Disorder Symptoms Research Articles

End-of-life care and grief: study conducted with family members of COVID-19 victims.

This article aims to investigate the implications of grief among family members of COVID-19 victims; verify the prevalence of prolonged grief symptoms; and identify family members' expectations regarding end-of-life care for their loved ones affected by COVID-19. Descriptive, cross-sectional research, with a quantitative-qualitative approach. Data collection was performed using an online questionnaire, guided by the PG-13 instrument. Descriptive and inferential statistics were applied. The results were presented descriptively and with the aid of tables. The study sample included 142 family members, mostly female, who presented emotional, physical, social, and financial implications as a result of grief. A prevalence of prolonged grief symptoms was observed in 11.4% of the mourners with more than six months and 29.6% of those with less than six months. Three thematic categories were identified: transparency in communicating the health situation, access to moments of farewell, and promotion of comfort in care actions. The symptoms of Prolonged Grief Disorder have a significant association with the degree of kinship. In final care, family members' expectations were classified as: permission for a dignified farewell, effective communication, and promotion of comfort and care.

Testing the distinctiveness of prolonged grief disorder from posttraumatic stress disorder and depression in large bereaved community samples

BackgroundThis study sought to test the distinctiveness of symptoms of prolonged grief disorder (PGD) from posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and depression. MethodsConfirmatory factor analysis (CFA) and target exploratory factor analysis (EFA), were used to test the distinctiveness of PGD from PTSD and depression symptoms in a large sample of adults bereaved for at least six months (N = 1917). Identified factors were explored in relation to demographic (i.e., age, gender) and loss-related (i.e., time since bereavement, nature of death, relationship to deceased, age of deceased, and frequency of contact with deceased) correlates. ResultsThe CFA model provided a good fit to the data, while the target EFA provided a slightly improved fit. All items loading strongly and significantly onto their respectively factors, and the IGQ items had few significant cross-factor loadings. All demographic and loss-related variables (except for death of a sibling and death from other causes) were associated with each of the factors, however, these associations were strongest for the PGD factor. LimitationsParticipants were recruited using a non-probability sampling method and were from a relatively affluent Western nation. ConclusionFindings from the current study demonstrate that PGD reflects an empirically distinguishable albeit related disorder to PTSD and depression in a sample of bereaved adults. The identification of correlates common to PGD, PTSD, and depression, as well as those unique to PGD, affords a comprehensive understanding of the risk factors associated with bereavement-related psychopathology.

Инвазивные нейроинтерфейсы – области применения.

Introduction. Neuroimplants are devices that interact with the nervous system for recording, stimulating or replacing neural activity. Neuroimplants refer to invasive technologies and are a particular example of brain-computer interfaces that measure brain activity and interpret it to control external devices and computers. This paper will discuss invasive neurointerfaces (IN), their applications, directions of development and limitations of these technologies. Materials and methods. The search was conducted in PubMed, Google Scholar and Scopus databases, as well as in open Internet sources. Results and discussion. This section presents a description of the most common neuroinvasive structures, their applications in neurology, psychiatry, and fundamental research. In neurology neuroinvasive devices are the most widely spread. They significantly increase the effectiveness of treatment of patients with pharmacoresistant forms of migraine and epilepsy, provide rehabilitation of patients after a stroke and allow them to adapt to the performance of everyday tasks. In psychiatry, neuroimplants are used in the form of DBS (deep brain stimulation) devices that reduce the severity of symptoms of mental disorders by acting on functional networks. Conclusion. Neuroimplants provide opportunities for the treatment of pharmacoresistant diseases, such as pharmacoresistant epilepsy, increasing the quality of life of the patients. Current research interest is focused on developing bidirectional signal devices that, by reading brain activity patterns, analyze them and convert them into signals that allow patients to interact with the outside world.

Symptoms of anxiety, depression, and post-traumatic stress disorder 6 weeks and 6 months after ICU: Six out of 10 survivors affected.

Mental health conditions such as depression, anxiety and post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) are being increasingly recognised as common adverse outcomes for critical illness survivors. These conditions can have lasting consequences on their wellbeing, ability to return to their pre-illness level of functioning and health-related quality of life. There is a paucity of South African data in terms of the psychological aspects of the post-intensive care unit (ICU) syndrome. To identify and characterise patients who suffered from significant symptoms of mental health disease and poor mental health- related quality of life after ICU admission and who may benefit from appropriate referral, further investigation and medical intervention. Critically ill patients in a multidisciplinary tertiary ICU were prospectively enrolled upon ICU discharge. Survivors were screened for anxiety, depression and post-traumatic stress syndrome at 6 weeks and 6 months after hospital discharge. The Hospital Anxiety and Depression Score (HADS) and the Impact Of Events Scale - Revised (IES-R) were used as screening tools. The mental component summary score (MCS) of the RAND short form-36 was used to determine the effect of psychological symptoms on health-related quality of life (HRQOL). The median age of the 107 ICU survivors was 42 years, and half of them were admitted for complications of COVID-19. Six out of every 10 ICU survivors experienced significant symptoms of anxiety, depression and/or PTSD at follow-up. At the 6-month study visit, 4 out of every 10 patients were experiencing significant psychological symptoms. Those affected had a significantly lower mental HRQOL when compared with those who were unaffected. More than half of those affected had co-occurrence of psychological symptoms. Significant symptoms of anxiety were common, with 5 out of every 10 participants experiencing significant symptoms at either, or both, of the study visits. More than 3 out of 10 of affected patients' symptoms only occurred after the 6-week visit. Associations for significant psychological symptoms comprised female sex, younger age, a diagnosis of trauma and frightening memories of the ICU admission. The burden of mental health disease in ICU survivors is substantial, affecting their HRQOL. Six out of 10 patients experienced symptoms of anxiety, depression and PTSD, and more than half of those affected experienced co-occurrence of the conditions. A third of those affected developed these symptoms only beyond 6 weeks after hospital discharge. A potentially modifiable association with psychological symptoms was frightening memories of the ICU stay.

Development of a fluorescent nano-sensing probe for atomoxetine analysis: Additional clinical pharmacokinetic study

Atomoxetine is a psychostimulant drug used for the treatment of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) symptoms in people with autism. Herein, eco-friendly fluorescent carbon quantum dots (CQDs) were synthesized using black-eyed pea beans and characterized for the purpose of quantifying atomoxetine in pharmaceutical capsules and human plasma. The selectivity of these CQDs towards atomoxetine was improved by functionalizing their surface with an atomoxetine-tetraphenylborate ion complex. The quantification of atomoxetine is based on measuring the fluorescence quenching of the functionalized CQDs in response to varying concentrations of atomoxetine. The Stern-Volmer plot was employed to investigate the mechanism through which atomoxetine quenches the fluorescence intensity of the CQDs. The outcomes indicated a dynamic quenching mechanism. The applied method was optimized and validated in compliance with ICH requirements, resulting in excellent linearity across the concentration range of 50–800 ng/mL. The developed method was successfully used to quantify atomoxetine in pharmaceutical dosage form and human plasma with acceptable accuracy and precision outcomes. In addition, the method was applied for clinical pharmacokinetic study of atomoxetine in the plasma of children diagnosed with both autism and ADHD. Atomoxetine was rapidly absorbed after a single oral dose of 10 mg, reaching maximum concentration within two hours and having a half-life (t1/2) of 3.11 h. Moreover, the method demonstrates a notable degree of eco-friendliness, as evidenced by two greenness evaluation metrics; Green Analytical Procedure Index (GAPI) and Analytical GREEnness (AGREE).

Does change in trauma-related shame predict change in PTSD symptomatology?

Trauma-related shame (TR-shame) is associated with Posttraumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) symptoms. However, research findings are inconsistent regarding the role of TR-shame in PTSD treatment. The purpose of this study was to examine if change in TR-shame predicted change in PTSD symptoms in treatment. A sample of 462 adults who received PTSD treatment at a Partial Hospitalization Program completed questionnaires measuring TR-shame (i.e., Trauma-Related Shame Inventory; TRSI) and PTSD symptoms (PTSD Checklist for DSM-5; PCL-5). Latent growth curve models were estimated to examine if the rate of change in TRSI predicted the rate of change in PCL-5 by using structural equation modeling. Furthermore, a latent regression model was estimated to predict the intercept and slope of the PCL-5. Model fits for the PCL-5 and the TRSI linear models were acceptable and both linear slopes were significant. On average, PCL-5 scores reduced 22.18 points from admission to discharge, while TRSI scores reduced 21.9 points from admission to discharge. The results of latent curve regression model suggested that the TRSI linear slope and intercept predicted the PCL-5 linear slope and intercept, respectively. Additionally, post-hoc analyses suggested that the variance in PCL-5 factors at discharge that were explained by TRSI intercept and linear slope ranged from 18.6% to 34.9%. The results of this study indicated that the rate of change in TR-shame predicted the rate of change in PTSD symptoms. Given the negative impact of TR-shame on PTSD symptoms, TR-shame should be a target in treatment for PTSD. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2024 APA, all rights reserved).

Internet-Guided Cognitive Behavioral Therapy for Insomnia Among Patients With Traumatic Brain Injury

Many military service members and veterans report insomnia after sustaining traumatic brain injury (TBI). Limitations of first-line treatment, cognitive-behavioral therapy for insomnia (CBT-I), include availability of qualified clinicians, low completion rates, and cost. To investigate the feasibility and efficacy of internet-guided CBT-I (eCBT-I) in military service members and veterans with insomnia and a history of TBI. This randomized clinical trial of fully remote internet-based interventions and evaluations was conducted from September 1, 2020, to June 30, 2021, with 3 months of follow-up. Participants included a volunteer sample of military service members and veterans aged 18 to 64 years with a history of mild TBI/concussion and at least moderately severe insomnia defined as an insomnia severity index (ISI) score of greater than 14 and Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index of greater than 4. Self-reported race, ethnicity, and educational level were generally representative of the US military. Data were analyzed from October 21, 2021, to April 29, 2024. Internet-based CBT-I delivered over 6 weekly lesson modules with assigned homework activities. The prespecified primary outcome measure was change in ISI score over time. Prespecified secondary outcome measures included self-reported measures of depression symptoms, posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) symptoms, sleep quality, migraine impact, and fatigue. Of 204 people screened, 125 were randomized 3:1 to eCBT-I vs online sleep education, and 106 completed baseline evaluations (83 men [78.3%]; mean [SD] age, 42 [12] years). Of these, 22 participants (20.8%) were Hispanic or Latino and 78 (73.6%) were White. Fifty participants completed postintervention evaluations, and 41 completed the 3-month follow-up. Baseline mean (SD) ISI scores were 19.7 (4.0) in those randomized to eCBT-I and 18.9 (5.0) in those randomized to sleep education. After intervention, mean (SD) ISI scores were 13.7 (5.6) in those randomized to eCBT-I and 16.6 (5.7) in those randomized to sleep education. The difference in the extent of reduction in ISI scores between groups was 3.5 (95% CI,-6.5 to -0.4 [P = .03]; Cohen d, -0.32 [95% CI, -0.70 to -0.04]). In the eCBT-I group, the extent of insomnia improvement correlated with the extent of depressive symptom improvement (Spearman ρ = 0.68 [P < .001]), PTSD symptoms (ρ = 0.36 [P = .04]), sleep quality (ρ = 0.54 [P = .001]), and fatigue impact (ρ = -0.58 [P < .001]) but not migraine-related disability. The findings of this randomized clinical trial suggest that fully remote eCBT-I was moderately feasible and effective for self-reported insomnia and depression symptoms in military service members and veterans with a history of TBI. There is great potential benefit for eCBT-I due to low availability and cost of qualified CBT-I clinicians, although optimization of completion rates remains a challenge. Future studies may use home-based objective sleep assessments and should increase study retention. ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier: NCT04377009.

Which PTSD symptom would mediate the relationship between trauma exposure and depressive symptoms? Preliminary findings from two samples of trauma-exposed middle school students

Recent studies have documented that post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) symptoms are robustly associated with depressive symptoms and may mediate the relationship between trauma exposure and depressive symptoms. However, no study has explored the differential mediating effects of four specific PTSD symptom clusters. This study made the first attempt to examine the mediating effects of different PTSD symptom clusters on the linkage between trauma exposure and depressive symptoms. We analyzed data from two large samples of Chinese middle school students (N = 693 and 957) who had experienced the 2013 Ya'an earthquake. Participants completed standardized measures of trauma exposure, PTSD symptoms, and depressive symptoms. The prevalence of probable PTSD was 3.4% and 3.6%, respectively, in the two samples. Mediation analyses revealed that negative alterations in cognitions and mood and alterations in arousal and reactivity were statistically significant mediators in the relationship between trauma exposure during the earthquake and depressive symptoms. The results are very consistent in both samples. The findings suggest that symptom-specific tailored management of these two specific PTSD symptom clusters might have the potential to change the trajectory of developing depressive symptoms among trauma-exposed populations.

COMPARISON OF PSYCHOTHERAPY APPROACHES IN ADOLESCENTS AND CHILDREN WITH ANOREXIA NERVOSA

INTRODUCTION: Anorexia nervosa (AN) is a serious eating disorder characterized by an intense fear of gaining weight and obsessive calorie restriction, often starting during adolescence. It can lead to severe somatic complications such as hormonal imbalances and heart arrhythmias. Treatment typically involves a multidimensional approach addressing somatic and psychological aspects, primarily relying on psychotherapy. Family support is crucial, providing emotional support, motivation, and of a healthy lifestyle maintenance. Individual or group therapy helps patients understand their behavior, change negative thoughts, and develop healthier coping strategies. Family therapy, often using Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (CBT) or Adolescent-Focused Therapy (AFT), is common. Treatment is prolonged and requires patient commitment and collaboration with a therapeutic team. MATERIALS AND METHODS: This review of studies is based on articles from PubMed and Google Scholar databases, focusing on eating disorders in adolescents, including treatment, psychotherapy, family-based therapy, and anorexia nervosa. RESULTS: Studies and guidelines indicate that family therapy is the preferred method for treating anorexia in children and adolescents, leading to significant improvements in body weight and eating disorder symptoms, with long-term positive effects. Behavioral therapy and AFT also yield promising results in adolescents. CONCLUSION: Further research is needed to tailor therapy to each patient, as there is limited research comparing the effectiveness of individual methods, especially in the long term, despite their widespread clinical use.

Effects of repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation of the right inferior parietal lobe on the body image perception in anorexia nervosa: A pilot randomized controlled study.

Restrictive anorexia nervosa (AN) is associated with distorted perception of body shape, previously linked to hypoactivity and reduced excitability of the right inferior parietal lobe (rIPL). Here, we investigated the impact of high-frequency repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (HF rTMS) of the rIPL on body shape perception in patients with AN. Seventeen patients with AN (median [Q1_Q3] age, 35 [27_39] years; disease duration, 12 [6_18] years) were randomly assigned to receive real or sham HF (10Hz) rTMS of the rIPL over a period of 2weeks, comprising 10 sessions. The primary outcome measure was the Body Shape Questionnaire (BSQ). Secondary outcomes included eating disorder symptoms, body mass index, mood, anxiety, and safety. Data collection were done at baseline, post-rTMS, and at 2weeks and 3 months post-rTMS. Following both real and sham rTMS of the rIPL, no significant differences were observed in body shape perception or other parameters. Both real and sham rTMS interventions were deemed safe and well tolerated. Notably, serious adverse events were associated with the underlying eating and mood disorders, resulting in hospitalization for undernutrition (five patients) or suicidal attempts (two patients). This pilot study does not support the use of rTMS of the rIPL as an effective method for improving body shape perception in individuals with the restrictive form of AN. Further research is warranted to comprehensively explore both the clinical and neurophysiological effects of HF rTMS in this population.

Associations between borderline personality disorder symptoms and personality functioning in adolescents: A brief report.

Borderline personality disorder (BPD) is a serious mental disorder, which has been linked to a number of negative outcomes in adolescents and adults. BPD is generally linked to more severe impairments in personality functioning. The (differential) association of specific BPD symptoms with severity level, however, has not been explored yet. The present study explores the relationship between all nine BPD symptoms and impairments in personality functioning in adolescents using a cross-sectional design. A total of 116 treatment-seeking adolescents were administered semistructured interviews for DSM-IV Axis I and Axis II disorders and the semistructured interview for personality functioning DSM-5 (STiP-5.1). Furthermore, the potential association of symptom disorders, and more specifically mood disorders, with level of personality functioning was assessed. Together, the nine BPD criteria were significantly related to STiP-5.1 total score, even when controlling for the presence of a mood disorder. However, when taking the effect of number of symptom disorders and the other BPD symptoms into account, only the presence of recurrent self-harm and/or suicidal behavior and intense anger, were associated with a higher level of impairment in personality functioning. These findings emphasize the diagnostic importance of repeated self-harm and suicidality and provide additional evidence for the value of using BPD criteria to easily identify teenagers at risk. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2024 APA, all rights reserved).

COMPARISON OF PSYCHOTHERAPY APPROACHES IN ADOLESCENTS AND CHILDREN WITH ANOREXIA NERVOSA

INTRODUCTION: Anorexia nervosa (AN) is a serious eating disorder characterized by an intense fear of gaining weight and obsessive calorie restriction, often starting during adolescence. It can lead to severe somatic complications such as hormonal imbalances and heart arrhythmias. Treatment typically involves a multidimensional approach addressing somatic and psychological aspects, primarily relying on psychotherapy. Family support is crucial, providing emotional support, motivation, and of a healthy lifestyle maintenance. Individual or group therapy helps patients understand their behavior, change negative thoughts, and develop healthier coping strategies. Family therapy, often using Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (CBT) or Adolescent-Focused Therapy (AFT), is common. Treatment is prolonged and requires patient commitment and collaboration with a therapeutic team. MATERIALS AND METHODS: This review of studies is based on articles from PubMed and Google Scholar databases, focusing on eating disorders in adolescents, including treatment, psychotherapy, family-based therapy, and anorexia nervosa. RESULTS: Studies and guidelines indicate that family therapy is the preferred method for treating anorexia in children and adolescents, leading to significant improvements in body weight and eating disorder symptoms, with long-term positive effects. Behavioral therapy and AFT also yield promising results in adolescents. CONCLUSION: Further research is needed to tailor therapy to each patient, as there is limited research comparing the effectiveness of individual methods, especially in the long term, despite their widespread clinical use.

M60 - Cannabis Use Disorder Symptom Profiles Among Individuals Reporting Past-Year Cannabis Use in the United States

M60 - Cannabis Use Disorder Symptom Profiles Among Individuals Reporting Past-Year Cannabis Use in the United States

Effects of game-based digital interventions for mental disorders: A meta-analysis

With increasing research attention on game-based digital interventions for mental disorders, a number of studies have been conducted to explore the effectiveness of digital game-based interventions on mental disorders. However, findings from previous research were inconsistent. This study conducted a comprehensive meta-analytic review of the effectiveness of game-based digital interventions for mental disorders. By searching the articles in databases, we identified 53 studies in which 2433 participants were involved, and 282 effect sizes were extracted. Among the 53 studies, 14 employed within-group (pre/post) designs, and the remaining 39 utilized controlled trial designs. Using a three-level random-effects meta-analytic model, a medium effect size of game-based digital interventions (g = 0.47, 95 % CI: 0.33, 0.61) was revealed in controlled trial designs and a close-to-medium effect size (g = 0.45, 95 % CI: 0.32, 0.58) was found in within-group (pre/post) designs, indicating moderate efficacy of game-based digital interventions for mental disorders. Moderator analyses showed that age in controlled trial designs had contributed to the heterogeneity in previous studies, suggesting that interventions might be more effective for the elderly, while it should be noted that only a limited number of studies focused on this age group. More studies with older participants could be conducted in the future to provide more robust evidence and explore the mechanisms of how digital gaming interventions can be more effective in improving mental disorders symptoms.

Stress and the Consumption of Ultra-Processed Foods during COVID-19's Social Distancing: Are Mental Disorders Mediators in This Association? ELSA-Brasil Results.

The COVID-19 pandemic exacerbated various determinants of mental disorders. Several behavioral changes were observed given this increase, including harmful health consequences, such as excessive consumption of ultra-processed foods (UPFs). To assess this relationship, we investigated the meditational role of symptoms of mental disorders (anxiety and depression) in the association between stress resulting from social distancing during the COVID-19 pandemic and the consumption of UPFs in 3884 Brazilian public employees in a supplementary study of the ELSA-Brasil study. Structural equation models (SEMs) were estimated to assess the direct and indirect effects mediated by symptoms of mental disorders. The results suggested a significant and positive mediational effect of the symptoms of mental disorders on the association between the stress resulting from social distancing and the consumption of UPFs. These findings contribute to informing the need for policies and early interventions in potentially stressful situations, with a focus on the promotion of mental health, and may thus help prevent or reduce the consumption of unhealthy foods.

Effect of Curcuma longa Supplement on Cognitive Performance in Swiss Albino Mice

Dementia is an age-related mental disorder and a characteristic symptom of various neurodegenerative disorders. Hyperglycemia affects areas of the brain crucial for learning and memory processes, potentially leading to cognitive impairments in individuals with diabetes. Curcuma longa (C. longa) contains many pharmacological and chemically important compounds with many beneficial effects. This study aimed to evaluate the effect of Curcuma longa on cognitive function in Swiss albino mice. A total of sixteen (16) mice of both sexes weighing between 24 – 30 grams were used for the study. The mice were divided into four groups of four mice each (N=4). Group I served as control and received 10 ml/kg distilled water; groups II, III and IV were given 5%, 10% and 20 % of Curcuma longa for 14 days respectively. Y maze and novel object recognition task were used to assess spatial working, long-term and recognition memories respectively. We observed that the 5% C. longa (77.60 ± 10.15%) group showed significant (p &lt; 0.05) improvement in percentage alternation compared to the control group (64.40 ± 5.99%). We also found out that the 5% C. longa supplemented group showed a significant (p &lt; 0.05) increase in both long-term memory (-14.08 ± 3.26) and discriminative index (-0.26 ± 0.07) when compared to control group (-31.55 ± 2.65) and (-0.33 ± 0.07) respectively. Thus, C. longa supplement at 5% improves spatial working memory, long-term memory and discriminative index of Swiss albino mice.

Pilot Study Outcomes and Recommendations from Developing an Australian Residential Treatment for Eating Disorders

Individuals with eating disorders often face difficulty accessing sufficiently intensive, recovery-focused treatment. Residential treatment may fill a gap in the spectrum of care, offering 24-h support in a more home-like environment than a hospital and using a holistic approach including individual and group psychological therapy, meal support, and lived experience staff. As residential treatment has not previously been examined in Australia, the current study aimed to document the development, treatment components, and structure of this first Australian residential service for eating disorders and provide a pilot of its treatment outcomes. Preliminary outcomes are included from a sample of 19 individuals from the first six months of admissions, including eating disorder symptoms, eating disorder-related impairment, anxiety, and depression. Significant pre- to post-treatment improvement was found in total eating disorder psychopathology, dietary restraint, eating concerns, body mass index, eating disorder-related impairment, and depression, but not from pre-treatment to a six-month follow-up. Pilot outcomes were positive at end-of-treatment but require further clinical evaluation to examine follow-up effects. Clinical insights are discussed from the establishment of this new treatment service, including recommendations for clinicians involved in the current roll-out of residential programs across Australia.

Attention-Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder Symptoms in Adults Diagnosed with Multiple Sclerosis: Prevalence and Correlates.

Background: The relationship between adult ADHD symptoms in People with Multiple Sclerosis (PwMS) is understudied. This study aimed to answer two questions: are PwMS more likely to experience higher ADHD symptoms versus healthy subjects? And what are the correlates of severe ADHD symptoms in PwMS? Methods: This study followed a cross-sectional design with predefined inclusion criteria. The Adult ADHD Self-Report Scale-V1.1 (ASRS) was used to assess the ADHD symptoms severity. Results: Data were analyzed from 171 PwMS and 200 controls. Regression analysis revealed that PwMS were at a significantly (B = 3.05, t = 2.24, 95% CI = 0.37-5.73, p = 0.02) higher risk to report higher ADHD scores versus controls. In addition, PwMS with relapses in the last 6 months and PwMS reporting smartphone addiction were at a significantly higher risk for severe ADHD (B = 7.19, t = 269, 95% CI = 1.91-12.48, p = 0.008) and (B = 9.18, t = 3.47, 95% CI = 3.97-14.41, p = 0.001), respectively. In conclusion, diagnosis with MS in our study was identified as a risk for higher ADHD symptoms. Conclusions: Further research is required to establish this relationship, and holistic medical and psychological interventions are required to improve the cognitive status of PwMS.

Examining cognitive behavioral therapy interventions for unaccompanied minors: a systematic review and qualitative research synthesis.

This systematic review examined the evidence on effectiveness and acceptability of cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) interventions in improving quality of life (QoL) and psychological well-being of unaccompanied minors (UM). PubMed, Scopus, Embase, ProQuest, PsycInfo, PsycArticles, and Open Dissertations databases were used to identify quantitative and qualitative studies. The Effective Public Health Practice Project (EPHPP) and Critical Appraisal Skills Programme (CASP) tools were used for quality assessment. Narrative synthesis and qualitative research synthesis were carried out to collate the findings. 18 studies were included. Two studies examined QoL, and five studies examined acceptability of interventions. Most quantitative studies (n = 10) were appraised as methodologically weak. Trauma-Focused CBT appears to have the most evidence demonstrating effectiveness in ameliorating symptoms of post-traumatic stress disorder, depression, and anxiety. Promising findings (i.e., increased mindfulness and psychological flexibility) were observed for third wave interventions but further replication is required. The literature is tainted by under-powered studies, lacking blinding, and follow-up assessments. Female UM remain largely underrepresented. This review calls for a drastic augmentation of high quality quantitative and qualitative research focusing on augmenting QoL and examining acceptability rather than merely aiming for psychological symptom reduction in UM to enhance overall well-being and functionality. The research protocol was registered in PROSPERO (registration number: CRD42021293881).

Therapeutic Approaches for Treatment and Management of Depressive Disorder: A Comprehensive Review

Depression, which is associated with high levels of cognitive and functional activity, melancholy, reduced activity, difficulty understanding, failure to focus, dietary abnormalities, sleep disturbances, and emotions of feelings of sadness, suicidal thoughts, and lack of hope are symptoms of a psychoneurotic disorder. It is a common and recurring disorder with a high morbidity and death rate throughout the world. Despite advances in depression treatment, such as selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) and selective norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors (SNRIs), there remain several unmet clinical requirements in terms of effectiveness and adverse effects. These requirements range from enhanced to decreased side effects like emesis and erectile problems in treatment-resistant patients. There are a variety of combination therapies available to meet these needs. Several combination medicines and novel strategies have been found, all of which have the potential to improve one or so more areas. The kinds of targets and methods being used are extremely diverse. Therapeutic approaches, on the one hand, provide the benefits of SSRIs while including alternative routes in an attempt to improve efficacy or reduce undesirable effects. Neurotrophins (BDNF, IGF) are more novel targets on the other end of the spectrum, based on the most recent research suggesting antidepressants enhance neurogenesis. Antidepressants act by blocking many proteins, such as neurotransmitter transporters and G-protein coupled receptor families, in the brain. Some of the computational approaches that are useful for uncovering drug action mechanisms and are important for drug development are molecular docking, molecular dynamics, and drug candidates.