Symptoms Of Ovarian Cancer Research Articles

Knowledge toward ovarian cancer symptoms among women in Syria: Cross-sectional study

Background: Ovarian cancer is the second most prevalent malignancy in women over 40, especially in low-income nations. For every 100,000 women in Syria, 473 new cases of ovarian cancer are diagnosed. This study aims to investigate the knowledge of ovarian cancer symptoms among Syrian women and determine the factors associated with good knowledge. Methods: An online cross-sectional was performed between July 29 and August 17, 2022. The inquired participants in the study were Syrian females above 18 years. The questionnaire consists of 41 questions organized into three sections: sociodemographic information, Confidence in recognizing ovarian cancer symptoms, and women's Awareness of the symptoms of ovarian cancer. Results: This research included 557 Syrian women, and the average age was 23. Only 20.5% of involved women demonstrated a good knowledge of the symptoms of ovarian cancer. The participants who agreed that abdominal pain and pelvic pain are ovarian cancer symptoms formed (36.8%), and (63.9%), respectively.Regarding the additional presenting symptoms of ovarian cancer, “extreme generalized fatigue” was the most often reported symptom (66.1%). Divorced women showed greater knowledge scores than other marital status groups (7.13 ± 3.31, P-value<0.05), while public sector participants scored higher than other occupational groups (6.38 ± 2.5, P-value<0.05). Conclusion: Our findings indicate that Syrian females have inadequate knowledge regarding ovarian cancer symptoms. More ovarian cancer awareness programs for Syrian women of all ages are needed to increase the early identification of this illness.

Aptamers Versus Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor (VEGF): A New Battle against Ovarian Cancer.

Cancer is one of the diseases that causes a high mortality as it involves unregulated and abnormal cell growth proliferation that can manifest in any body region. One of the typical ovarian cancer symptoms is damage to the female reproductive system. The death rate can be reduced through early detection of the ovarian cancer. Promising probes that can detect ovarian cancer are suitable aptamers. Aptamers, i.e., so-called chemical antibodies, have a strong affinity for the target biomarker and can typically be identified starting from a random library of oligonucleotides. Compared with other probes, ovarian cancer targeting using aptamers has demonstrated superior detection effectiveness. Various aptamers have been selected to detect the ovarian tumor biomarker, vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF). The present review highlights the development of particular aptamers that target VEGF and detect ovarian cancer at its earliest stages. The therapeutic efficacy of aptamers in ovarian cancer treatment is also discussed.

Predictive Value of Symptom Index for Early Detection of Ovarian Cancer

Objective: Although symptom-based screening has a positive role in identifying women at risk, it’s yet to be validated as screening tool. The present study aimed to validate the ovarian cancer symptom index in Pakistani population. Methods: From June 2019-December 2020, presenting symptoms were prospectively recorded in patients with ovarian cancer (n=70) and benign ovarian tumor (n=140) using Goff’s questionnaire. Results: Symptoms such as unable to eat normally, feeling full quickly, weight loss, increased abdomen size and postmenopausal bleeding were reported more frequently among the cancer group (p&lt;0.05). Symptoms including feeling full quickly, increased abdominal size and patients' age were independent predictors of cancer. The sensitivity, specificity, positive and negative predictive value, of symptom index were found to be 31.43%, 79.29%, 43.13%, and 69.81%, respectively. Conclusion: This study confirms that specific symptoms were useful in diagnosing women with ovarian cancer. Low sensitivity and specificity of the symptom index limit its use as an independent screening method. Nonetheless, with further validation it can be included for screening in clinical settings. Keywords: ovarian cancer, symptom index, diagnosis, predictive value

La visión de los profesionales sanitarios del proceso diagnóstico de las mujeres con cáncer de ovario en Catalunya: estudio cualitativo

ObjectiveTo identify missed opportunities in the diagnosis of ovarian cancer (OC) in the public health system of Catalonia, through the analysis of the perceptions of health professionals on the stories's experiences of OC patients. DesignQualitative exploratory-descriptive study, with two focus groups. SettingPrimary Care, November 2017. ParticipantsThirty-four professionals based on theoretical sampling: 21 family doctors, 8 professionals from sexual and reproductive health centres and 5 hospital gynaecologists. MethodsParticipants discussed the different diagnostic pathways for women with OC through the presentation of flowcharts which were developed with three storie's and experiences of OC patients. ResultsThree themes with various sub-themes were identified as follow: a)lack of cancer diagnostic suspicion (lack of knowledge of symptoms of OC, anamnesis and physical examination overlooked, fragmentation of patient's care and bias and prejudice); b)difficulties in activating the diagnostic process (limited access to tests, unequal accessibility to gynaecology and lack of follow-up); and c)absence of fast-track referral system. ConclusionsThe results offer insight into the difficulties of early diagnosis of OC in our setting. We believe that their identification will allow the development of strategies to improve diagnostic accuracy and quality of care for women with OC in our setting.

Using Shopping Data to Improve the Diagnosis of Ovarian Cancer: Computational Analysis of a Web-Based Survey

Shopping data can be analyzed using machine learning techniques to study population health. It is unknown if the use of such methods can successfully investigate prediagnosis purchases linked to self-medication of symptoms of ovarian cancer. The aims of this study were to gain new domain knowledge from women's experiences, understand how women's shopping behavior relates to their pathway to the diagnosis of ovarian cancer, and inform research on computational analysis of shopping data for population health. A web-based survey on individuals' shopping patterns prior to an ovarian cancer diagnosis was analyzed to identify key knowledge about health care purchases. Logistic regression and random forest models were employed to statistically examine how products linked to potential symptoms related to presentation to health care and timing of diagnosis. Of the 101 women surveyed with ovarian cancer, 58.4% (59/101) bought nonprescription health care products for up to more than a year prior to diagnosis, including pain relief and abdominal products. General practitioner advice was the primary reason for the purchases (23/59, 39%), with 51% (30/59) occurring due to a participant's doctor believing their health problems were due to a condition other than ovarian cancer. Associations were shown between purchases made because a participant's doctor believing their health problems were due to a condition other than ovarian cancer and the following variables: health problems for longer than a year prior to diagnosis (odds ratio [OR] 7.33, 95% CI 1.58-33.97), buying health care products for more than 6 months to a year (OR 3.82, 95% CI 1.04-13.98) or for more than a year (OR 7.64, 95% CI 1.38-42.33), and the number of health care product types purchased (OR 1.54, 95% CI 1.13-2.11). Purchasing patterns are shown to be potentially predictive of a participant's doctor thinking their health problems were due to some condition other than ovarian cancer, with nested cross-validation of random forest classification models achieving an overall in-sample accuracy score of 89.1% and an out-of-sample score of 70.1%. Women in the survey were 7 times more likely to have had a duration of more than a year of health problems prior to a diagnosis of ovarian cancer if they were self-medicating based on advice from a doctor rather than having made the decision to self-medicate independently. Predictive modelling indicates that women in such situations, who are self-medicating because their doctor believes their health problems may be due to a condition other than ovarian cancer, exhibit distinct shopping behaviors that may be identifiable within purchasing data. Through exploratory research combining women sharing their behaviors prior to diagnosis and computational analysis of these data, this study demonstrates that women's shopping data could potentially be useful for early ovarian cancer detection.

Urine CA125 and HE4 for the Detection of Ovarian Cancer in Symptomatic Women.

The symptoms of ovarian cancer are vague, and current risk assessment tools such as serum CA125 and transvaginal ultrasound scan fail to reliably detect the disease early. This study aimed to evaluate urine CA125 and HE4 as diagnostic biomarkers for ovarian cancer in symptomatic women. Paired urine and serum samples were collected from women undergoing treatment for ovarian cancer (cases) or investigations for gynaecological symptoms (controls). Biomarkers were measured using an automated chemiluminescent enzyme immunoassay analyser. Standard diagnostic accuracy metrics were calculated. In total, 114 women were included, of whom 17 (15%) were diagnosed with an epithelial ovarian malignancy. Levels of urine CA125 and HE4 were significantly elevated in women with ovarian cancer compared to controls [CA125: 8.5 U/mL (IQR: 2.4-19.5) vs. 2.3 U/mL (IQR: 1.0-6.4), p = 0.01. HE4: 12.0 nmol/L (IQR: 10.3-23.1) vs. 6.7 nmol/L (IQR: 3.4-13.6), p = 0.006]. Urine CA125 and HE4 detected ovarian cancer with an AUC of 0.69 (95% CI: 0.55-0.82) and 0.71 (95% CI: 0.69-0.82), respectively (p = 0.73). A combination of urine CA125 and HE4 at optimal thresholds had a sensitivity of 82.4% (95% CI: 56.6-96.2) and was comparable to the sensitivity of serum CA125 [88.2% (95% CI: 63.6-98.5)]. Larger studies are required to confirm our findings, standardise urine collection, and evaluate optimal biomarker thresholds. Urine CA125 and HE4 may be useful non-invasive diagnostic tools to triage women for formal ovarian cancer investigations.

Awareness of ovarian cancer symptoms and risk factors in a young ethnically diverse British population.

Ovarian cancer does not cause many symptoms in the early stages, which is why the majority of cases are of advanced disease. Increasing awareness of ovarian cancer symptoms may lead to earlier diagnosis and improved outcomes. Participants in Britain completed the Ovarian Cancer Awareness Measure by online survey (n= 459). Our participants were 75% female, 25% male and a young (27.89 ± 11.44 years) ethnically diverse population (40.3% White, 29.3% Asian and 18.0% Black). Individuals recalled 1.24 ± 1.30 symptoms, and recognised 5.96 ± 2.4 symptoms. We found higher levels of recall and recognition compared to previous research possibly due to using an online survey. Recognition was lowest for difficulty eating (39.4%) and persistently feeling full (38.7%). Males had slightly lower symptom recall and recognition than females. Participants incorrectly recalled an irregular menstrual cycle (22.4%) as an ovarian cancer symptom and 67% answered the age of incidence question incorrectly. Suggesting that participants incorrectly associate ovarian cancer as a disease of pre-menopausal women. Individuals recalled 1.47 ± 1.20 risk factors, and recognised 6.1± 2.4 risk factors. Family history of ovarian cancer was recalled by 59% of participants. Recognition was lowest for in vitro fertilisation treatment (23.0%) and talcum powder in the genital area (23.0%). The generic cancer risk factors of alcohol (9.3%) and poor diet (8.8%) were recalled as specific ovarian cancer risk factors. 57.9% of participants incorrectly answered that there is an ovarian cancer screening programme. Suggesting confusion between ovarian and cervical cancer as participants also recalled cervical cancer risk factors of sexually transmitted diseases (6.3%) and human papillomavirus (1.5%). 29.7% of female participants would seek help for an ovarian cancer symptom within 1-2 days. Help seeking was higher in the Black and Asian ethnicities (44.4% and 45.0%; p= 0.018). Awareness of ovarian cancer symptoms is low. Ovarian cancer awareness campaigns should include common misconceptions identified in this research.

Association Between Purchase of Over-the-Counter Medications and Ovarian Cancer Diagnosis in the Cancer Loyalty Card Study (CLOCS): Observational Case-Control Study.

Over-the-counter (OTC) medications are frequently used to self-care for nonspecific ovarian cancer symptoms prior to diagnosis. Monitoring such purchases may provide an opportunity for earlier diagnosis. The aim of the Cancer Loyalty Card Study (CLOCS) was to investigate purchases of OTC pain and indigestion medications prior to ovarian cancer diagnosis in women with and without ovarian cancer in the United Kingdom using loyalty card data. An observational case-control study was performed comparing purchases of OTC pain and indigestion medications prior to diagnosis in women with (n=153) and without (n=120) ovarian cancer using loyalty card data from two UK-based high street retailers. Monthly purchases of pain and indigestion medications for cases and controls were compared using the Fisher exact test, conditional logistic regression, and receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve analysis. Pain and indigestion medication purchases were increased among cases 8 months before diagnosis, with maximum discrimination between cases and controls 8 months before diagnosis (Fisher exact odds ratio [OR] 2.9, 95% CI 2.1-4.1). An increase in indigestion medication purchases was detected up to 9 months before diagnosis (adjusted conditional logistic regression OR 1.38, 95% CI 1.04-1.83). The ROC analysis for indigestion medication purchases showed a maximum area under the curve (AUC) at 13 months before diagnosis (AUC=0.65, 95% CI 0.57-0.73), which further improved when stratified to late-stage ovarian cancer (AUC=0.68, 95% CI 0.59-0.78). There is a difference in purchases of pain and indigestion medications among women with and without ovarian cancer up to 8 months before diagnosis. Facilitating earlier presentation among those who self-care for symptoms using this novel data source could improve ovarian cancer patients' options for treatment and improve survival. ClinicalTrials.gov NCT03994653; https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT03994653.

Epidemiology and risk factors for ovarian cancer.

Ovarian cancer is a complex disease, mostly observed in postmenopausal women, and is associated with poor survival rates. It is the sixth most common cancer and the fifth most common cause of death due to cancer among women in developed countries. Thus, despite representing less than one third of all gynaecologic cancers, deaths due to ovarian cancer account for more than two thirds of deaths due to gynaecologic cancers. Its prevalence is higher in Western Europe and Northern America than Asia and Africa. In sub-Saharan Africa, there is a considerably lower prevalence of ovarian cancer than other parts of Africa. Ovarian cancer is multifaceted, involving many factors, complex biological processes and unpredictable consequences. Unlike other female cancers that have early warning symptoms, ovarian cancer's symptoms are non-specific. As a result, ovarian cancers are normally undetected until advanced stages (III or IV). The major risk factors for ovarian cancer include older age, genetics, family history, hormone replacement therapy, nulliparity, and dietary fat. Controversial factors include obesity, infertility, talc powder, radiation exposure, fertility medications and in vitro fertilization. The current review discusses the aetiology, epidemiology and risk factors for ovarian cancer. Nevertheless, identification of the main risk factors for ovarian cancer may increase the awareness among women of the general population. This should help to decrease the incidence rate of ovarian cancer and increase the five-year survival rate.

Patterns of Treatment and Outcomes in Epithelial Ovarian Cancer: A Retrospective North Indian Single-Institution Experience.

Ovarian cancer (OC) is ranked as the third most common gynecologic cancer in various Indian cancer registries. In India, OC is seen in the younger age group, with a median age < 55 years being reported by most of the studies. The majority of patients are diagnosed in advanced stage (70%-80%), where the long-term (10-year) survival rate is poor, estimated at 15%-30%. The aim of this study was to evaluate clinical epidemiology, treatment patterns, and survival outcomes in patients with epithelial OC. This was a retrospective analysis of patients with epithelial OC who were treated at Sher-i-Kashmir Institute of Medical Sciences, Srinagar, over a period of 9 years, from January 2010 to December 2018. OC constituted 2.94% of all cancers registered. Epithelial OC constituted 88.4% of all OCs, with a median age 50 years. More than two third of patients belonged to rural background and the majority (76.9%) of the patients were in stage III or IV at the time of diagnosis. The main presenting symptoms were abdominal distension/bloating (46.5%) and gastrointestinal disturbances (35.2%). The most common histologic types were serous (65.9%) followed by mucinous carcinoma (15%). Median overall survival for the whole study cohort was 30 months (95% CI, 28.0 to 31.9). Median overall survival for stage I, II, III, and IV was 72, 60, 30, and 20 months, respectively. Most of the patients presented in advanced stage of the disease and have poor outcome. Delay in diagnosis and improper management before registering in tertiary cancer center and lack of tertiary care facilities are the root causes of poor outcomes. The general population and primary care physicians need to be made aware of OC symptoms.

How practice nurses could raise awareness of ovarian cancer

Valerie Lang advises on how practice nurses can opportunistically raise awareness of the symptoms of ovarian cancer

The Role of Mental Adjustment in Mediating Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder Symptoms and Social Support in Chinese Ovarian Cancer Patients: A Cross-Sectional Study.

BackgroundPost-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) can manifest in individuals following a traumatic event. There is a paucity of studies focusing on PTSD symptoms in ovarian cancer (OC) patients. This study aimed to investigate the association of social support, mental adjustment and PTSD symptoms in Chinese OC patients with a view to exploring whether mental adjustment could mediate the relationship.MethodsA cross-sectional study was conducted from January 2015 to December 2016. A total of 171 OC subjects were recruited and the effective response rate was 81.3%. The PTSD Checklist-Civilian Version (PCL-C), Mini-Mental Adjustment to Cancer scale (Mini-MAC) and Duke-UNC Functional Social Support Questionnaire were disseminated to the patients. The Chinese Mini-MAC was used in this study focusing on three components, namely negative emotion, positive attitude, and cognitive avoidance. Hierarchical linear regression analyses were employed to investigate the association of social support and PTSD symptoms, and the role of mental adjustment in their mediation.ResultsThe prevalence of PTSD symptoms was 17.3% in OC patients. PTSD symptoms were negatively related with both social support and positive attitude, and positively associated with negative emotion and cognitive avoidance. Social support was negatively associated with negative emotion and cognitive avoidance, and positively related with positive attitude. In addition, negative emotion and positive attitude mediated the association between social support and PTSD symptoms.ConclusionPTSD symptoms in OC patients should be paid attention to. Social support and mental adjustment were positive resources associated with PTSD symptoms. Moreover, mental adjustment could mediate the relation between social support and PTSD symptoms in OC patients. Therefore, intervention management that focusing on improving perceived social support as well as strengthening mental adjustment, especially negative emotion and positive attitude, may be useful for reducing PTSD symptoms in this context.

ANALYSIS OF SYMPTOMS IN OVARIAN CANCER AND ITS HISTOPATHOLOGICAL CORRELATION: A CROSS SECTIONAL STUDY

Ovarian cancer is the fth common cancer affecting the population and it is a silent killer, as it is diagnosed in later stages. The symptoms of ovarian cancer are nonspecic and a screening tool for ovarian cancer is not there. Diagnosis of ovarian cancer is often delayed due to their presentation with vague and nonspecic symptoms. This study tried to evaluate the symptoms in patients with ovarian cancer and correlate them with the type and stage of malignancy. Analyze the type, duration and frequency of the symptomsObjective: in patients with ovarian cancer and to correlate these symptoms with the type of malignancy and stage of the disease. All patientsMethods: admitted to the Gynaecology Department of Government Medical College, Thrissur with suspected ovarian cancer during the study period were recruited and surveyed using a baseline health questionnaire and a symptom index assessment form suggested by Goff et al was used (1). Assessment was then done to look for any correlation between the symptom duration, severity and frequency of symptoms and the type of ovarian malignancy. Fatigue followed by indigestion, increase in abdominal size, abdominal bloating, backache,Results and Discussion- feeling full quickly were the most common symptoms. A mean of 7.6 symptoms out of 23 symptoms enquired about in these women were present for a duration of 1 - 4 months. Abdominal bloating sensation was signicantly increased in patients more than 50yrs of age. A rise in CA125 value was also associated signicantly with fatigue and abdominal bloating sensation. Epithelial ovarian tumors were found to be signicantly associated with indigestion and feeling of fullness quickly. Non epithelial varieties were more often associated with menstrual irregularities and constipation. The symptom index can be used as a screening tool for ovarian cancer. Ignoring early warning symptoms will result inConclusion- late diagnosis of ovarian malignancy and thereby worsen the prognosis for such women.

Ovarian Cancer Symptom Clusters: Use of the NIH Symptom Science Model for Precision in Symptom Recognition and Management.

In the United States, ovarian cancer remains the deadliest gynecologic cancer because most women are diagnosed with advanced disease. Although early-stage ovarian tumors are considered asymptomatic, women experience symptoms throughout disease. This review identifies ovarian cancer symptom clusters and explores the applicability of the National Institutes of Health Symptom Science Model (NIH-SSM) for prompt symptom recognition and clinical intervention. A focused CINAHL® and PubMed® database search was conducted for studies published from January 2000 to May 2022 using combinations of key terms. The NIH-SSM can guide the delivery of precision-focused interventions that address racial disparities and foster equity in symptom- focused care. Enhanced understanding of symptom biology can support clinical oncology nurses in ambulatory and inpatient settings.

CT Imaging Findings in Patients with Ovarian Cancer and Acute Abdominal Symptoms: Experience at a Tertiary Cancer Center.

To evaluate computed tomography (CT) findings in patients with ovarian cancer presenting to a comprehensive cancer center's urgent care unit with acute abdominal symptoms. This retrospective study included consecutive patients with ovarian cancer who underwent abdominal CT at a comprehensive cancer center's urgent care unit between January 1, 2018, and January 14, 2020, due to acute abdominal symptoms. Two abdominal radiologists reviewed the abdominal CT reports, categorizing imaging findings as follows: (a) no new or acute finding, (b) new or increased bowel or gastric obstruction, (c) new or increased ascites, (d) new or increased peritoneal carcinomatosis, (e) new or increased nonperitoneal metastases, (f) new inflammatory or infectious changes, (g) new or increased hydronephrosis, (h) new or increased biliary dilatation, (i) new vascular complications, or (j) new bowel perforation. A total of 200 patients (mean age, 59years; range, 22-87) underwent a total of 259 abdominal CT scans, of which 217/259 (83.8%) scans were found to have new or increased findings. A total of 115/259 (44.4%) scans had only one finding while 102/259 (39.4%) scans had 2 or more findings. Altogether, 382 new or increased findings were detected: findings were most commonly related to bowel or gastric obstruction (92/382, 24.1%) with small bowel obstruction being the most common finding (80/382, 20.9%); ascites (78/382, 20.4%); peritoneal carcinomatosis (62/382, 16.2%); and nonperitoneal metastases (62/382, 16.2%). Inflammatory or infectious findings accounted for 30/382 (7.9%) findings. Most patients with ovarian cancer presenting with acute abdominal had relevant positive findings on abdominal CT, with small bowel obstruction being the most common finding.

34P Immunocytochemical determination of EpCAM protein expression in ascitic fluid cells in the diagnosis of ovarian cancer using the SER1 test system

The most common first symptom of ovarian cancer (OC) is the accumulation of serous fluid in the abdominal cavity. Morphological verification is necessary to resolve the issue of the nature of the process and the purpose of treatment. Cytological examination (CE) of ascitic fluid is a subjective method based on the knowledge and experience of a morphologist. The use of a comprehensive assessment of the CE with subsequent immunocytochemical (ICH) revision is a trend of modern diagnostics, and the use of test systems for the diagnosis of ICH, focused on one patient, will increase the availability of this type of study in the primary polyclinic.

Women's awareness of ovarian cancer risk factors and symptoms in Western Iran in 2020–2021

ObjectivesThis study aimed to investigate awareness of women living in the western region of Iran about warning signs and risk factors for ovarian cancer.MethodsThis cross-sectional, descriptive-analytical study was conducted in Sanandaj and Kermanshah, Iran, 2020 and 2021. In this study, 1081 women aged 18–70 years were selected as the sample to fill out the electronic version of the Ovarian Cancer Awareness Measure (OCAM) to identify the significant variables of ovarian cancer warning signs and risk factors. The obtained data were statistically analyzed by descriptive statistics and ordinal logistic regression in SPSS 19.ResultsIn this study, 60.9% of the participants had medium awareness of the subject. The results indicated that participants with higher educational attainment (P < 0.05) and those with a history of cancer (P < 0.001) showed higher knowledge of cancer. The lowest level of awareness of symptoms was associated with acute symptoms such as dysphagia (swallowing problems) most days, persistent bloating, a sense of abdominal fullness or heaviness, and frequent urination. Moreover, the lowest awareness of risk factors was related to the history of IVF treatments and the application of talcum powder to the genital area.ConclusionThe study findings showed that women living in the western region of Iran have moderate awareness of ovarian cancer and insufficient knowledge of cancer warning signs; this suggests that it is necessary to train Iranian women to raise awareness of the signs and risk factors for ovarian cancer.

Temporal trends of healthcare system use between symptomatic presentation and ovarian cancer diagnosis in the United States

ObjectiveTo describe trends in healthcare system use over time between onset of classic ovarian cancer symptoms and ovarian cancer diagnosis in the United States.MethodsA population-based study of the Surveillance, Epidemiology,...

Chemerin promotes proliferation and migration of ovarian cancer cells by upregulating expression of PD-L1.

Ovarian cancer is the third-most-common malignant reproductive tumor in women. According to the American Cancer Society, it has the highest mortality rate of gynecological tumors. The five-year survival rate was only 29% during the period from 1975 to 2008 (Reid et al., 2017). In recent decades, the five-year survival rate of ovarian cancer has remained around 30% despite continuous improvements in surgery, chemotherapy, radiotherapy, and other therapeutic methods. However, because of the particularity of the volume and location of ovarian tissue, the early symptoms of ovarian cancer are hidden, and there is a lack of highly sensitive and specific screening methods. Most patients have advanced metastasis, including abdominal metastasis, when they are diagnosed (Reid et al., 2017). Therefore, exploring the mechanism of ovarian cancer metastasis and finding early preventive measures are key to improving the survival rate and reducing mortality caused by ovarian cancer.

Symptom burden and quality of life with chemotherapy for recurrent ovarian cancer: the Gynecologic Cancer InterGroup-Symptom Benefit Study

ObjectiveThe Gynecologic Cancer InterGroup (GCIG)-Symptom Benefit Study was designed to evaluate the effects of chemotherapy on symptoms and health-related quality of life (HRQL) in women having chemotherapy for platinum resistant/refractory...