized by allowing students to actively design their online learning, using diverse applications to promote participation, introducing creative content to reduce limitations, increasing spaces for autonomous learning, and providing channels for publishing student outcomes.

Blended learning in nursing pharmacology: elevating cognitive skills, engagement and academic outcomes.

Pharmacological education is crucial for healthcare professionals to safely manage medications and reduce errors. Traditional lecture-based learning (LBL) often struggles to address this complexity, whereas newer methods, such as flipped classrooms and problem-based learning, yield mixed results, particularly in pre-clinical contexts, owing to students' limited experience. Our nursing pharmacology course under LBL recorded a high failure rate of 37.8% and marginal passing scores across five cohorts (n = 849 students). An analysis using Bloom's taxonomy revealed significant gaps in higher-order cognitive skills. As a remedy, the course was transformed into a novel blended learning format that integrated question-based learning (QBL) to enhance critical thinking across all cognitive levels. This model blends asynchronous and synchronous learning, is tailored to individual needs in large classes, and fosters continuous, student-centric learning. The redesign markedly decreased the failure rate by approximately 2.8-fold and increased the average grade by 11.8 points among 426 students. It notably improved the pass rates in advanced cognitive categories, such as "Evaluate" and "Create" by 19.0% and 24.2%, respectively. Additionally, the blended course showed increased student engagement, reflecting a dynamic and effective learning environment that significantly elevated participation and academic outcomes at all cognitive levels. This study demonstrated the profound impact of blended learning in pharmacology. By integrating QBL with various teaching methods, it surpasses traditional lecture-based limitations, enhancing engagement and understanding of complex topics by nursing students. Notable improvements in foundational and advanced learning suggest its broader application in health professionals' education, effectively equipping students for clinical pharmacology challenges.

Online Learning in Medical Student Clerkship: A Survey of Student Perceptions and Future Directions.

Background The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic had a major impact on medical education with clerkship students abruptly removed from clinical activities in 2020 and hastily immersed in online learning to maintain medical education. In 2022, students returned to in-person clinical experiences, but synchronous learning sessions continued online with extensive use of asynchronous online resources. This change offers a unique opportunity to gather information about students' perspectives regarding the acceptability and effectiveness of online learning strategies. This study aims to explore the clerkship student experience with the integration of online learning and in-person learning into formalized educational sessions in clerkship. Methodology The authors administered an online survey to clerkship students at the Cumming School of Medicine at the University of Calgary, Canada in spring 2022. The survey consisted of primarily Likert-style questions to explore the perceived effectiveness of various online learning strategies. Results are reported as the proportion selecting "quite effective" or "extremely effective." Results A total of 89 students responded to the survey (57.4% of graduating class). For synchronous online learning, case-based learning was perceived as the most effective teaching strategy (61.8%), and audience response systems were the most effective strategy for improving audience engagement (70.1%). For asynchronous online learning, interactive cases (84.9%) and student-developed online study guides (83.6%) were perceived as the most effective. Students held varying perceptions regarding how online learning impacted their well-being. When considering future clerkship curricula, the majority of clerkship students preferred a blend of in-person and online learning. Conclusions This study identified that most clerkship students prefer a hybrid of in-person and online learning and that ideal online learning curricula could include case-based learning, audience response systems, and a variety of asynchronous learning resources. These results can guide curriculum development and design at other medical institutions.

Insights from Students on the Use of Asynchronous and Synchronous Approaches during Digital Learning in Thailand’s Primary Schools

&#x0D; &#x0D; &#x0D; &#x0D; The outbreak of Covid-19 necessitated a rapid shift in educational paradigms worldwide. With physical classrooms rendered inaccessible, educators and students turned to distance learning as the new norm. This study investigates the effectiveness of two prominent e-learning strategies: synchronous learning (facilitated by platforms like Zoom) and asynchronous learning (centered on video materials). The primary objective was to discern which approach better supported students in their educational journey while they remained confined to their homes during quarantine. The pandemic disrupted traditional educational models, prompting institutions to adapt swiftly. Distance learning emerged as a lifeline, but questions lingered about the most effective methods. This research aimed to address this gap by comparing synchronous and asynchronous learning strategies. The investigation took place in multiple schools across Thailand, where students had been navigating remote learning. A questionnaire with Likert scale questions assessed students’ perceptions as well as interviews and open-ended responses to provide deeper insights. It turns out that students favored synchronous learning due to its ease of communication. Zoom sessions allowed direct interaction with teachers and peers although both approaches effectively delivered content, but asynchronous learning lacked real-time feedback. Moreover, synchronous learning provided a structured environment, while asynchronous learning allowed flexibility.&#x0D; &#x0D; &#x0D; &#x0D;

An experimental study on the influence of instructional mobile applications in enhancing listening comprehension of rural students in India

IntroductionMobile learning (M-learning) is integral to language education, offering accessibility, portability, and diverse resources. It offers real-life language use with synchronous learning, flexibility, and an opportunity to engage with the global community. It allows learners to practice language skills from anywhere. This study aims to evaluate linguistic instructional mobile applications' effectiveness on listening comprehension among Indian rural students.MethodsPedagogic mobile applications were employed in an experimental study with 149 tertiary-level students from rural colleges in Tamil Nadu, India. Participants were divided into control (n = 75) and experimental (n = 74) groups. Pre and post-tests assessed listening comprehension levels, considering demographic variables. Different types of audio files were used in the intervention to improve the listening skills of the experimental group.ResultsStatistical analyses, including paired t-tests, independent t-tests, and ANOVA, revealed significant improvement in listening skills for the experimental group. Gender, locality, and parental income were considered as significant variables, showing that students from diverse backgrounds benefited from mobile applications.DiscussionThe results indicate that M-learning effectively aids rural students in overcoming language barriers, emphasizing the potential of mobile applications in language education.

The Efficacy of the MOOC+SPOC Synchronous Learning Model in Vocational Education for Process Control Systems

Incorporating the Industrial Revolution into vocational education, particularly in enhancing curriculum and learning, encounters numerous obstacles. Utilizing technology in interactive learning is anticipated to actively involve learners and enhance their abilities in critical thinking, creativity, innovation, and problem-solving. This study emphasizes the limitations of traditional learning approaches in Process Control Systems and presents a novel framework of MOOC+SPOC Synchronous using a Research and Development (R&amp;D) methodology. The Process Control System course encounters impediments that negatively impact the graduation rate, which is suboptimal. The merging of MOOC (Massive Open Online Course) and SPOC (Small Private Open Course) models into a synchronous MOOC+SPOC learning model seeks to enhance learning outcomes through the utilization of a cloud computing-based Virtual Remote Laboratory (VRLab). The outcome is a model that has been rigorously evaluated and proven effective through empirical research. The research data demonstrated this model's statistically significant positive effect on enhancing student learning outcomes. The Pre-Test and Post-Test results revealed that the experimental group experienced a notable improvement in learning outcomes, with an increase ranging from 10% to 46%. In comparison, the control group also exhibited increased learning outcomes, ranging from 5% to 39%. The statistical analysis reveals a consistent and significant growth in the Experimental group, indicating that students exhibit a favorable level of motivation throughout the learning process, as indicated by the average significance value exceeding 0.5. Based on the test findings acquired from this study, it can be concluded that the Synchronous MOOC+SPOC model is a viable alternative for addressing future difficulties in vocational education. This model is effective and has been proven to work.

MAGANG STUDI INDEPENDEN BERSERTIFIKAT WEBSITE APLIKASI ONLINE PMB DI PT ARKATAMA MULTI SOLUSINDO

PT Arkatama Multi Solusindo is an experienced company in IT consulting services and application development. Certified Independent Study Database Programming is one of the independent study programs at PT Arkatama Multi Solusindo. The series of activities in the separate database programming study program includes individual learning; participants will take part in a synchronous learning process (delivery of material by the trainer via Zoom meeting) and asynchronous (study of the material provided in the form of teaching modules/teaching videos/practical materials). At each learning meeting, participants will be given a pre-test, post-test, and written or practical assignments to test their understanding of the learning provided by the teacher. The Certified Independent Database Programming Study aims to enable participants to become competent Database Programmers in data management systems. Certified independent study database programming has minimum graduation requirements (SKM), namely, Creating a web-based database application with case studies that have been determined by the trainer to display data in intuitive graphic form and published using a domain and hosting. The final project given was creating a web application for new student admissions using the Codeigniter framework, Bootstrap, and the Highcharts plugin.

Asynchronous and synchronous learning in distant education

Asynchronous and synchronous learning in distant education