Asthenopic Symptoms Research Articles

Clinical Efficacy of Ayurvedic Management in Digital Eye Strain and Visual Fatigue.

With an increase in digital technology many individuals suffer from physical eye discomfort, visual fatigue, dry eye after screen use for longer than two hours of a time. The Vision Council refers to this collection of symptoms as digital eye strain. The Vision Council’s 2014 Digital Eye Strain Report suggests that nearly 70 percent of American adults experiences some form of digital eye strain due to prolonged use of electronic devices including desktop and laptop computers, smart phones, e-readers, television and video games. The study found that adults are most likely to experience digital eye strain in between 6 P.M to 9 P.M .The number of staff subjected to a significant amounts of on-screen work with digital eye strain and visual fatigue is currently increasing. Improper use of sense organs, violating the moral code of conduct, and the effect of the time are the three basic causative factors behind all the health problems. No remedial measures for the cure of this pathology prevail in the domain of modern medicine except using ocular surface lubricants and computer glasses. In spite of remarkable progress and advances in the field of modern ophthalmology .On critical analysis of the symptoms of Digital Eye Strain on Tridosha theory of Ayurveda, it seems to be a Vata–Pittaja ocular cum systemic disease.. Jeevantyadi Ghrita (orally),Jeevantyadi Ghrita Netra Tarpana (topically) and counseling regarding proper working conditions on computer were tried in 30 patients, suffering with Digital eye strain. In group I ,where oral and local treatment was given, significant improvement in all the symptoms of Digital eye strain was observed whereas in groups II and III local treatment and counseling regarding proper working conditions, respectively, were given and showed insignificant results.The study verified the hypothesis that Digital Eye Strain in Ayurvedic perspective is a Vata-Pittaja disease affecting mainly eyes and body as a whole and needs a systemic intervention rather than topical ocular medication only.

Modern Methodological Approaches to the Correction of Astenopia in Patients with Visual-Intensive Work

The authors consider presented in the literature tested new approaches to diagnosis, prevention and correction of symptoms of asthenopia in persons visually-intense work related to theoretical aspects of asthenopia in fact, the selection of spectacle correction and application of a multidisciplinary approach. Determines the pattern of allocation in the traditional classification of asthenopia (accommodative, muscular, sensory) classification criterion is the presence or absence of phenomena of psychological maladjustment. Along with this, it is established that the astigmatic component correction of complex myopic astigmatism, it is advisable to perform in the range of 60–75 % of the required (according to cycloplegics examination of refraction). At the same time, the level of visual performance (in the most difficult conditions of presentation of test information of the type “choice of signal from several — evaluation of the signal — response ratio”) with incomplete (60–75 %) correction by 12.7–20.4 % (p < 0.05) is higher than with partial (75–85 %) and complete, taking into account minor differences in the achieved visual acuity (0.04–0.08, p > 0.05). In addition, the practical expediency of applying a multidisciplinary approach to the correction of asthenopia, based on the complex effects of specific and non-specific methods of stimulation of vision. It was found that the combined use of multidirectional technologies of physical impact (low-energy laser radiation, cranial osteopathic effects and special training of the cervical-thoracic spine) provides effective correction of accommodation disorders, which is confirmed by a pronounced, statistically significant positive dynamics of clinical and functional, ophthalmic-ergonomic and subjective indicators of the visual system after a course of therapeutic and restorative measures.

Deficient vergence prism adaptation in subjects with decompensated heterophoria

Vergence prism adaptability was evaluated in subjects with high symptomatic and asymptomatic heterophoria and compared to individuals with a heterophoria within normal range (the control group). A computer haploscope was used to measure phoria values and changes in the eye position after introducing 6 prism diopters base out in front of the right eye. Phoria values were measured with a nonius paradigm every minute for a period of 10 minutes during adaptation. The results showed that subjects with symptomatic heterophoria are characterized by a lower rate of prism adaptation and adapted to a smaller extent with respect to the control group. The group with high but asymptomatic heterophoria showed prolonged adaptation time but after several minutes of binocular viewing the subjects were able to adapt to the prism to a level similar to the control group. These findings suggest that an impairment in the slow vergence control system may be responsible for the inability to fully reduce vergence effort, which results in poor vergence ranges and asthenopic symptoms during prolonged viewing.

Blue-blocking Filters and Digital Eyestrain.

Many manufacturers are currently marketing blue-blocking (BB) filters, which they claim will reduce the symptoms of digital eyestrain (DES). However, there is limited evidence to support the proposal that DES results from the blue light emitted by these devices. The visual and ocular symptoms commonly experienced when viewing digital screens are collectively termed DES. The emission spectrum of modern digital displays frequently includes a high percentage of blue light. Being higher in energy, these short wavelengths may contribute to DES. This study examined the effect of a BB filter on symptoms of DES during a sustained near-vision task. Twenty-three young, visually normal subjects were required to perform a 30-minute reading task from a tablet computer. The digital screen was overlaid with either a BB or neutral-density (ND) filter producing equal screen luminance. During each session, the accommodative response, pupil diameter, and vertical palpebral aperture dimension were measured at 0, 9, 19, and 29 minutes after the start of the reading task. Immediately following each session, subjects completed a questionnaire to quantify symptoms of DES. The BB filter blocked 99% of the wavelengths between 400 and 500 nm. The mean total symptom scores (±1 SEM) for the BB and ND filter conditions were 42.83 (3.58) and 42.61 (3.17), respectively (P = .62). No significant differences in accommodation or vertical palpebral aperture dimension were observed between the two filter conditions, although the magnitude of the mean accommodative response did increase significantly during the first 9 minutes of the task (P = .02). A filter that eliminated 99% of the emitted blue light was no more effective at reducing symptoms of DES than an equiluminant ND filter. There is little evidence at this time to support the use of BB filters to minimize near work-induced asthenopia.

Opthalmic Exercises on Myopia

Ophthalmic exercise is massage method that aims at promoting students awareness of eye production, improving blood circulation and relaxing muscles in ocular region, reducing the eye strain of students with myopia. The aim of the study to identify the effect of ophthalmic exercise among students with myopia at selected college Coimbatore. Quasi experimental one group pretest and post test research design was adopted in this study. The samples were selected using Non probability purposive sampling technique. Among 35 samples, 23 samples were Iyear, four samples were IIyear and eight samples were III year. The level of knowledge among students with myopia was assessed using self structured questionnaire before and after ophthalmic exercise. Ophthalmic exercise were demonstrated by using flashcard and slide projector and students continued to practice the exercises for 15 minutes twice a day for one week. The duration of exercise was 20 minutes. The level of eye strain was assessed by using asthenopic symptoms scale before and after intervention. It was identified that the mean level of knowledge among students with myopia during pre test and post test was 13.6 and 16.08 respectively with the standard deviation of pre test and post test was 0.64 and 1.59 respectively. The calculated ‘t’ value 10.75 was greater than the table value 1.96 at 0.05 level of significance. It was identified that the mean level of eye strain among students during pretest and post test was 4.08 and 2 respectively with a standard deviation of pre test and post test was 2.01 and 1.19 respectively. The calculated ‘t’ value 5.94 was greater than the table value 1.96 at 0.001 Level of significance. Hence it was concluded that ophthalmic exercises is an effective intervention in reducing the level of eye strain among students with myopia.

Sensitivity and specificity of school nurse screening for hypermetropia and convergence insufficiency exophoria in primary schoolchildren in Denmark.

To determine the sensitivity and specificity of school nurse screening for hypermetropia and convergence insufficiency exophoria (CIE) in schoolchildren. Near point of convergence and distance visual acuity with +2.00D lenses were measured in 2097 children (6-15years) during standard school nurse screening in the municipality of Randers, Denmark. One hundred and ninety-four children with positive screening results (near point of convergence >10cm and/or distance visual acuity improved or maintained with +2.00D) and 182 controls with negative screening results received a full vision assessment, including cycloplegic refraction and orthoptic evaluation. Sensitivity and specificity of screening was 0.75 and 0.69 for CIE and 0.59 and 0.87 for hypermetropia (≥+2.00), respectively. While precision of screening for CIE was significantly higher for symptomatic children aged 9-15 than for younger and asymptomatic children, precision of screening for hypermetropia was independent of age and presence of visually related symptoms. While precision of screening for CIE and hypermetropia (>+2.00) was low, additional vision evaluation of children older than 9years with asthenopic symptoms identified most children with CIE with a low absolute number of false positives.

Visual performance of myopia control soft contact lenses in non-presbyopic myopes.

PurposeTo compare the visual performance of soft contact lenses reported to reduce myopia progression.MethodsIn a double-blind, randomized, crossover trial, 30 non-presbyopic myopes wore MiSight™, center-distance Proclear® Multifocal (+2.00 D add), and two prototype lenses for 1 week each. High- and low-contrast visual acuities at 6 m, and 70 and 40 cm; stereopsis at 40 cm; accommodative facility at 33 cm; and horizontal phoria at 3 m and 33 cm were measured after 1 week. Subjective performance was assessed on a numeric rating scale for vision clarity, lack of ghosting, vision stability, haloes, overall vision satisfaction, and ocular comfort. Frequency of eye-strain symptoms and willingness to purchase lenses were also reported with categorical responses. Participants reported wearing times (total and visually acceptable). Linear mixed models and chi-square tests were employed in analysis with level of significance set at 5%. Theoretical optical performance of all lenses was assessed with schematic myopic model eyes (−1.00, −3.00, and −6.00 D) by comparing the slope of the edge spread function (ESF), an indicator for optical performance/resolution and the blur patch size of the line spread function, an indicator for contrast, between the lenses.ResultsProclear Multifocal and MiSight provided the best distance acuities. However, the prototype lenses were rated significantly higher for many subjective variables, and there were no subjective variables where commercial lenses were rated significantly higher than the prototypes. Theoretical optical performance showed steeper slopes of the ESF and greater blur patch sizes of the LSP with commercial lenses, supporting the clinical findings of better visual acuities but reduced subjective performance. Participants wore prototypes longer and reported their vision acceptable for longer each day compared to MiSight. Both prototypes had the highest willingness-to-purchase rate.ConclusionsThe prototypes were better tolerated by myopes compared to the commercial soft contact lenses currently used for slowing myopia progression.

Sa1057 THREE-DIMENSIONAL UPPER GASTROINTESTINAL ENDOSCOPY: A CLINICAL STUDY OF SAFETY AND AN EX VIVO STUDY OF UTILITY IN ENDOSCOPIC SUBMUCOSAL DISSECTION

The utility of three-dimensional (3D) endoscopy in the field of therapeutic endoscopy was investigated ex vivo using a newly developed 3D endoscope. Also, we conducted a clinical study to investigate the safety of 3D endoscopy as an upper gastrointestinal (GI) screening tool in actual clinical practice using the 3D endoscope, which had recently been approved as a medical device. To investigate the utility of this 3D endoscope in therapeutic endoscopy, an excised pig stomach with a 10-mm hypothetical lesion was attached to an endoscopic training simulator. The outcomes of endoscopic submucosal dissection (ESD) performed under two-dimensional (2D) and 3D conditions were compared based on the rate of en bloc resection, incidence of perforation, time required for circumferential incision and resection, and severity of eyestrain based on the symptoms of eyestrain, eye pain, blurred vision, heavy-headedness, and headache. Severity of eyestrain was evaluated before and after ESD using a visual analog scale (VAS; 0–100 mm). Eight endoscopists each performed ESD on 4 hypothetical lesions (2 lesions each for 2D and 3D endoscopy). A clinical study was conducted to investigate the safety of 3D endoscopy in 60 patients (36 men, 24 women; mean age 59.3 years) who had given written informed consent to participate in the study. We evaluated the severity of eyestrain in endoscopists before and after each endoscopic procedure, by using the VAS. All 32 lesions were resected en bloc. Perforation was observed in one 2D case. Circumferential incision time was significantly shorter in the 3D group than in the 2D group (102.8 ± 42.1 vs. 135.8 ± 65.7, respectively; p < 0.05), as was resection time (366.3 ± 187.6 s vs. 517.8 ± 282.3 s, respectively; p < 0.05). Intergroup comparisons revealed that the severity of eyestrain-related symptoms, except for blurred vision, was significantly higher in the 3D group than in the 2D group. In the clinical study, none of the 60 patients developed adverse events such as bleeding and perforation, demonstrating the safety of 3D endoscopy. Severity of eyestrain in the endoscopists was significantly higher for all items, except for headache, after endoscopic procedure. Resection time was significantly shorter in 3D ESD than in 2D ESD. Also, 3D ESD was performed safely, with no incidence of perforation. These findings suggest that 3D endoscopy enables rapid and stable ESD because of easy recognition of structures and acquisition of depth information. Furthermore, in the clinical study, 3D endoscopy was performed safely, with no occurrence of severe adverse events.

Orthoptic parameters and asthenopic symptoms analysis after 3D viewing at varying distances

Orthoptic parameters and asthenopic symptoms analysis after 3D viewing at varying distances

Optical correction of refractive error for preventing and treating eye symptoms in computer users.

Optical correction of refractive error for preventing and treating eye symptoms in computer users.

Evaluation of binocular function among pre- and early-presbyopes with asthenopia.

PurposeIndividuals approaching presbyopia may exhibit ocular symptoms as they contend with visual demands of near work, coupled with natural age-related changes in accommodation. Therefore, accommodation and vergence of 30- to 40-year-old, myopic, soft contact lens wearing subjects with symptoms of asthenopia and no history of using multifocal lenses were evaluated.Patients and methodsIn this prospective, observational study, 253 subjects with asthenopia were evaluated by 25 qualified practitioners, each at a different clinical site. Subjects were 30–40 years in age, had symptoms of soreness, eyestrain, tired eyes, or headaches with near work, regularly performed 2–3 consecutive hours of near work, and were undiagnosed with presbyopia. Amplitude of accommodation (AC) and near point convergence (NPC) were measured with a Royal Air Force binocular gauge. Triplicate push up and push down AC and NPC measures were recorded, and average AC values were compared to those calculated using the Hofstetter formula (HF).ResultsThe average AC push up/push down value was significantly better than the HF prediction for this age range (8.04±3.09 vs 6.23±0.80 D), although 22.5% of subjects had mean AC below their HF value (5.36±0.99 D). The average NPC push up/push down value was 12.0±4.69 cm. The mean binocular AC value using the push up measure was significantly better than the push down measure (8.5±3.4 vs 7.6±3.0 D). The mean NPC value using the push up measure was significantly worse than the push down measure (13.0±5.0 vs 11.0±4.7 cm). The most frequent primary diagnosis was ill-sustained accommodation (54%), followed by accommodative insufficiency (18%), and accommodative infacility (12%).ConclusionBased upon a standardized assessment of accommodation and vergence, ill-sustained accommodation was the most frequent diagnosis among this population.

Asthenopic symptoms prevalence in undergraduate students

Abstract Objective: To analyze the prevalence of asthenic symptoms in students of higher education and to assess their influence on academic performance and learning. Methods: Descriptive research with cross-sectional design through the application of the College of Optometrists Questionnaire in Vision Development Quality of Life (COVDL-QoL), in its cross-cultural and linguistic adaptation to the Portuguese language, to the students of a private college in the city of Montes Claros. Results: The questionnaire was answered by 132 university students. There was no significant discrepancy in the prevalence of asthenopia between genders and age. Symptoms of headache, poor memory and loss of objects predominated in women, while sleepiness during reading and poor management of time were predominant in males. Conclusion: A high prevalence rate of asthenic symptoms among university students and positive associations with sex and time of use of electronic equipment was identified.

Characteristics of astigmatism in Black South African high school children.

Astigmatism impairs vision at various distances and causes symptoms of asthenopia which negatively impacts reading efficiency. The aim of conducting this study was to determine the prevalence and distribution of astigmatism and its relationship to gender, age, school grade levels and spherical ametropia. Using a multi-stage random cluster sampling, 1589 children who included 635 (40%), males, and 954 (60%), females were selected from 13 out of a sample frame of 60 schools. Their ages ranged between 13 and 18 years with a mean of 15.81±1.56 years. The parameters evaluated included visual acuity using the LogMAR chart and refractive errors measured using an autorefractor and then refined subjectively. Axis of astigmatism was presented in the vector method where positive values of J0 indicated with-the-rule, negative values described against-the-rule and J45 represented oblique astigmatism. The mean cylinder power was -0.09 ± 0.27 and mainly with-the-rule, J0 = 0.01 ± 0.11. The overall prevalence of clinically significant astigmatism (≤ - 0.75 cylinder) in the sample was 3.1% [(95% Confidence interval = 2.1-4.1%)]. Cylinder of at least - 0.25 power was considered to classify astigmatism types. Thus, the estimated distributions of types of astigmatism were: axis- 11.5%, sphero-astigmatism 10.1% and magnitude-astigmatism 11.2% while 67.2% had no cylinder of any magnitude. The prevalence of astigmatism is relatively low in this population studied. Older children and those in high school grade levels were more likely to have with-the-rule or against-the-rule astigmatism. The prevalence of astigmatism were comparable within but not across regions.

Visual outcomes, binocular vision and subjective accommodation after Crystalens HD accommodating intraocular lens implantation.

To evaluate visual acuity, binocular vision and subjective accommodation in patients after Crystalens HD accommodating intraocular lenses (IOLs) or monofocal IOLs implantation. 75 consecutive patients (aged 48 to 75 years) after bilateral cataract surgery with acrylic monofocal IOL (n = 36) or single-optic accommodating IOL (Crystalens HD) (n = 19) implantation and healthy presbyopic population (n = 20) were enrolled. Presence of asthenopic symptoms, diplopia and spectacle dependence was assessed. Orthoptic status, prism bar and amblyoscopic motor fusion, Frisby Near Stereotest, TNO and Titmus tests were performed. Convergence and subjective accommodation were evaluated using Krimsky-Prince rule. Asthenopic symptoms were present respectively in 36.1%, 15.8% and 35.0% of patients and spectacle dependency was reported by 86.1%, 21.1% and 85.0% of patients in subsequent groups. Negative fusional distance vergence means were 9.53 ± 5.53, 8.05 ± 3.66, 6.65 ± 5.33 respectively (p = .039). Negative fusional near vergence means were 26.53 ± 11.39, 28.68 ± 11.70, 20.75 ± 12.60 in subsequent groups (p = .001). Mean subjective right eye/ left eye accommodation was 5.01 ± 1.47/ 4.86 ± 1.72, 6.29 ± 2.33/ 6.02 ± 1.90, 4.13 ± 0.89/ 4.22 ± 1.3 respectively (p = .009). There were no statistically significant differences between groups in positive fusional vergence, stereoacuity and near point of convergence. Bilateral accommodating IOL implantation provided full binocular vision in the majority of patients. Spectacle dependence and asthenopic symptoms were less frequent in patients with accommodating IOLs. Accommodating IOLs provided significantly better useful accommodation than monofocal IOLs.

Symptoms associated with reading from a smartphone in conditions of light and dark

Asthenopia symptoms were investigated in visually-normal subjects without computer-related vision symptoms after prolonged reading from: smartphone versus hardcopy under photopic conditions, and smartphone in conditions of ambient versus dark room illumination. After reading from the smartphone, total symptom scores and nine out of ten questionnaire symptoms were significantly worse than for the hardcopy (“blurred vision while viewing the text, “blurred distance vision after the task”, “difficulty in refocusing from one distance to another”, “irritated or burning eyes”, “dry eyes”, “eyestrain”, “tired eyes”, “sensitivity to bright lights” and “eye discomfort”). Mean total symptom scores and scores for “irritated or burning eyes” and “dry eyes” were significantly higher for the dark versus photopic conditions. In conclusion, prolonged smartphone reading could cause worse asthenopic symptoms than reading from a hardcopy under similar conditions. Symptoms could be even worse when reading from a smartphone in the dark.

The effect of blue-light blocking spectacle lenses on visual performance, macular health and the sleep-wake cycle: asystematic review of the literature.

Blue-blocking (BB) spectacle lenses, which attenuate short-wavelength light, are being marketed to alleviate eyestrain and discomfort when using digital devices, improve sleep quality and potentially confer protection from retinal phototoxicity. The aim of this review was to investigate the relative benefits and potential harms of these lenses. We included randomised controlled trials (RCTs), recruiting adults from the general population, which investigated the effect of BB spectacle lenses on visual performance, symptoms of eyestrain or eye fatigue, changes to macular integrity and subjective sleep quality. We searched MEDLINE, EMBASE, the Cochrane Library and clinical trial registers, until 30 April 2017. Risk of bias was assessed using the Cochrane tool. Three studies (with 136 participants) met our inclusion criteria; these had limitations in study design and/or implementation. One study compared the effect of BB lenses with clear lenses on contrast sensitivity (CS) and colour vision (CV) using a pseudo-RCT crossover design; there was no observed difference between lens types (log CS; Mean Difference (MD)=-0.01 [-0.03, 0.01], CV total error score on 100-hue; MD=1.30 [-7.84, 10.44]). Another study measured critical fusion frequency (CFF), as a proxy for eye fatigue, on wearers of low and high BB lenses, pre- and post- a two-hour computer task. There was no observed difference between low BB and standard lens groups, but there was a less negative change in CFF between the high and low BB groups (MD=1.81 [0.57, 3.05]). Both studies compared eyestrain symptoms with Likert scales. There was no evidence of inter-group differences for either low BB (MD=0.00 [-0.22, 0.22]) or high BB lenses (MD=-0.05 [-0.31, 0.21]), nor evidence of a difference in the proportion of participants showing an improvement in symptoms of eyestrain or eye fatigue. One study reported a small improvement in sleep quality in people with self-reported insomnia after wearing high compared to low-BB lenses (MD=0.80 [0.17, 1.43]) using a 10-point Likert scale. A study involving normal participants found no observed difference in sleep quality. We found no studies investigating effects on macular structure or function. We find a lack of high quality evidence to support using BB spectacle lenses for the general population to improve visual performance or sleep quality, alleviate eye fatigue or conserve macular health.

Video Game Vision Syndrome: A New Clinical Picture in Children?

To examine a possible relationship between exposure to video games/electronic screens and visual issues in children between 3 and 10 years of age. An observational, cross-sectional study of a population of children using video games was employed. All patients between 3 and 10 years of age were recruited at an outpatient unit accredited by the Italian Regional Health Service. Three hundred twenty children (159 boys and 161 girls; mean age = 6.9 ± 2 years) were observed. Ophthalmological examination included assessment of stereoscopic vision on Lang-Stereotests I and II (LANG-STEREOTEST AG, Küsnacht, Switzerland) and identification of the dominant eye using the Dolman method. Furthermore, a questionnaire was used to record asthenopic symptoms and daily exposure to video games and electronic screens. Two groups of children were examined according to the average amount of time spent playing video games daily: children who played video games for less than 30 minutes per day and not every day (control group) and children who played video games for 30 minutes or more every day (video game group). Both groups were then divided into two subgroups: children using other types of electronic screens (eg, televisions, computers, tablets, and smartphones) for less than 3 hours daily (low electronic use subgroup) and children using other types of electronic screens for 3 hours or more per day (high electronic use subgroup). Asthenopia (especially headache, eyelid tic, transient diplopia, and dizziness), absence of fine stereopsis, and refractive errors were statistically more frequent (mainly in the dominant eye) in children in the video game group. These symptoms were frequent and peculiar in the video game group and might be part of a video game vision syndrome that has not been defined yet. It is important to recognize these signs as possible functional disorders to avoid erroneous diagnostic and therapeutic interventions. [J Pediatr Ophthalmol Strabismus. 2017;54(6):346-355.].

Effect analysis of esculin and digitalisglycosides eye drops on asthenopia caused by presbyopia

Objective To investigate the efficacy of Esculin and Digitalisglycosides eye drops on asthenopia caused by presbyopia. Methods A total of 120 cases with asthenopia caused by presbyopia was randomly divided into two groups. The observation group (n=60 cases) was treated with Esculin and Digitalisglycosides eye drops, and the control group (n=60 cases) was treated with Naphazoline Hydrochloride, Chlorphenamine Maleate and Vitamin B12 eye drops, 1 drop into each eye 3 times daily for 1 month. The symptoms of asthenopia, visual acuity, refraction, intraocular pressure, and safety evaluation were compared between two groups. Results Fifty seven cases in the observation group and 55 cases in the control group were observed after removal of data shedding cases. After treatment, asthenopia in both groups was significantly improved, observation group was significantly higher than control group (P 0.05) between two groups after treatment in visual acuity, refraction, intraocular pressure and safety evaluation. Conclusions Esculin and Digitalisglycosides eye drops can effectively relieve symptoms of asthenopia caused by presbyopia, which is safe and convenient. It can be used in the clinical future. Key words: FOLIUM DIGITALIS/TU; Asthenopia/ZD

The comparison of accommodative response and ocular movements in viewing 3D and 2D displays

Some people often appear asthenopia symptoms of eye fatigue, double vision, nausea, and dizziness while viewing 3D movies. By testing the changes of accommodation function and ocular movements during watching 3D and 2D movies, the factors in visual discomfort are confirmed in this study.20 subjects with normal visual acuity and binocular vision function view 3D and 2D movies with the same content for 30min, and the amplitude of accommodation, binocular vergence ability, stereo-acuity, and tear break-up time of the subjects before and after viewing the films are measured. Furthermore, an open-field auto-refractor is utilized for synchronously testing the change of accommodative response while viewing 3D and 2D films, and Skalar IRIS tracking system is applied to record ocular movements through infrared positioning.In comparison with viewing 2D movies, the accommodative response and ocular movements reveal obvious changes while viewing 3D movies. The accommodation ability and binocular vergence ability obviously drop after viewing 3D movies; moreover, the stability of stereo-acuity and tear film also gets worse. The changes of such physiological factors might be the major cause of asthenopia.

Upper lid dermatochalasis and transcutaneous blepharoplasty

Redundant and lax eyelid skin and muscle is known as dermatochalasis. It is a degenerative disease of skin and muscles of lids and is commonly seen in elderly persons and occasionally in young adults. Gravity, loss of elastic tissue in the skin and weakening of the connective tissues of the eyelid frequently contribute to this laxicity. We report a case of upper lid dermatochalasis with the symptoms of eye strain and drooping of upper lid. This case was treated with transcutaneous blepharoplasty with acceptable cosmetic results. Keywords: Blepharoplasty, Dermatochalasis