Vein Symptoms Research Articles

Will a patient information brochure increase acceptance of Omani women with varicose veins to be examined by a male surgeon ?- A prospective randomized single blinded study.

Varicose veins are not uncommon among Omani women. As currently there are no female vascular surgeons, it has been noticed in our outpatient clinic that a number of them are reluctant to be examined by a male vascular surgeon, have a duplex ultrasound done and therefore a management plan cannot be made in this subset. This study is a first of its kind in Oman, looking at the impact of a patient information booklet about varicose veins etiology, symptoms, signs, assessment and management, on the attitude of a female patient's acceptance towards examination by a male surgeon in the presence of a chaperone.

First report of citrus yellow vein clearing virus (CYVCV) on citrus in Italy.

In March 2024, symptoms of vein clearing (Fig. S1) were observed on leaves of six lemon (Citrus limon (L.) Burm. f.) trees grown in a private garden in Palma Campania (Campania region, Italy). Symptoms strongly resembled those of yellow vein clearing disease, caused by Potexvirus citriflavivenae (citrus yellow vein clearing virus, CYVCV), genus Potexvirus, sub-genus Mandarivirus (Loconsole et al., 2012; Cui et al., 2018). CYVCV was reported in Pakistan, India, China, Iran, Turkey, Korea and USA (Abrahamian et al., 2024; Catara et al., 1993; EPPO, 2024; Sun and Yokomi, 2024; Jin et al., 2024). Since 2022, considering the potential impact of this emerging virus, CYVCV has been included in the EPPO alert list and it has not been reported in any European Union (EU) Member State where the virus is not regulated. To ascertain possible infection with CYVCV, leaf samples were collected and tested by reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). Total nucleic acids (TNAs) from leaves of the symptomatic lemon and non-symptomatic lemon and sweet orange (Citrus sinensis (L.) Osbeck) trees grown in the same garden, were extracted using the silica-capture extraction method (Foissac et al. 2001). TNAs were tested by RT-PCR using CYVCV specific primers (Table S1) designed by Chen et al., (2014) targeting the coat protein gene. All symptomatic trees and an asymptomatic sweet orange from the same garden tested positive generating an amplicon of the expected size (612 bp). Direct Sanger sequencing of amplicons obtained from two symptomatic lemons and one non-symptomatic sweet orange (An PP842725-PP842727) followed by BLAST search showed 97.9-98.08% sequence identity (query coverage 100%) with CYVCV isolates previously reported from a mandarin (An OQ418501) and a lemon (An OQ418493) in California. In contrast, no amplicons were detected in samples from non-symptomatic lemon trees. Virus identity was confirmed by RT-PCR with different primers (Table S1) targeting the RNA-dependent RNA polymerase gene of CYVCV. Amplicons of the expected size (832 bp) were obtained only from samples previously tested positive to the virus and their sequences determined by Sanger sequence (An PQ284953-PQ284955) showed 97.98-98.11% identity (query coverage 100%) with CYVCV sequence previously reported from a mandarin (An OR251443) in New Delhi. Since CYVCV is transmitted by insects (Önelge et al., 2011a, 2011b, Zhang et al., 2018, 2019), TNAs (Foissac et al., 2001) from Aphis aurantii infesting symptomatic lemons, and of A. spiraecola and Dialeurodes citri infesting symptomatic lemon and non-symptomatic sweet orange trees were assayed by RT-PCR with primer pairs designed by Chen et al., (2014). Three samples of 15 specimens from three different trees were tested for each insect. In contrast to D. citri, which tested negative, an amplicon of 612 bp was detected from A. aurantii and A. spiraecola and Direct sequencing of amplicons (An PP842721-PP842724) confirmed the nature of the virus and showed that insect-derived viral sequences shared nucleotide identity of 99.3-100% with those from the infected trees. Altogether, these data support that CYVCV is present in Southern Italy. Likely, it has been introduced illegally through infected citrus propagation material. Given the large A. aurantii and A. spiraecola populations in the areas where CYVCV has been detected, a fast spread of the virus to other areas of Campania region can be expected. Even if the impact of CYVCV on citrus production in Italy remains to be assessed, prompt and extensive surveys may be helpful to establish the actual distribution of the virus. This would allow for a better evaluation of appropriate measures to be adopted to achieve sustainable citrus production. At the best of our knowledge, this is the first report of CYVCV in Italy and in the EU territory.

Prevalence of Varicose Veins among Nurses in a Tertiary Care Hospital: A Descriptive Study

Abstract Introduction Millions of individuals worldwide spend significant portions of their workdays standing or in static positions, which can pose health risks such as varicose veins. Globally, varicose vein prevalence ranges from 20 to 60%, with women being at two to three times higher risk compared to men. Varicose veins are characterized by dilated, palpable veins with a diameter larger than 3 mm. Nurses face a 16% risk of developing varicose veins, highlighting the importance of health care professionals' well-being for the effective functioning of the health care system. Therefore, this study aimed to provide insights into the prevalence of varicose vein symptoms among nurses. Methods A descriptive prospective study was conducted among 210 nurses with more than 1 year of experience, using purposive sampling. Demographic information and varicose vein symptoms were collected through a self-designed questionnaire. Descriptive statistics were employed for data analysis. Results The study found that 8.6% of nurses were diagnosed with varicose veins. The majority of participants were female (97.6%) with a normal body mass index (86.7%). Prevalent symptoms included worsened leg pain (77.6%), night cramps (62.4%), and throbbing in lower legs (37.6%). Visible spider veins (19.5%) and other symptoms were reported less frequently. Conclusion A lower prevalence of varicose veins among nurses was identified, possibly due to demographic factors of the study population. It is recommended to conduct health education campaigns tailored for health care professionals, particularly nurses, and implement regular health checkups to screen for varicose veins. These proactive measures are essential for promoting occupational health and ensuring the well-being of the nursing workforce.

Patency and reflux in relation to postthrombotic syndrome: a subanalysis of the Ultrasound-Accelerated Catheter-Directed Thrombolysis Versus Anticoagulation for the Prevention of Post-Thrombotic Syndrome trial

BackgroundAdjunctive catheter-directed thrombolysis shows variable efficacy in preventing postthrombotic syndrome (PTS), despite restored patency. ObjectivesThis Ultrasound-Accelerated Catheter-Directed Thrombolysis Versus Anticoagulation for the Prevention of Post-Thrombotic Syndrome (CAVA) trial subanalysis investigated the effect of ultrasound-accelerated catheter-directed thrombolysis (UACDT) on patency, reflux, and their relevance in PTS development. MethodsThis multicenter, randomized, single-blind trial enrolled patients (aged 18-85 years) with a first iliofemoral deep vein thrombosis and symptom duration ≤14 days. Patency and reflux were assessed by duplex ultrasound at 12 months (T12) and long-term (LT) follow-up (median, 39.5 months; IQR, 24.0-63.0 months). PTS was diagnosed using the Villalta score. ResultsUACDT significantly improved patency in all vein segments at T12 (60.3% UACDT vs 25.9% standard treatment [ST]; P = .002) and LT (45.2% UACDT vs 11.9% ST; P < .001). Popliteal patency, however, was similar between groups (87.9% UACDT vs 83.3% ST; P = .487). Reflux was similar between groups at T12 and LT; only popliteal reflux was significantly reduced in the UACDT group at LT (22.6% UACDT vs 44.8% ST; P = .010). Absent iliac patency at T12 was associated with increased PTS risk in the ST group only (odds ratio [OR], 10.84; 95% CI, 1.93-60.78; P = .007). In the UACDT group, popliteal reflux at T12 was associated with moderate-to-severe PTS at T12 (OR, 4.88; 95% CI, 1.10-21.57; P = .041) and LT (OR, 5.83; 95% CI, 1.44-23.63; P = .009). Combined popliteal reflux and absent iliac patency significantly amplified PTS risk (OR, 10.79; 95% CI, 2.41-48.42; P < .001). ConclusionUACDT improved patency and reduced popliteal reflux. Iliac patency and popliteal reflux are independently associated with moderate-to-severe PTS and contribute synergistically to its development. However, a proportion of moderate-to-severe PTS cases lacks an evident underlying cause.

Case Study: Co-existing Isolated Internal Iliac Artery Aneurysm and Solitary Kidney

Purpose: The purpose of this case study is to report on an isolated internal iliac artery aneurysm (IIIAA) with solitary kidney found during cadaveric dissection and to discuss potential clinical implications of such a variation. Methods: IIIAA and solitary kidney were discovered during cadaveric dissection performed by six nursing graduate students at Samford University in Birmingham, Alabama. Upon discovery, a literature review was performed to consider clinical implications, patient presentation, and management strategies associated with IIIAA and solitary kidney. This is the first time the pairing of these variations has been reported and thus it is difficult to speculate whether or not this person had symptoms associated with either of these conditions. Results: IIIAA is independently associated with bladder, ureter, rectal, iliac vein, and sciatic nerve symptoms. Solitary kidney is associated with hypertension and end-stage renal disease. Conclusion: As this variation was discovered post-mortem, it is unknown whether this condition was symptomatic.

Genetic Analysis of the Emerging Citrus Yellow Vein Clearing Virus Reveals a Divergent Virus Population in American Isolates.

Citrus yellow vein clearing virus is a previously reported citrus virus from Asia with widespread distribution in China. In 2022, the California Department of Food and Agriculture conducted a multipest citrus survey targeting multiple citrus pathogens including citrus yellow vein clearing virus (CYVCV). In March 2022, a lemon tree with symptoms of vein clearing, chlorosis, and mottling in a private garden in the city of Tulare, California, tested positive for CYVCV, which triggered an intensive survey in the surrounding areas. A total of 3,019 plant samples, including citrus and noncitrus species, were collected and tested for CYVCV using conventional reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction, reverse transcription quantitative polymerase chain reaction, and Sanger sequencing. Five hundred eighty-six citrus trees tested positive for CYVCV, including eight citrus species not previously recorded infected under field conditions. Comparative genomic studies were conducted using 17 complete viral genomes. Sequence analysis revealed two major phylogenetic groups. Known Asian isolates and five California isolates from this study made up the first group, whereas all other CYVCV isolates from California formed a second group, distinct from all worldwide isolates. Overall, the CYVCV population shows rapid expansion and high differentiation indicating a population bottleneck typical of a recent introduction into a new geographic area.

Varicose Veins: A Review and Management

Abstract: Twisted, swollen veins that are commonly found on the lower limbs can be deformative and incapacitating. Varicose vein prevalence varies. At least one-third of people are thought to have lower leg varicose veins. Family history, obesity, advanced age, pregnancy, and prolonged standing are risk factors. The pathogenesis includes weakening vascular walls, defective valves, and genetic factors. Treatment options for varicose veins include surgery, interventional therapy, and conservative measures like diet, lifestyle modifications, and hydrotherapy—all of which depend heavily on patient compliance to be effective. The symptoms, patient preferences, cost, and possible risks all influence the therapeutic selection. This review looks at varicose vein risk factors, symptoms, management (surgery and conservative measures), and complication avoidance

COMPLETE REMISSION OF VARICOSE VEINS THROUGH INTEGRATED THERAPY W.S.R. TO JALAUKA AVACHARANA: A UNIQUE CASE REPORT

Background This study aims to evaluate the clinical outcomes and safety profile of leech therapy as a potential alternative or adjunctive treatment for varicose veins. Specifically, it examines the efficacy of leech therapy in managing varicose vein symptoms. Methodology A prospective case study was conducted with a single patient receiving treatment at the Ayurvedic Panchakarma department. The effects of leech therapy were assessed based on the patient's self-reported evaluation of varicose vein treatment over a 5-week period, during this, six sessions of Jalauka avacharana (Medicinal leech therapy) were administered to the patient. Results Following the six sessions of leech therapy, the patient experienced gradual alleviation of symptoms, including reduced pain and burning sensations. Moreover, significant improvements were noted in reducing swelling, lumping, skin discoloration, tortuosity, and itching associated with varicose veins. These findings suggest the potential effectiveness of leech therapy in managing varicose vein symptoms. Conclusions Leech therapy shows promise as a viable option for managing varicose veins, offering noticeable improvements in symptom relief and overall vascular health. Integrated therapy incorporating Ayurveda Panchakarma, naturopathy, and yogasanas may provide comprehensive support for individuals with varicose veins. Larger-scale studies are warranted to validate these preliminary outcomes and explore the long-term efficacy of integrated therapeutic approaches in varicose vein management.

Molecular Signature of a Novel Alternanthera Yellow Vein Virus Variant Infecting the Ageratum conyzoides Weed in Oman.

Alternanthera yellow vein virus (AlYVV), a monopartite begomovirus, has been identified infecting a diverse range of crops and native plants in Pakistan, India, and China. However, distinctive yellow vein symptoms, characteristic of begomovirus infection, were observed on the Ageratum conyzoides weed in Oman, prompting a thorough genomic characterization in this study. The results unveiled a complete genome sequence of 2745 base pairs and an associated betasatellite spanning 1345 base pairs. In addition, Sequence Demarcation Tool analyses indicated the highest nucleotide identity of 92.8% with a previously reported AlYVV-[IN_abalpur_A_17:LC316182] strain, whereas the betasatellite exhibited a 99.8% nucleotide identity with isolates of tomato leaf curl betasatellite. Thus, our findings propose a novel AlYVV Oman virus (AlYVV-OM) variant, emphasizing the need for additional epidemiological surveillance to understand its prevalence and significance in Oman and the broader region. To effectively manage the spread of AlYVV-OM and minimize its potential harm to (agro)ecosystems, future research should focus on elucidating the genetic diversity of AlYVV-OM and its interactions with other begomoviruses.

Abstract 16169: Use of Ramen in Heart Failure: Correction of Severe Hyponatremia With Salt Intake

Background Hyponatremia (Na&lt;136mmol) is the most common electrolyte imbalance in patients with heart failure (HF) and is associated with increased mortality, morbidity and rehospitalizations. The mechanisms of hyponatremia in heart failure are multifold and include an increased sympathetic tone and renin-angiotensin-aldosterone-system, salt and water retention in the proximal and distal tubules, high antidiuretic hormone coupled low glomerular filtration rate and diuretic use. We present a case highlighting the complexity of sodium balance in acute decompensated heart failure. Case Presentation A 65-year-old female with a medical history of heart failure with preserved ejection fraction (EF 60-65%), pulmonary hypertension, atrial fibrillation, and CKD presented to the Emergency Department with volume overload. We began diuresis with bumetanide on hospital day 1 (HD#), however given inadequate urine output chlorthalidone was added on HD #5 and metolazone on HD #7. On admission, her sodium was 134 and down trended to a low of 121 on HD#13. She had worsening BUN/Cr from 62/2.14 at admission to a peak 135/2.66. She developed oral intake intolerance, asterixis and encephalopathy. The management changed to halting diuretics, fluid restriction, and hypertonic saline without improvement. Urine electrolytes were used to tailor treatment, leading to cessation of hypertonic saline stopped and introducing Ramen (875 mg of Na) and salt tablets (394 mg of Na). While maintaining euvolemia, there was resolution of symptoms and improvement in Na=134, BUN 49, Cr 1.16. Discussion Treatment options for hyponatremia in HF, such as water restriction or the use of hypertonic saline with loop diuretics, have limited efficacy. The use of high oral salt intake with close monitoring of jugular vein pressure, weight, symptoms, and urine electrolytes can help a select group of patients with hyponatremia and advance heart failure despite traditional knowledge.

Host range of three isolates of papaya ringspot virus (PRSV) found in North Sumatera and West Java

Papaya ringspot virus (PRSV) isolates collectd from North Sumatera and West Java were evaluated for host range using mechanical inoculation. PRSV is one of the dangerous diseases in papaya plants in Indonesia reported to have a limited host range and caused symptom variation on plants. The study aim to determine the host range of three PRSV isolates from North Sumatera and West Java to several crops. Incidence of PRSV symptoms on plants was observed by morphological characterization. The experimental results showed that two PRSV isolates from Medan Ampelas and Deli Serdang North Sumatera, and Cibinong West Java isolates were pathogenic and caused systemic symptoms to Carica papaya cv. MD (Caricacea), melon (C. melo) and bitter melon (Momordica charantia). The symptom of infected papaya by the three isolates are vein clearing, mosaic on leaves, leaf blanching, wilt, and mottle on leaf lamina. The isolates caused asymptomatic to eggplant (Solanum melongena) and choy sum (Brassica rapa), asparagus bean (Vigna unguiculata), tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum), and tomato (Solanum lycopersicum syn. lycopersicum esculentum). Melon plants showed symptoms of vein clearing and lamina blanching by Medan Ampelas, and Cibinong isolates respectively, and bitter melon showed symptoms of vein clearing and leaf malformation, and mottle by isolate of Medan Ampelas and Cibinong respectively. The two plant species display asymptomatic by isolate of Deli Serdang. Isolate of Deli serdang has the potential to be a mild strain of PRSV. Complete characterization of mild strains of plant virus through molecular technology approaches can enrich understanding of the potential of these organisms for cross-protection.

Successful endovascular thrombectomy with the ClotTriever System for acute subclavian vein thrombosis in venous thoracic outlet syndrome

BackgroundThe case describes a successful endovascular thrombectomy using the ClotTriever System for an acute subclavian thrombosis in venous thoracic outlet syndrome. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first case report on use of Inari ClotTriever for acute upper extremity deep venous thrombosis due to venous thoracic outlet syndrome. The rapid technical and clinical success of our intervention may be an interesting cue for interventional radiologist colleagues.Case presentationUpper extremity deep vein thrombosis in the setting of venous thoracic outlet syndrome generally occurs in young adults after excessive arm activity and can sometimes be managed with anticoagulation. In this case, a 29-year-old male diagnosed with acute effort-induced thrombosis of the left subclavian vein and persistent symptoms following low-molecular-weight heparin therapy underwent mechanical thrombectomy. Successful thrombectomy was completed with > 90% thrombus burden reduction and no complication. The patient experienced immediate symptom relief and vein patency was confirmed via imaging 3 months post procedure.ConclusionsMechanical thrombectomy is a promising treatment technique for thrombosis associated with venous thoracic outlet syndrome.

Treatments for symptomatic class I patients in CEAP classification with saphenous vein reflux: A pilot study

BackgroundFor patients with telangiectasia or reticular veins (CEAP [clinical, etiologic, anatomic, pathophysiologic] class C1), less invasive endovenous (EV) treatments have emerged. However, no prospective studies have compared compression stockings (CSs) and EV ablation treatment for C1 symptomatic refluxing saphenous veins. The present prospective study compared the therapeutic results of the two treatment modalities. MethodsFrom June 2020 to December 2021, 46 patients with telangiectasia or reticular veins (<3 mm; class C1) with axial saphenous reflux and venous congestion symptoms were prospectively enrolled. The patients were assigned to CS (n = 21) or EV treatment (n = 25), according to patient preference. Complications, clinical improvement scales (eg, the venous clinical severity score [VCSS]), and quality of life, including the Aberdeen varicose vein symptom severity score (AVSS) and venous insufficiency epidemiological and economic study – quality of life/symptoms (VEINES-QOL/Sym), were evaluated and compared between the two groups at 1, 3, and 6 months after treatment. ResultsNo major complications occurred in either group. The median VCSS was 2.0 (interquartile range [IQR], 1.0-2.0), 1.0 (IQR, 0.5-2.0), 1.0 (IQR 0.0-1.0), and 0.0 (IQR 0.0-1.0) at baseline and 1, 3, and 6 months after treatment in the CS group, respectively. The corresponding VCSSs were 3.0 (IQR, 1.0-3.0), 1.0 (IQR, 0.0-1.0), 0.0 (IQR, 0.0-0.0), and 0.0 (IQR, 0.0-0.0) in the EV group. The median AVSS was 4.4 (IQR, 3.0-5.5), 2.1 (IQR, 1.3-4.6), 1.0 (IQR, 0.0-2.8), and 0.0 (IQR, 0.0-1.8) at baseline and 1, 3, and 6 months after treatment in the CS group, respectively. The corresponding scores were 6.2 (IQR, 3.8-12.3), 1.6 (IQR, 0.6-2.8), 0.0 (IQR, 0.0-2.6), and 0.0 (IQR, 0.0-0.4) in the EV group. The mean VEINES-QOL/Sym score was 92.7 ± 8.1, 100.4 ± 7.3, 104.3 ± 8.2, and 106.0 ± 9.7 in the CS group at baseline and 1, 3, and 6 months after treatment, respectively. The corresponding scores were 83.6 ± 8.0, 102.9 ± 6.6, 107.9 ± 3.9, and 109.6 ± 3.7 in the EV group. Both groups showed considerable improvement in the VCSS, AVSS, and VEIN-SYM/QOL scores, and no significant between-group differences were observed for ≤6 months. Among the severely symptomatic patients (pretreatment VEINES-QOL/Sym score ≤90), the EV group exhibited more marked improvement (P = .029 for the VCSS and P = .030 for the VEINES-QOL/Sym score). ConclusionsBoth CSs and EV treatment provided clinical and quality of life improvement in symptomatic C1 patients with refluxing saphenous veins, with no significant between-group differences. However, a subgroup analysis revealed that EV treatment provided statistically significant improvement in the severe symptomatic C1 group.

Balneotherapy for chronic venous insufficiency.

Balneotherapy for chronic venous insufficiency.

Molecular characterization of a novel Conyza canadensis-infecting begomovirus in China

A novel monopartite begomovirus was found in naturally infected Conyza canadensis plants exhibiting typical begomovirus-induced yellow vein symptoms in Yunnan Province of China. Analysis of two obtained full-length viral genome sequences showed that they shared 99.8% nucleotide (nt) sequence similarity, and both consisted of 2733 nts (GenBank accession no. OK120264 and OK120266, respectively). Further analysis showed that these two sequences shared the highest nt sequence similarity (78.9%) with tomato yellow leaf curl Vietnam virus (TYLCVV) (EU189150). In the assayed C. canadensis plants, a betasatellite of 1,341 nts (Accession no. OK120265 and OK120267, respectively) was also found, and it shared 98.1% sequence similarity with malvastrum yellow vein betasatellite (MaYVB) (JX679254). Based on the current classification criteria for begomoviruses, we consider that the two obtained viral isolates are a novel begomovirus, and named it as conyza yellow vein virus (CoYVV). Our further analysis result showed that CoYVV is likely originated from a recombination event between tomato yellow leaf curl Yunnan virus (TYLCYnV) and tomato yellow leaf curl China virus (TYLCCNV). To investigate the effect of CoYVV infection in plant, we constructed two infectious clones (i.e., pCoYVV and pMaYVB), and inoculated them individually or together to Nicotiana benthamiana plants through agro-infiltration. The result showed that the plants co-inoculated with CoYVV and MaYVB developed yellow vein and downward leaf-curling symptoms, whereas the plants inoculated with CoYVV alone showed no clear virus-like symptoms. Virus infection in the inoculated N. benthamiana plants was confirmed through polymerase chain reaction (PCR). The result of quantitative PCR (qPCR) showed that in the presence of MaYVB, the accumulation level of CoYVV DNA was significantly increased compared to that in the plants infected with CoYVV alone.

Blood Flow Analysis of the Great Saphenous Vein in the Su-Pine Position in Clinical Manifestations of Varicose Veins of Different Severities: Application of Phase-Contrast Magnetic Resonance Imaging Data.

The progression of clinical manifestations of lower-limb varicose veins remains unclear. This study investigated changes in lower-limb venous blood flow using phase-contrast magnetic resonance angiography. Data were collected on veins from 141 legs. We compared legs with and without varicose veins and related symptoms and examined varying levels of varicose vein symptom severity. Legs without varicose veins exhibited a lower absolute stroke volume (ASV, p < 0.01) and mean flux (MF, p = 0.03) for the great saphenous vein (GSV) compared with legs with symptomatic varicose veins. Legs with asymptomatic varicose veins exhibited lower MF for the GSV (p = 0.02) compared with legs with symptomatic varicose veins. Among legs with varicose veins, asymptomatic legs exhibited lower ASV (p = 0.03) and MF (p = 0.046) for the GSV compared with legs that exhibited skin changes or ulcers; however, no significant differences were observed between legs presenting with discomfort or edema and legs with skin changes or ulcers, and between legs presenting with discomfort or edema and asymptomatic legs. In conclusion, in the supine position, increased blood flow rate and blood flow volume in the GSV were associated with symptomatic varicose veins and increased symptom severity.

Injection sclerotherapy for varicose veins.

Injection sclerotherapy for varicose veins.

Prevalence of Deep Vein Thrombosis in Cancer Patients in Hospitals of Rawalpindi

Background and Aim: Carcinoma/Cancer patients are more susceptible to venous thromboembolism compared to common disease patients. Regardless of chemotherapy, venous thromboembolism risk increases by 5-6 fold. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the prevalence of deep vein thrombosis in Fauji Foundation, Holy Family and Benazir Bhutto Hospital of Rawalpindi. Materials and Methods: This cross-sectional study was carried out on 434 carcinoma/cancer patients presented to the Department of Medical Oncology, Fauji Foundation, Holy Family and Benazir Bhutto Hospital of Rawalpindi from May 2020 to July 2021. Malignancy patients of age range from 5 years to 65 years with deep vein thrombosis clinical signs and symptoms were investigated. All patients had to have a biopsy to prove they had cancer. All patients underwent routine baseline investigations, which included a complete blood picture ECG, biochemistry, and X-rays. Results: Of the total 434 carcinoma/cancer patients, 23 (5.3%) malignant patients had deep vein thrombosis. The overall mean age of 23 patients was 34.56 ± 8.71 years with an age range from 5 years to 65 years. Out of 23 patients, 14 (60.9%) were male and 9 (39.1%) were females. The prevalence of primary cancer (tumors) and hematological malignancies were 11 (47.8%) and 12 (52.2%) respectively. Enoxaparin injections of 1mg/kg/day were prescribed to these patients for 5 days to 7 days duration followed by 6 months of warfarin. Conclusion: Our study found that the prevalence of deep vein thrombosis was 5.3%. Antithrombotic agents lower the risk of venous thromboembolism in cancer patients undergoing chemotherapy. Low dose warfarin and Low molecular weight heparins can both prevent and treat cancer-related thrombosis. Venous thromboembolism be treated with either unfractionated heparin (UFH) or low molecular weight heparin (LMWH) before starting Warfarin therapy as per guidelines. Keywords: Prevalence, Deep vein thrombosis, Warfarin

Distribution and molecular characterization of potato virus Y (PVY) strains infecting potato (Solanum tuberosum) crop in Kashmir (India).

The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s13337-021-00722-2.

Complete Nucleotide Sequence, Genome Organization, and Comparative Genomic Analyses of Citrus Yellow-Vein Associated Virus (CYVaV)

Citrus yellow-vein disease (CYVD) was first reported in California in 1957. We now report that CYVD is associated with a virus-like agent, provisionally named citrus yellow-vein associated virus (CYVaV). The CYVaV RNA genome has 2,692 nucleotides and codes for two discernable open reading frames (ORFs). ORF1 encodes a protein of 190 amino acid (aa) whereas ORF2 is presumably generated by a −1 ribosomal frameshifting event just upstream of the ORF1 termination signal. The frameshift product (717 aa) encodes the RNA-dependent RNA polymerase (RdRp). Phylogenetic analyses suggest that CYVaV is closely related to unclassified virus-like RNAs in the family Tombusviridae. Bio-indexing and RNA-seq experiments indicate that CYVaV can induce yellow vein symptoms independently of known citrus viruses or viroids.