Synchronous Cultures Research Articles

Mitochondria dysfunction is one of the causes of diclofenac toxicity in the green alga Chlamydomonas reinhardtii.

Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), such as diclofenac (DCF), form a significant group of environmental contaminants. When the toxic effects of DCF on plants are analyzed, authors often focus on photosynthesis, while mitochondrial respiration is usually overlooked. Therefore, an in vivo investigation of plant mitochondria functioning under DCF treatment is needed. In the present work, we decided to use the green alga Chlamydomonas reinhardtii as a model organism. Synchronous cultures of Chlamydomonas reinhardtii strain CC-1690 were treated with DCF at a concentration of 135.5 mg × L-1, corresponding to the toxicological value EC50/24. To assess the effects of short-term exposure to DCF on mitochondrial activity, oxygen consumption rate, mitochondrial membrane potential (MMP) and mitochondrial reactive oxygen species (mtROS) production were analyzed. To inhibit cytochrome c oxidase or alternative oxidase activity, potassium cyanide (KCN) or salicylhydroxamic acid (SHAM) were used, respectively. Moreover, the cell's structure organization was analyzed using confocal microscopy and transmission electron microscopy. The results indicate that short-term exposure to DCF leads to an increase in oxygen consumption rate, accompanied by low MMP and reduced mtROS production by the cells in the treated populations as compared to control ones. These observations suggest an uncoupling of oxidative phosphorylation due to the disruption of mitochondrial membranes, which is consistent with the malformations in mitochondrial structures observed in electron micrographs, such as elongation, irregular forms, and degraded cristae, potentially indicating mitochondrial swelling or hyper-fission. The assumption about non-specific DCF action is further supported by comparing mitochondrial parameters in DCF-treated cells to the same parameters in cells treated with selective respiratory inhibitors: no similarities were found between the experimental variants. The results obtained in this work suggest that DCF strongly affects cells that experience mild metabolic or developmental disorders, not revealed under control conditions, while more vital cells are affected only slightly, as it was already indicated in literature. In the cells suffering from DCF treatment, the drug influence on mitochondria functioning in a non-specific way, destroying the structure of mitochondrial membranes. This primary effect probably led to the mitochondrial inner membrane permeability transition and the uncoupling of oxidative phosphorylation. It can be assumed that mitochondrial dysfunction is an important factor in DCF phytotoxicity. Because studies of the effects of NSAIDs on the functioning of plant mitochondria are relatively scarce, the present work is an important contribution to the elucidation of the mechanism of NSAID toxicity toward non-target plant organisms.

Development and validation of a novel multiplex digital PCR assay for identification of pathogens in cerebrospinal fluid of children with bacterial meningitis

Background and aimsIdentifying the pathogens of bacterial meningitis (BM) is crucial for its diagnosis and treatment. The aim of this study is to develop and validate a novel method for detecting pathogens in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) of children with BM using a digital polymerase chain reaction (dPCR) assay.Materials and methods:A novel multiplex dPCR assay method has been developed and validated. The diagnostic performance of the dPCR assay was compared with that of synchronous CSF culture, and the factors affecting its performance were analyzed.Results:A total of 69 children with BM were enrolled prospectively. The sensitivity of the dPCR assay was 94.44 %, specificity was 100 %, coincidence rate was 98.55 %, Kappa value was 0.959, and net reclassification improvement was 61.11 %. Compared with the CSF culture assay, the dPCR assay had higher sensitivity in different bacterial groups. Multiple factors affected its performance, including previous use of antibiotics, sampling time, BM complications, and levels of inflammatory biomarkers in CSF and blood (all P < 0.05). Patients who required intensive care and died had a higher bacterial DNA loads identified by dPCR assay (both P < 0.05).Conclusion:This novel assay has better pathogen detection ability than CSF culture. Its performance was influenced by sampling time, previous use of antibiotics, and disease severity.

A Theoretical Exploration of the Nexus Between Performance Appraisal, Culture, and Impression Management

This study theoretically discusses that the impression management (IM) strategies that employees apply depending on the purpose of performance appraisal (PA) in organizations may vary in different cultures. The propositions developed are based on Schütz's four-dimensional classification of IM strategies and Trompenaars and Hampden-Turner's (1998) seven-dimensional model of culture. It has been proposed that employees may exhibit more assertive or defensive IM strategies for administrative PA, and offensive or protective IM strategies for developmental PA. Moreover, employees in particularistic, diffuse, and synchronous cultures may apply IM more frequently in the PA process. Employees in individualistic cultures may use defensive IM tactics for developmental PA, while in communitarian cultures they may resort to assertive IM. Furthermore, employees can apply offensive and assertive IM for administrative PA in ascription-oriented cultures, taking responsibility IM tactics in both administrative and developmental PAs in inner-directed cultures, and justification and excuse tactics in outer-directed cultures.

Targeting APEX2 to the mRNA encoding fatty acid synthase β in yeast identifies interacting proteins that control its abundance in the cell cycle.

Profiling the repertoire of proteins associated with a given mRNA during the cell cycle is unstudied. Furthermore, it is easier to ask and answer what mRNAs a specific protein might bind to than the other way around. Here, we implemented an RNA-centric proximity labeling technology at different points in the cell cycle in highly synchronous yeast cultures. To understand how the abundance of FAS1, encoding fatty acid synthase, peaks late in the cell cycle, we identified proteins that interact with the FAS1 transcript in a cell cycle-dependent manner. We used dCas13d-APEX2 fusions to target FAS1 and label nearby proteins, which were then identified by mass spectrometry. The glycolytic enzyme Tdh3p, a known RNA-binding protein, interacted with the FAS1 mRNA, and it was necessary for the periodic abundance of Fas1p in the cell cycle. These results point to unexpected connections between major metabolic pathways. They also underscore the role of mRNA-protein interactions for gene expression during cell division.

The Phenomenon of the “Golden Statue of a Man for Sacrifices to Heaven” in Xiongnu Culture

Purpose. The purpose of the work is to search for evidence of the “golden statue of a man for sacrifices to Heaven” existence in the material culture of the early Xiongnu for the subsequent interpretation of this phenomenon.Materials. To achieve this goal, the reports of Chinese historical records on the culture of the early Xiongnu, which contain references to the “golden statue of a person for sacrifices to Heaven” were analyzed. Information from the historical records was compared with archaeological materials of synchronous archaeological cultures with numerous gold items in the territory of Northern Eurasia. Basically, the comparison was made with the “golden culture” of the Sakas of Kazakhstan.Result. It has been established that the “golden statue of a person for sacrifices to Heaven” in the culture of the early Xiongnu did not imply a golden statue, similar to later statues of Buddha, but the tradition of the deceased rulers clothes decorating with gold implements in the process of the ritual exposure of the deceased body. This tradition is widely known from the materials of the Sakas culture of Kazakhstan as a rite of creating a “golden man”. It is suggested that this tradition was borrowed by the Xiongnu in the course of contacts with the Saka population of Kazakhstan in the 4th century BC and existed among the Xiongnu until the 2nd century BC. The contacts between the Xiongnu and the Scythian and Saka nomadic population of Central Asia are confirmed by the excavations materials from the Chikhertyn Zoo burial ground in Mongolia.Conclusion. As a result of the work carried out, it was possible to identify some material and spiritual culture features of the early Xiongnu (4th – 2nd centuries BC).

Impact of Negative Feedbacks on De Novo Pyrimidines Biosynthesis in Escherichia coli.

Earlier studies aimed at investigating the metabolism of endogenous nucleoside triphosphates in synchronous cultures of E. coli cells revealed an auto-oscillatory mode of functioning of the pyrimidine and purine nucleotide biosynthesis system, which the authors associated with the dynamics of cell division. Theoretically, this system has an intrinsic oscillatory potential, since the dynamics of its functioning are controlled through feedback mechanisms. The question of whether the nucleotide biosynthesis system has its own oscillatory circuit is still open. To address this issue, an integral mathematical model of pyrimidine biosynthesis was developed, taking into account all experimentally verified negative feedback in the regulation of enzymatic reactions, the data of which were obtained under in vitro conditions. Analysis of the dynamic modes of the model functioning has shown that in the pyrimidine biosynthesis system, both the steady-state and oscillatory functioning modes can be realized under certain sets of kinetic parameters that fit in the physiological boundaries of the investigated metabolic system. It has been demonstrated that the occurrence of the oscillatory nature of metabolite synthesis depended on the ratio of two parameters: the Hill coefficient, hUMP1-the nonlinearity of the UMP effect on the activity of carbamoyl-phosphate synthetase, and the parameter r characterizing the contribution of the noncompetitive mechanism of UTP inhibition to the regulation of the enzymatic reaction of UMP phosphorylation. Thus, it has been theoretically shown that the E. coli pyrimidine biosynthesis system possesses its own oscillatory circuit whose oscillatory potential depends to a significant degree on the mechanism of regulation of UMP kinase activity.

Bio-removal of rare earth elements from hazardous industrial waste of CFL bulbs by the extremophile red alga Galdieria sulphuraria.

In recent decades, a shift has been seen in the use of light-emitting diodes over incandescent lights and compact fluorescent lamps (CFL), which eventually led to an increase in wastes of electrical equipment (WEE), especially fluorescent lamps (FLs) and CFL light bulbs. These widely used CFL lights, and their wastes are good sources of rare earth elements (REEs), which are desirable in almost every modern technology. Increased demand for REEs and their irregular supply have exerted pressure on us to seek alternative sources that may fulfill this demand in an eco-friendly manner. Bio-removal of wastes containing REEs, and their recycling may be a solution to this problem and could balance environmental and economic benefits. To address this problem, the current study focuses on the use of the extremophilic red alga, Galdieria sulphuraria, for bioaccumulation/removal of REEs from hazardous industrial wastes of CFL bulbs and the physiological response of a synchronized culture of G. sulphuraria. A CFL acid extract significantly affected growth, photosynthetic pigments, quantum yield, and cell cycle progression of this alga. A synchronous culture was able to efficiently accumulate REEs from a CFL acid extract and efficiency was increased by including two phytohormones, i.e., 6-Benzylaminopurine (BAP - Cytokinin family) and 1-Naphthaleneacetic acid (NAA - Auxin family).

SILAC-Based Proteomic Analysis of Meiosis in the Fission Yeast Schizosaccharomyces pombe.

Stable isotope labeling by amino acids in cell culture (SILAC) provides a powerful tool to quantify proteins and posttranslational modifications. Here we describe how to apply SILAC for protein identification and quantification in synchronous meiotic cultures induced by inactivation of the Pat1 kinase in the fission yeast Schizosaccharomyces pombe.

Evaluation of droplet digital PCR rapid detection method and precise diagnosis and treatment for suspected sepsis (PROGRESS): a study protocol for a multi-center pragmatic randomized controlled trial

BackgroundSepsis is still a major public health concern and a medical emergency due to its high morbidity and mortality. Accurate and timely etiology diagnosis is crucial for sepsis management. As an emerging rapid and sensitive pathogen detection tool, digital droplet PCR (ddPCR) has shown promising potential in rapid identification of pathogens and antimicrobial resistance genes. However, the diagnostic value and clinical impact of ddPCR tests remains to be studied in patients with suspected sepsis. PROGRESS trial is aimed to evaluate the clinical effectiveness of a novel ddPCR assay compared with standard practice.MethodsPROGRESS is a multicenter, open-label, pragmatic randomized controlled trial (pRCT) set in ten hospitals, including departments of infectious disease and intensive care units. In this study, a total of 2292 patients with suspected sepsis will be randomly assigned to two arms: the ddPCR group and the control group with a ratio of 3:1. The primary outcome is the diagnostic efficacy, that is, the sensitivity and specificity of the ddPCR assay compared with the synchronous blood culture. Secondary outcomes include the mortality rates and the mean Sequential Organ Failure Assessment (SOFA) score at follow-up time points, the length of stay in the hospital, the time to directed antimicrobial therapy, duration of broad-spectrum antibiotic use, and the EQ-5D-5L score on day 90.DiscussionIt is the first multicenter pragmatic RCT to explore the diagnostic efficacy and clinical impact of the ddPCR assay in patients with suspected sepsis, taking advantage of both RCT’s ability to establish causality and the feasibility of pragmatic approaches in real-world studies (RWS). This trial will help us to get a comprehensive view of the assay’s capacity for precise diagnosis and treatment of sepsis. It has the potential to monitor the pathogen load change and to guide the antimicrobial therapy, making a beneficial impact on the prognosis of sepsis patients.Trial registration: ClinicalTrial.gov, NCT05190861. Registered January 13, 2022—‘Retrospectively registered’, https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT05190861.

Astragaloside IV attenuated TGF-β1- induced epithelial-mesenchymal transition of renal tubular epithelial cells via connexin 43 and Akt/mTOR signaling pathway

IntroductionThe objective of the study was to observe whether connexin 43 (Cx43) could regulate epithelial mesenchymal transformation (EMT) of renal tubular epithelial cells (RTECs) by influencing Akt/mTOR signaling pathway, and whether ASV could inhibit the development of renal interstitial fibrosis by regulating Cx43. MethodsLentivirus infection was transfected into RTECs with the final concentration of 50 ×PFU/ cell to regulate the expression of Cx43. And RTECs were intervened by different doses of Astragaloside IV (ASV). After synchronous culture of RTECs in each group，the expression levels of EMT-related indicators and Cx43 were detected by fluorescence microscope and Western-Blotting (WB), even the protein expressions and phosphorylation levels of AKT and mTOR in different groups were detected by WB. ResultsWhen the expression of Cx43 in RTECs was regulated by lentivirus infection, the degree of EMT induced by TGF‑β1 and the phosphorylation level of Akt and mTOR were changed accordingly, indicating that Akt/mTOR pathway might be a downstream molecular mechanism by which Cx43 could regulate EMT. After intervention with different doses of ASV, the expression level of Cx43 increased with obvious concentration dependence, and the expression levels of p-Akt and p- mTOR were significantly altered, suggesting that ASV could effectively increase the protein expressions of TGF‑β1-induced Cx43 in RTECs and inhibit the phosphorylation levels of Akt and mTOR. ConclusionCx43 were the main material basis of RTECs’ injury, and ASV could inhibit TGF-β1- induced RTECs’ transdifferentiation. In-depth study of the mechanism might provide a broad application prospect for the treatment of renal interstitial fibrosis.

The burial Ogonyok in the middle Lena River region: a new site of the Bel'kachi Culture

The article presents the results of a comprehensive study of the Ogonyok burial, discovered and investigated in 2016 in the city of Yakutsk, Central Yakutia, in the middle reaches of the Lena River. The purpose of the study was to determine its cultural and chronological characteristics, to identify the features of the funeral rite and spe-cifics of the accompanying grave goods. In addition to historical and archaeological methods, the methods of tra-sological analysis of stone tools, radiocarbon dating and date calibration, isotope analysis of human and animal bone collagen, and determination of the species composition of the fauna that was part of the burial equipment were used. The burial place was destroyed during land works, as such, only part of the accompanying equipment and osteological material was preserved for the analyses. Excavations of the remains of the burial were carried out, which made it possible to determine approximately its orientation, the position of the deceased and the depth from the day surface. Similarities to the accompanying goods, which included a flint core and three blades, an arrowhead, polished adze, bone composite arrowhead with a blade in the groove, anthropomorphic figurine from a mammoth tusk, fragments of a bone polisher and a needle, as well as faunal remains, were found in the com-plexes of the Bel'kachi Neolithic Culture of Northeast Asia of the end of the 5th–3rd mil. BC. Further analogies were identified in the synchronous Neolithic cultures of the Baikal, Transbaikalia, Lower Amur region, Primorsky Krai and Chukotka. The funeral ritual of filling the grave with ocher also brings the Ogonyok burial closer to other Bel'kachi cemeteries. Paleozoological analysis has shown that bones of lynx, wild reindeer and geese were pre-sent in the burial. Four AMS radiocarbon dates were obtained from human and animal bones, which attribute the burial in the first quarter of the 4th mil. BC. An interesting fact was the identification of an offset in the age of hu-man bones relatively to the age of animal bones, the former being approximately 200 years older, which is appa-rently associated with freshwater reservoir effect. Analysis of stable carbon and nitrogen isotopes demonstrated that the human diet was based on meat food, as well as, apparently, fish products, with a minor inclusion of wild plants. The burial of Ogonyok is one of the few “pure” sites of the Bel'kachi Neolithic Culture in Yakutia.

A Rare Belt Plaque in Zoomorphic Style from the Inner Tien Shan

The article publishes a very rare for Saka culture of the Tien Shan region belt plaque, made with the Scythian-Siberian animal motif. It was accidentally found at an altitude of 2300 m. in the northern part of the Inner Tien Shan, and, most likely, it was lost there in antique time. The plaque has a butterfly-shaped shape, and a relief paired heads of a snow leopard was depicted on its outer surface in a realistic manner. On its reverse side there are two small loops indicating the construction of the combat belt on which it was fixed. Apart from the main belt there were additional leather straps which also were used as laces in the front. Belts of a similar construction with plaques of similar shape were previously found only in an elite burial of the Issyk kurgan in Tien Shan region. Nevertheless, outside this region, this belt plaque has close analogies in the synchronous cultures of the Scythian type in the Forest-steppe Altay, Tuva, Ordos and Northern China, as well as in the forest-steppe part of the Urals region. Based on stylistics and analogies, this belt plaque can be dated back to the turn of the 5th and 4th centuries BC. But in these regions, with the exception of the Urals, all similar plaques have one central loop on the back side. This indicates an independent line of development of these belt garment items on the territory of Saka culture of the Tien Shan region, although the origins of this line, undoubtedly, were initially outside its distribution area.

Contacts of Bronze - Early Iron Age Archaeological Cultures with Synchronous Cultures of the Outer World (General overview)

The Eneolithic and Bronze-Early Iron Age cultures prevalent in the territory of Western Georgia do not seem to be isolated from the archeological cultures of the outside world, but there are observed quite close contact-relations between them. In the Eneolithic Age, with pottery and one group of stone artifacts, there are close contacts with Upper Imereti and pre-Maykop materials. The touching points are also revealed between the Dolmen and Proto-Colchian cultures. According to some of the metal artefacts of Upper Svaneti and Upper Racha (Brill Cemetery), contacts are observed with the materials of the Maykop and Digoria cultural materials…., Which took place through communication routes leading to some of the passes of the Central Caucasus Range. We have met elements of Mtkvari-Araks and Proto-Colchian cultures in Dablagomi settlement (Samtredia region). With some of the materials found in Colchis, some contacts are revealed with the Beden culture existing on the territory of Shida Kartli. In the territory of Western Georgia (Adjara, Eastern Colchis) mainly in the composition of bronze treasures are found the axes from Central Transcaucasian, which must have gotten here as a result of the relations between the populations of Western and Eastern Georgia. Imported pottery found in southwestern Colchis (Makhvilauri hill-settlement) reveals certain relations with the Proto-Hittite world. The connections with separate artifacts of Bronze Age ceramic materials found in Colchis with materials from Asia Minor can be seen.

Treatment of Synthetic Ammonium Sulfate Wastewater by Mixed Culture of Chlorella pyrenoidosa and Enriched Nitrobacteria.

Ammonium sulfate wastewater can cause eutrophication and black odor of water body. Although ammonia nitrogen can be used as nutrient of microalgae, high ammonia nitrogen levels could inhibit the growth of microalgae. Nitrobacteria can transform ammonia nitrogen into nitrate nitrogen. In this study, mono Chlorella pyrenoidosa culture (mono-C.py), synchronous mixed culture (mixed-a), and asynchronous mixed culture (mixed-b) systems were examined for their ability to treat ammonium sulfate wastewater. Nitrogen removal rate of mixed-b at the end of culture (52.96%) was higher than that of the mono-C.py (46.37%) and the mixed-a (39.11%). Higher total suspended solid concentration (2.40g/L), crude protein yield (0.76g/L), and heating value yield (35.73kJ/L) were obtained in mixed-b, meanwhile with excellent settlement performance (91.43 ± 0.51%). Mechanism analysis of settlement showed that the relative abundance of floc-forming-related bacteria Sphingopyxis and Acidovorax were increased generally, while nitrification/denitrifying members were decreased in mixed-b along with the culture proceeding.

Diclofenac Alters the Cell Cycle Progression of the Green Alga Chlamydomonas reinhardtii.

The aim of the study was to verify the hypothesis that a potential cause of the phytotoxicity of diclofenac (DCF, a non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug) is an effect of cell cycle progression. This research was conducted using synchronous cultures of a model organism, green alga Chlamydomonas reinhardtii. The project examined DCF effects on selected parameters that characterize cell cycle progression, such as cell size, attainment of commitment points, DNA replication, number of nuclei formed during cells division and morphology of cells in consecutive stages of the cell cycle, together with the physiological and biochemical parameters of algae cells at different stages. We demonstrated that individual cell growth remained unaffected, whereas cell division was delayed in the DCF-treated groups grown in continuous light conditions, and the number of daughter cells from a single cell decreased. Thus, the cell cycle progression is a target affected by DCF, which has a similar anti-proliferative effect on mammalian cells.

To Divide or Not to Divide? How Deuterium Affects Growth and Division of Chlamydomonas reinhardtii.

Extensive in vivo replacement of hydrogen by deuterium, a stable isotope of hydrogen, induces a distinct stress response, reduces cell growth and impairs cell division in various organisms. Microalgae, including Chlamydomonas reinhardtii, a well-established model organism in cell cycle studies, are no exception. Chlamydomonas reinhardtii, a green unicellular alga of the Chlorophyceae class, divides by multiple fission, grows autotrophically and can be synchronized by alternating light/dark regimes; this makes it a model of first choice to discriminate the effect of deuterium on growth and/or division. Here, we investigate the effects of high doses of deuterium on cell cycle progression in C. reinhardtii. Synchronous cultures of C. reinhardtii were cultivated in growth medium containing 70 or 90% D2O. We characterize specific deuterium-induced shifts in attainment of commitment points during growth and/or division of C. reinhardtii, contradicting the role of the “sizer” in regulating the cell cycle. Consequently, impaired cell cycle progression in deuterated cultures causes (over)accumulation of starch and lipids, suggesting a promising potential for microalgae to produce deuterated organic compounds.

IRON AGRICULTURAL TOOLS FROM REVNE

Iron agricultural tools from the Revne agglomeration of Slavs of the 8th—10th centuries is analyzed in the paper. The complex is one of the outstanding sites of the Eastern Croats Slavic tribal group in the Ukrainian Carpathian region (fig. 1). During ca. 50 years of stationary and supervisory explorations almost complete set of agricultural tools for primary and secondary tillage and for harvesting has been accumulated.&#x0D; The paper provides detailed description of the tools. Comparative analysis of the materials in geographical environment was carried out both in the area of Raiky culture and synchronous and chronologically close cultures and sites. Iron parts of plow-type tools certify a high level of technical equipment for tillage. Asymmetrical heads are inherent in bow ard. This plow-type tool had the head with iron wide-bladed tip posed horizontally to the ground and also knife coulter and mouldboard. Arable tools of this type cutted and turned the soil. Their use indicates the highest level of development of technical capabilities of tillage in the area of Raiky culture and synchronous archaeological cultures (fig. 2—4, 9). Hoes of two types are presented: the socketed items with a vertical open socket and those with a horizontal solid socket. Both types are well-known (the first type is much more common) but functionally there is no difference between them. Their analogies are common in the area of Raiky culture and synchronous surrounding (fig. 5, 6, 9).&#x0D; The harvesting process can be considered traditional for the people of Raiky culture. However there are insignificant differences comparing to the aggregate data. Thus, scythes with a curved handle (mainly used for haymaking and possibly for harvesting cereals with a tight ear) have not yet been occurred in Revne. However, such findings are generally much less common than sickles (fig. 7—9).&#x0D; The complex of iron agricultural tools shows the highest level of development of agriculture in the people of Raiky culture. Comparative analysis with other cultural and ethnic groups of the late 1st millennium AD in Central and Eastern Europe also shows that the level of agriculture is close to the achievements of the Saltiv culture.

Factors Influencing Flow and Satisfaction in a Synchronous Distance Korean Culture Class

본 연구는 해외 대학을 대상으로 실시간 원격으로 이루어지는 한국문화 강의의 몰입과 만족도에 영향을 주는 요인들을 분석하는 것을 목적으로 이루어졌다. 학습동기, 학습과제, 상호작용으로요인을 나누고, 이들이 몰입 및 만족도와 맺는 관계와 영향력을 탐구하여 향후 유사한 수업 설계에있어서의 시사점을 도출하고자 했다. 이를 위해 베트남의 대학교를 대상으로 한 학기 동안 원격한국학 수업을 진행한 후 설문조사를 시행했다. 분석 결과에서 주목할만한 점은 다음과 같다. 학습동기, 학습과제, 상호작용 요인 가운데 학습과제가 몰입 및 만족도에 가장 큰 영향을 주는것으로 나타났다. 특히 과제 중에서도 배울 문화 주제와 관련한 한국어 어휘를 매주 미리 공부할수 있도록 만든 단어정리가 가장 영향력이 큰 것으로 드러났다. 동기와 관련해서는, 한국문화에대한 호감의 동기가 몰입과 만족도에 유의미한 영향을 주고 있음을 확인할 수 있었다. 한국문화에대한 호감을 유지시켜 주거나 새롭게 생성시켜줄 수 있는 방안을 수업 내용에 도입하면, 몰입과만족도에 긍정적인 영향을 줄 것으로 생각된다. 마지막으로, 상호작용도 몰입과 만족에 영향을주는 요인으로 도출돼, 이를 활성화할 수 있는 수업 설계 또한 중요함이 확인됐다.

Раскопки склепов на могильнике Шестаково-II и вопросы хронологии шестаковской культуры

The article publishes and investigates the materials of the excavations of 1976 and 1980 at the Shestakovo-II burial mound in the Chebulinsky district of the Kemerovo region. The burial monument is located in the Achinsko-Mariinsky forest-steppe on the second floodplain terrace of the Kia River near the village of Shestakovo, next to other archaeological sites investigated (the Shestakovo-I settlement, the Shestakovo-II settlement and the Shestakovo i burial mound), which belong to the final stage of the early Iron Age and form a single archaeological cultural and chronological complex Excavation materials are systematized at the level of elements of burial structures, memorial funeral rite, burial method and burial equipment. A comparative analysis of published materials with sources from neighboring territories and the valley of the middle reaches of the Kii River is carried out. It is concluded that the published sources are close to the excavation materials of the objects of the third and fourth stages of the Shestakovo i burial mound, which is a reference site for the Shestakovo archaeological culture of the transitional Tagaro-Tashtyk time in the Achinsk-Mariinsky forest-steppe in 1979. Based on the statement that the Tesin archaeological culture of the 3rd century BC is the middle of the 3rd century in the steppes of the Middle Yenisei is a synchronous Shestakov archaeological culture of the Achinsk- Mariinsky forest-steppe and, taking into account the observations made by various authors about the late creation of similar processes in this region, we model a cultural and chronological development scheme. This suggests that the Shestakov archaeological culture could have function from the 2nd century BC to the 4th century. This model and the analogies given to the materials from the Shestakovo II burial mound allow us to date this monument to the 3rd — 4th centuries and attribute it to the final stage of the development of the Shestakovo archaeological culture. Key words: Achinsk-Mariinsky forest-steppe, finale of the early Iron Age, Shestakovo-II burial ground, Shestakovo archaeological culture

Strongly oversized fission yeast cells lack any size control and tend to grow linearly rather than bilinearly.

During the mitotic cycle, the rod-shaped fission yeast cells grow only at their tips. The newly born cells grow first unipolarly at their old end, but later in the cycle, the 'new end take-off' event occurs, resulting in bipolar growth. Photographs were taken of several steady-state and induction synchronous cultures of different cell cycle mutants of fission yeast, generally larger than wild type. Length measurements of many individual cells were performed from birth to division. For all the measured growth patterns, three different functions (linear, bilinear and exponential) were fitted, and the most adequate one was chosen by using specific statistical criteria, considering the altering parameter numbers. Although the growth patterns were heterogeneous in all the cultures studied, we could find some tendencies. In cultures with sufficiently wide size distribution, cells large enough at birth tend to grow linearly, whereas the other cells generally tend to grow bilinearly. We have found that among bilinearly growing cells, the larger they are at birth, the rate change point during their bilinear pattern occurs earlier in the cycle. This shifting near to the beginning of the cycle might finally cause a linear pattern, if the cells are even larger. In all of the steady-state cultures studied, a size control mechanism operates to maintain homeostasis. By contrast, strongly oversized cells of induction synchronous cultures lack any sizer, and their cycle rather behaves like an adder. We could determine the critical cell size for both the G1 and G2 size controls, where these mechanisms become cryptic. TAKE AWAY: Most individual fission yeast cells in steady-state cultures grow bilinearly. In strongly oversized fission yeast cells, linear growth dominates over bilinear. Above birth length thresholds, both the G1 and G2 size controls become cryptic.