Symptoms In COVID-19 Patients Research Articles

The Effect of Mediterranean Diet Compliance on COVID-19 Symptoms and Disease Severity

The aim of the research is to investigate the relationship between the adherence to a Mediterranean type of diet, which is an anti-inflammatory diet, and the degree of severity and symptoms of the disease in patients with COVID-19 infection. In the study, a short questionnaire form containing questions about demographic information, disease severity, and what symptoms they experienced was given to individuals who had previously had COVID-19 infection. The adaptation of individuals to the Mediterranean diet (MD) was evaluated with the Mediterranean Diet Adherence Screener (MEDAS). SPSS software program was used to analyze the effect of the MD on COVID-19 severity and symptoms. A total of 715 people, including 283 (39.6%) men and 432 (60.4%) women, were included in the study. It was determined that 33.7% (241/715) of the individuals had MD compliance, while 66.3% (474/715) did not have MD compliance. It was observed that 77.8% (556/715) of the individuals participating in the study had a mild recovery from the COVID-19 infection process. It was observed that thin and obese individuals had more difficulty recovering (p<0.05). The top 5 most common symptoms in COVID-19 patients were found to be as follows: fatigue-weakness (87%), low back-joint pain (76.4%), headache (70.5%), olfactory disorder (66%), and taste disorder (61%), respectively. No significant difference was found between adherence to a Mediterranean-type diet and COVID-19 severity and symptoms (p>0.05). In conclusion, no significant relationship was found between adherence to the MD and the severity of the COVID-19 infection. However, considering the effects of the Mediterranean-type diet, which is an anti-inflammatory diet, on obesity, it is thought that adherence to this diet will have a positive effect on decreasing the severity of COVID-19 transmission indirectly, if not directly.

Prediabetes Induces More Severe Acute COVID-19 Associated With IL-6 Production Without Worsening Long-Term Symptoms.

AimsPre-existing conditions, such as age, hypertension, obesity, and diabetes, constitute known risk factors for severe COVID-19. However, the impact of prediabetes mellitus (PDM) on COVID-19 severity is less clear. This study aimed to evaluate the influence of PDM in the acute and long-term phases of COVID-19.Materials and methodsWe compared inflammatory mediators, laboratory and clinical parameters and symptoms in COVID-19 patients with prediabetes (PDM) and without diabetes (NDM) during the acute phase of infection and at three months post-hospitalization.ResultsPatients with PDM had longer hospital stays and required intensive care unit admission more frequently than NDM. Upon hospitalization, PDM patients exhibited higher serum levels of interleukin 6 (IL-6), which is related to reduced partial pressure of oxygen (PaO2) in arterial blood, oxygen saturation (SpO2) and increased COVID-19 severity. However, at three months after discharge, those with PDM did not exhibit significant alterations in laboratory parameters or residual symptoms; however, PDM was observed to influence the profile of reported symptoms.ConclusionsPDM seems to be associated with increased risk of severe COVID-19, as well as higher serum levels of IL-6, which may constitute a potential biomarker of severe COVID-19 risk in affected patients. Furthermore, while PDM correlated with more severe acute-phase COVID-19, no long-term worsening of sequelae was observed.

Profil Hematologi Pasien Covid-19 Berdasarkan Beratnya Kasus

This study aims to determine the hematology profile of Covid-19 patients based on the severity of the case. The method used is descriptive. Data collection techniques are patient clinic data, complete patient blood, NRL, and ALC. The results of the study are a) characteristics of COVID-19 patients in weight that cases in women are more than men, b) the absence of the influence of hemoglobin levels in COVID-19 patients, c) hematocrit values do not affect the incidence of COVID-19, d) there is an effect of leukocytes on the symptoms of COVID-19 patients, e) there is no influence of platelets with the incidence of COVID-19, and f) there is an effect of NLR on the symptoms of COVID-19 patients, and g) there is an effect of ALC on the symptoms of COVID-19 patients. The conclusion of this study is a) there are differences in leukocyte, NLR, and ALC profiles in COVID-19 patients, b) there is no difference in hemoglobin, hematocrit, and platelet profiles in the symptoms of COVID-19 patients, and c) there are significant differences in hematological profiles in COVID-19 patients can help classify COVID-19 patients based on the severity of cases.

ВИВЧЕННЯ ХЕМОСЕНСОРНОЇ ДИСФУНКЦІЇ У ПАЦІЄНТІВ ПІСЛЯ ПЕРЕНЕСЕНОГО COVID-19

Introduction. Olfactory disorders are observed in infectious and non-infectious diseases, but caused a new wave of attention as one of the fi rst and often the only symptoms of COVID-19 at the beginning of the pandemic. Aim. To evaluate the prevalence, degree, duration of olfactory and taste disorders in patients with COVID-19, their relationship with the severity of the disease and the impact on the quality of life. Materials and methods. 699 patients after COVID-19 were interviewed using the electronic questionnaire, which was developed based on the available data and our observations about the most common symptoms in COVID-19 patients. The questionnaire consisted of 35 main questions on the topic of the study organized in 3 sections. Response forms were closed, semi-closed or open. Two questions on screening for mood disorders were taken from the Patient Health Questionnaire (PHQ). Patients were asked to rate their sense of smell and taste on a 10-point visual analog scale (VAS). Results. In most cases, olfactory and taste impairment occurred immediately after the appearance of other symptoms reaching a peak on 3-5th days of illness and did not improve after clinical recovery. Patients experienced varying degrees of hypo-, par- and cacosmia, subsequently even changing their food and behavioral habits (such as reducing or quitting smoking). Conclusions. The recovery of smell and taste had a clear direct correlation. More than half of the patients needed an in-depth assessment of their mental health most likely due to the combination of factors, including the impairment of smell and taste.

The presence of symptoms within 6months after COVID-19: a single-center longitudinal study.

BackgroundCharacterizing the post-COVID health conditions is helpful to direct patients to appropriate healthcare.AimsTo describe the presence of symptoms in COVID-19 patients within 6 months after diagnosis and to investigate the associated factors in terms of reporting symptoms.MethodsData of DEU-COVIMER (a telephone interview-based COVID-19 follow-up center established in a tertiary care hospital) was analyzed for SARS-CoV-2 RNA positive participants aged ≥ 18 years from November 1st, 2020, to May 31st, 2021. Symptom frequencies were stratified by demographic and clinical characteristics at one, three, and 6 months after diagnosis. With the patients who had symptoms at baseline, generalized estimating equations were applied to identify the factors associated with reporting of symptoms.ResultsA total of 5610 patients agreed to participate in the study. Symptom frequency was 37.2%, 21.8%, and 18.2% for the first, third, and sixth months. Tiredness/fatigue, muscle or body aches, and dyspnea/difficulty breathing were the most common symptoms in all time frames. In multivariate analysis, older age, female gender (odds ratio OR 1.74, 95% confidence interval 1.57–1.93), bad economic status (OR 1.37, 1.14–1.65), current smoking (OR 1.15, 1.02–1.29), being fully vaccinated before COVID-19 (OR 0.53, 0.40–0.72), having more health conditions (≥ 3 conditions, OR 1.78, 1.33–2.37), having more symptoms (> 5 symptoms, OR 2.47, 2.19–2.78), and hospitalization (intensive care unit, OR 2.18, 1.51–3.14) were associated with reporting of symptoms.ConclusionsThis study identifies risk factors for patients who experience post-COVID-19 symptoms. Healthcare providers should appropriately allocate resources prioritizing the patients who would benefit from post-COVID rehabilitation.

Serum stratifin and presepsin as candidate biomarkers for early detection of COVID-19 disease progression

The prognosis of patients with severe cases of COVID-19 is poor; thus, biomarkers for earlier prediction of COVID-19 progression are vital. We measured levels of five lung injury-related biomarkers, SP-D, KL-6, presepsin, kallistatin and stratifin, in serum samples collected serially during hospitalization from 31 patients with mild/moderate or severe/critical COVID-19 pneumonia, and their predictive performances were compared. Like the previously reported presepsin, a new biomarker candidate, stratifin, was significantly elevated with the onset of severe or critical symptoms in COVID-19 patients and decreased with symptom improvement. Notably, changes in stratifin and presepsin levels were distinctly earlier than those in SP-D, KL-6 and even SpO2/FiO2 values. Furthermore, serum levels of these biomarkers were significantly higher at the pre-severe stage (before the start of oxygen support) of patients who eventually advanced to severe/critical stages than in the patients who remained at the mild/moderate stage. These results were confirmed in an independent cohort, including 71 mild/moderate and 14 severe/critical patients, for whom the performance of stratifin and presepsin in discriminating between mild/moderate and pre-severe conditions of COVID-19 patients was superior to that of the SpO2/FiO2 ratio. Therefore, we concluded that stratifin and presepsin could be used as prognostic biomarkers for severe COVID-19 progression.

Comprehensive evaluation of otorhinolaryngological symptoms in COVID-19 patients

IntroductionThe aim of this study is to comprehensively evaluate the incidence and natural course of otorhinolaryngological symptoms of COVID-19 infection and its relations to each other and patient’s demographics.MethodsThis is a prospective study conducted on symptomatic adult patients proven to be infected with COVID-19. Detailed history was taken from each patient including onset of symptoms. Symptoms were followed up tightly. We focus on otorhinolaryngological (ORL) symptoms and their duration and onset in relation to other symptoms. Data were collected and analyzed in detail.ResultsSix-hundred eighty-six patients were included in the study, their age ranged from 19-75 years old, and of them 55.1% were males. Cough was found in 53.1% of cases followed by sore throat in 45.8%, anosmia/ hyposmia in 42.3%, headache in 42%, rhinorrhea in 19.5%, dry mouth in 7.6%, globus in 6.1%, epistaxis in 4.4%, and hearing loss in 0.6%. In non-ORL symptoms, fever was found in 54.2%, malaise in 55.1%, dyspnea in 49.3%, and diarrhea in 27.2%. The first symptom was anosmia in 15.7% of cases, sore throat in 6.1 %, cough in 7.9%, and headache in 13.4% of cases. Fever was the first symptom in 22.7%, malaise in 25.1%, and diarrhea in 6.4%. Headache occurred for 5.5 ± 2 days, anosmia/hyposmia 3 to > 30 days, sore throat 4.1 ± 1.2 days, rhinorrhea 4.3 ± 1.1, cough 7.4 ± 2.5 days, fever 4.7 ± 2 days, and malaise 6.5 ± 2.4 days. The cluster of COVID-19-related symptoms showed nine principal components.ConclusionOtorhinolaryngological symptoms are main symptoms in COVID-19 infection, and they should be frequently evaluated to detect suspected cases especially in pauci-symptomatic patients and to properly manage infected patients.Supplementary InformationThe online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s43163-022-00263-5.

Olfactory function trends in COVID-19 patients: a prospective cohort study

Background One of the most common symptoms in COVID-19 patients is olfactory and taste dysfunction. Aims/objectives This study aimed to evaluate the olfactory threshold, and identification using objective tests in the Iranian population. Material and methods The present study was a prospective cohort study conducted in 2020–2021 on clinically recovering COVID-19 patients. Olfactory function was evaluated at the baseline, 4–6 weeks, and 12 weeks later. Olfactory threshold assessment was performed using the Saba Sabalan kit. The Iranian version of the Pennsylvania Smell Identification Test (IR-SIT) was used for olfactory identification. The olfactory threshold was categorized as poor (<8) and good olfaction (≥8). Results In the present study, 111 patients were examined, including 55 men and 56 women (mean age 41.4 and 53.4 years, respectively). The mean olfactory threshold was better for men (7.2) than for women (6.6). Analysis showed age to have a negative relationship with good olfaction at baseline (OR = 0.93, p = .05). Using IR-SIT, only 29.7% had normal olfactory function. Using linear regression, smoking was found to be significantly related to baseline IR-SIT score (adjusted Beta <0.001, p = .03). Conclusions and significance Objective tests are appropriate methods for assessing olfactory dysfunction in COVID-19 patients. Further studies are recommended.

Psychiatric intervention on patients recovering from hospitalization due to Covid-19

IntroductionAccording to recent reports Covid-19 patients may exhibit psychiatric co-morbidities that cause dysfunction, loss of autonomy and emotional suffering even after the physical illness is treated. Considering the high impact Covid-19 may have on mental health, we have created a psychiatric consultation dedicated to the study, observation and support of patients that developed mental illness after being hospitalized due to Covid-19.ObjectivesWe aim at 1) describe the profile of patients that developed psychiatric comorbidities following a hospitalization due to Covid-19 and 2) recognize and treat early psychiatric symptoms in Covid-19 patients.MethodsBased on what was described in other epidemic crisis, we established a semi-structured interview to evaluate several dimensions of the patients’ life that may have been affected by Covid-19 and that may impact on mental health. The interview included the Depression, Anxiety and Stress Scale (DASS-21), the Impact of Event Scale – Revised (IES-R) and the Insomnia Severity Index (ISI). Each patient was observed multiple times over several months. Our evaluation was done in parallel with consultations in Internal Medicine.ResultsMost patients complained of symptoms directly related with the infection of SARS-CoV-2, namely fatigue, short breath and reduced tolerance to efforts. Importantly, many patients also reported de novo or aggravation of anxiety, stress, depression, sleep disturbances and grief often associated with feelings of existential emptiness and lack of purpose.ConclusionsHospitalization due to Covid-19 has a high impact on mental health, raising important questions on purpose and emptiness. An early psychiatric intervention is highly recommended.DisclosureNo significant relationships.

Evaluation Liver Function Test Abnormalities in Covid-19 Patient in Tertiary Care Hospital, A Cross Sectional Study

Since late December 2019, a novel coronavirus illness (COVID-19) outbreak has been detected in Wuhan, China, affecting 215 nations so far. Although respiratory symptoms are the most common symptom in COVID-19 patients, several extra pulmonary organ dysfunctions have also been observed. Previous investigations have found that individuals with COVID-19 had a high incidence of aberrant liver function parameters. The objective of current study will be to evaluate the effect of effects of covid-19 severity on liver function test and hypocalcaemia. Material and Methods: A cross-sectional study conducted at Corona Isolation Wards of Sir Gaga Ram Hospital Lahore from April to June 2019. Total 110 RT PCR Positive Covid-19 patients were enrolled in current study by consecutive sampling technique. The Demographic details, Disease severity, Laboratory Findings of Liver Function Test (LFTs) and outcome of every patient was recorded from on a predesigned proforma. Data was analyzed using SPSS-26. ANOVA was applied to find out the difference between disease severity LFTs level. P-value less than 0.05 considered as significant. Results: The patients' average age was 30.03+15.03. The average length of stay in the hospital was 14.76+2.77 days. There was predominance of Male in current study male [M=60(54.5%) vs. F=50(45.5%)]. There are 48 (43.6%) patients with mild disease, 28 (25.5%) patients with moderate disease, and 34 (30.9%) patients with severe disease. Only 2(1.8%) patients died, while 102(92.7%) patients recovered. The most common symptom experience by patients was Fever, followed by Cough (32), Fatigue (29), Diarrhea (17), sore throat (18). A significant increase was observed in ALT, AST, ALP, Serum Bilirubin, Total Protein, Albumin and Globulin according to disease severity (p-value&lt;0.05) Conclusions: The abnormal liver function test was shown to be more common in moderate to severe cases. The severity of COVID-19 has a major impact on the liver's functional outcome. Keywords: COVID-19, Liver Function Test, Disease severity, Liver injury

Evaluation Liver Function Test Abnormalities in Covid-19 Patient in Tertiary Care Hospital, A Cross Sectional Study

Since late December 2019, a novel coronavirus illness (COVID-19) outbreak has been detected in Wuhan, China, affecting 215 nations so far. Although respiratory symptoms are the most common symptom in COVID-19 patients, several extra pulmonary organ dysfunctions have also been observed. Previous investigations have found that individuals with COVID-19 had a high incidence of aberrant liver function parameters. The objective of current study will be to evaluate the effect of effects of covid-19 severity on liver function test and hypocalcaemia. Material and Methods: A cross-sectional study conducted at Corona Isolation Wards of Sir Gaga Ram Hospital Lahore from April to June 2019. Total 110 RT PCR Positive Covid-19 patients were enrolled in current study by consecutive sampling technique. The Demographic details, Disease severity, Laboratory Findings of Liver Function Test (LFTs) and outcome of every patient was recorded from on a predesigned proforma. Data was analyzed using SPSS-26. ANOVA was applied to find out the difference between disease severity LFTs level. P-value less than 0.05 considered as significant. Results: The patients' average age was 30.03+15.03. The average length of stay in the hospital was 14.76+2.77 days. There was predominance of Male in current study male [M=60(54.5%) vs. F=50(45.5%)]. There are 48 (43.6%) patients with mild disease, 28 (25.5%) patients with moderate disease, and 34 (30.9%) patients with severe disease. Only 2(1.8%) patients died, while 102(92.7%) patients recovered. The most common symptom experience by patients was Fever, followed by Cough (32), Fatigue (29), Diarrhea (17), sore throat (18). A significant increase was observed in ALT, AST, ALP, Serum Bilirubin, Total Protein, Albumin and Globulin according to disease severity (p-value&lt;0.05) Conclusions: The abnormal liver function test was shown to be more common in moderate to severe cases. The severity of COVID-19 has a major impact on the liver's functional outcome. Keyword: COVID-19, Liver Function Test, Disease severity, Liver injury

The Online Seminar on the Effects of Metabolic Syndrome on Covid-19 Patients among Urban Communities

Metabolic syndrome is typically characterized by hypertension, diabetes mellitus, dyslipidemia, and obesity—all of which can contribute to a higher risk of acute coronary syndrome (ACS). Mounting evidence also shows how metabolic syndrome may lead to worsening symptoms in covid-19 patients, thus resulting in more fatal cases. Therefore, what is urgently needed is the efforts to improve public awareness of the adverse effects of metabolic syndrome on covid-19 patients and the importance of health protocols against covid-19 transmission. An online seminar via zoom was held to support the fight against the covid-19 pandemic among the urban communities, which were chosen due to the prevalence of metabolic syndrome in these communities. The two-hour online counseling was also held to commemorate World Pharmacist Day, which fell on September 26, 2020. The responses to the questionnaire revealed that the majority of participants had a better understanding of the metabolic syndrome, its risks, its detrimental influence on the conditions of covid-19 patients, and the efforts to prevent Covid-19 transmissions. The seminar is expected to contribute to the government’s efforts to bolster the community’s awareness of the importance of health protocols

Prevalence and Predictors of Persistent Symptoms After Clearance of SARS-CoV-2 Infection: A Multicenter Study from Egypt.

Background and AimLittle is known about the persistence of symptoms after clearance of SARS-CoV-2 infection. Our study aimed to assess persistent symptoms in COVID-19 patients after clearance of SARS-CoV-2 infection.MethodologyA multi-center survey was conducted on first wave COVID-19 patients with confirmed SARS-CoV-2 infection. Sociodemographic and clinical characteristics, including presenting symptoms and persistent symptoms after viral clearance and possible factors contributing to persistence of such symptoms, were collected using an online multicomponent questionnaire. Descriptive and inferential statistical analysis was performed to detect the most persisting symptoms and factors contributing to their persistence.ResultsOverall, 538 patients were enrolled. Mean age was 41.17 (±SD 14.84), 54.1% were males, and 18.6% were smokers. Hypertension and diabetes were the most reported co-morbidities. Mild symptoms were reported in 61.3% of patients, 51.3% were admitted to hospital and 6.5% were admitted to the intensive care unit. Our study identified 49 types of persisting symptoms. Fatigue (59.1%), sense of fever (46.5%), anorexia (24.3%) and diarrhea (24.3%) were the most commonly reported persisting symptoms followed by loss of taste and smell (22.3%), headache (21.4%), cough (20.8) and dyspnea (21%). The use of hydroxychloroquine, azithromycin and multivitamins were significantly associated with persistence of symptoms (OR = 8.03, 8.89 and 10.12, respectively).ConclusionOur study revealed that in COVID-19 recovered patients, many patients reported persistence of at least one symptom, particularly fatigue and sense of fever. Follow-up of patients after discharge from hospital is recommended until complete resolution of symptoms.

Symptom Changes in COVID-19 Patients in the Disease Process and Differences in Symptoms According to Some Demographic and Clinical Characteristics

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the change of symptoms in COVID-19 patients over a ten-day period and their differences according to some characteristics. This retrospective epidemiological study was conducted using the records of all patients who were found to be positive for COVID-19 between September 2020 and November 2020 in Sivas. Of the 9985 COVID-19 cases, 4159 (41.7%) were between the ages of 19-40, 5327 (53.4%) were women, 9227 (93.4%) received outpatient treatment, 7019 (70.3%) had no chronic disease, 8552 (85.6%) were non-smokers. Headache, fever-chills, joint pain were the most common symptoms on the first day of disease, while cough, fatigue, and loss of smell were the most common on the tenth day. Headache, joint pain, fatigue, cough, waist-back pain, loss of smell/taste and runny nose were in forefront in the 19-40 age group. Fever-chills were more common in male, while many of the other symptoms were more common in female. Headache, throat ache, loss of smell/taste, and diarrhea were common in patients with no chronic disease. Cough, nausea-vomiting, and abdominal pain were predominant in non-smokers. Those at the young age group, female, those without chronic diseases and non-smokers can also develop COVID-19 symptoms.

Pharmacological Treatment of Acute Psychiatric Symptoms in COVID-19 Patients: A Systematic Review and a Case Series.

Delirium and psychomotor agitation are relevant clinical conditions that may develop during COVID-19 infection, especially in intensive care unit (ICU) settings. The psychopharmacological management of these conditions is receiving increasing interest in psychiatry, considering hyperkinetic delirium as one of the most common neuropsychiatries acute consequences in COVID-19 recovery patients. However, there are no actual internationally validated guidelines about this topic, due to the relatively newly introduced clinical condition; in addition, a standardized psychopharmacologic treatment of these cases is a complex goal to achieve due to the risk of both drug–drug interactions and the vulnerable conditions of those patients. The aim of this systematic review and case series is to evaluate and gather the scientific evidence on pharmacologic handling during delirium in COVID-19 patients to provide practical recommendations on the optimal management of psychotropic medication in these kinds of patients. The electronic databases PubMed, Embase and Web of Science were reviewed to identify studies, in accordance with the PRISMA guidelines. At the end of the selection process, a total of 21 studies (n = 2063) were included. We also collected a case series of acute psychomotor agitation in COVID-19 patients hospitalized in ICU. Our results showed how the symptom-based choice of the psychotropic medication is crucial, and even most of the psychotropic drug classes showed good safety, one must not underestimate the possible drug interactions and also the possible decrease in vital functions which need to be strictly monitored especially during treatment with some kinds of molecules. We believe that the evidence-based recommendations highlighted in the present research will enhance the current knowledge and could provide better management of these patients.

Persistent COVID-19 symptoms at least one month after diagnosis: A national survey

BackgroundPost-acute COVID-19 syndrome (PACS) is an important healthcare burden. We examined persistent symptoms in COVID-19 patients at least four weeks after the onset of infection, participants’ return to pre-COVID-19 health status and associated risk factors. MethodsCross-sectional study was conducted (December 2020 to January 2021). A validated online questionnaire was sent to randomly selected individuals aged more than 14 years from a total of 1397,386 people confirmed to have COVID-19 at least 4 weeks prior to the start of this survey. This sample was drawn from the Saudi ministry of health COVID-19 testing registry system. ResultsOut of the 9507 COVID-19 patients who responded to the survey, 5946 (62.5%) of them adequately completed it. 2895 patients (48.7%) were aged 35–44 years, 64.4% were males, and 91.5% were Middle Eastern or North African. 79.4% experienced unresolved symptoms for at least 4 weeks after the disease onset. 9.3% were hospitalized with 42.7% visiting healthcare facility after discharge and 14.3% requiring readmission. The rates of main reported persistent symptoms in descending order were fatigue 53.5%, muscle and body ache 38.2%, loss of smell 35.0%, joint pain 30.5%, and loss of taste 29.1%. There was moderate correlation between the number of symptoms at the onset and post-four weeks of COVID-19 infection. Female sex, pre-existing comorbidities, increased number of baseline symptoms, longer hospital-stay, and hospital readmission were predictors of delayed return to baseline health state (p < 0.05). ConclusionThe symptoms of PACS are prevalent after contracting COVID-19 disease. Several risk factors could predict delayed return to baseline health state.

Analysis of Comorbidity Disease as A Risk Factor COVID-19 Death

The COVID-19 disease which became a pandemic in early 2020 was caused by SARS-CoV-2 which attacks the human respiratory system. The transmission of COVID-19 that occurs through human-to-human transmission causes a high risk of infection worldwide. A high-risk factor for death from COVID-19 occurs in people who have comorbidities that aggravate symptoms in COVID-19 patients. Although the incidence of this disease is not influenced by age and gender, the fact that most deaths from COVID-19 occur in elderly men. Comorbidities play an important role in the infection process that occurs, presumably due to an increase in the expression of the ACE2 enzyme, and a decrease in the cellular immune system. This literature review aims to determine the role of comorbid disease as a risk factor for COVID-19 death. This paper was prepared using the Literature Review method with a Narrative Review approach. By referring to research results from reputable national and international journals from 2020 to 2021 through the Pubmed, Clinical Key, and Google Scholar databases. Based on the analysis of the Literature Review, it was found that the presence of comorbid diseases increases the risk of infection, exacerbates symptoms, and death in COVID-19 patients. The comorbid disease with the highest mortality rate was found in hypertension, followed by diabetes mellitus, cardiovascular disease, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), and cancer. Patients who have more than one co-morbidity have a higher risk of death if they are infected with COVID-19. Comorbid diseases will increase the risk of death in COVID-19 patients.

Are gastrointestinal symptoms associated with higher risk of Mortality in COVID-19 patients? A systematic review and meta-analysis

BackgroundGastrointestinal symptoms have been reported in patients with COVID-19. Several clinical investigations suggested that gastrointestinal symptoms were associated with disease severity of COVID-19. However, the relevance of gastrointestinal symptoms and mortality of COVID-19 remains largely unknown. We aim to investigate the relationship between gastrointestinal symptoms and COVID-19 mortality.MethodsWe searched the PubMed, Embase, Web of science and Cochrane for studies published between Dec 1, 2019 and May 1, 2021, that had data on gastrointestinal symptoms in COVID-19 patients. Additional literatures were obtained by screening the citations of included studies and recent reviews. Only studies that reported the mortality of COVID-19 patients with/without gastrointestinal symptoms were included. Raw data were pooled to calculate OR (Odds Ratio). The mortality was compared between patients with and without gastrointestinal symptoms, as well as between patients with and without individual symptoms (diarrhea, nausea/vomiting, abdominal pain).ResultsFifty-three literatures with 55,245 COVID-19 patients (4955 non-survivors and 50,290 survivors) were included. The presence of GI symptoms was not associated with the mortality of COVID-19 patients (OR=0.88; 95% CI 0.71–1.09; P=0.23). As for individual symptoms, diarrhea (OR=1.01; 95% CI 0.72–1.41; P=0.96), nausea/vomiting (OR=1.16; 95% CI 0.78–1.71; P=0.46) and abdominal pain (OR=1.55; 95% CI 0.68–3.54; P=0.3) also showed non-relevance with the death of COVID-19 patients.ConclusionsGastrointestinal symptoms are not associated with higher mortality of COVID-19 patients. The prognostic value of gastrointestinal symptoms in COVID-19 requires further investigation.

Evaluation of Neuropatic Pain Features in COVID-19 Patients.

Pain is a common complaint in COVID-19 disease. Neurotrophic features of the COVID virus are reported. Neuropathic pain is seen during many viral infections and observed during the COVID-19 pandemic part of the clinical presentations. The aim of this is to evaluate neuroptic pain as presenting symptom in COVID-19 patients. In this cross-sectional descriptive study, adult patients (18 years and older) who applied to the COVID Outpatient Clinic completed the demographic data form and the neuropathic pain questionnaire. The patients were divided into positive and negative according to the PCR test results and the presence of neuropathic pain was compared. In total, 440 participants included in the study. Among 301 who stated to had any complaints, 197 (65.4%) had pain. The intensity of their pain was 5.8 ± 2.4 (0 - no pain and 10 - the most severe pain of life). Neuropathic pain component was present in 29.2% of the patients. Among the first admissions, neuropathic pain component was observed significantly higher in those with positive PCR test (55.0%) than negative ones (23.8%), and the Odd's ratio was calculated as 3.911. COVID-19 virus is thought to have neuroinvasion and neurotropic effects. In this study, neuropathic pain specifically was evaluated in COVID-19 patients, and the frequency of neuropathic pain was significantly higher in PCR confirmed COVID-19 patients at the onset of the disease.

The Prevalence and Risk Factors of Storage Urinary Symptoms in Symptomatic COVID-19 Patients Who were Treated in Cohort Ward and Field Hospital

Objective: The primary aim of this study was to focus on the prevalence of storage symptoms in COVID-19 patients and the factors associated with those symptoms.Material and Methods: We collected the data of COVID-19 patients who were admitted to the cohort ward, ICU and field hospital of Thammasat University Hospital, Thailand, between May and June 2021. Patients answered online survey questions and undertook urinalysis by urine dipstick test. The online survey questions related to symptoms of COVID-19 infection, number of daytime voiding, nocturia, frequency and urgency symptom during COVID-19 infection, OABSS and ICIQ-LUTS in the part of storage symptoms subscale.Results: There were 136 COVID-19 patients who met with the eligible criteria and were willing to participate in the study. Patients who had storage symptoms totaled 61 (44.85%) and had average daytime frequency, nocturia and proportion of urgency higher than no storage symptom group (5.9 VS 3.8, 2.0 VS 1.0 and 67.21% VS 6.67% (p-value &lt;0.001), respectively). The OABSS and ICIQ storage subscale in the storage symptoms group were higher than normal group, 3.2 VS 0.9 and 4.5 VS 1.7 (p-value &lt; 0.001), respectively.Conclusion: Our study demonstrated that the SARS-CoV-2 virus infection is associated with abnormal storagesymptoms which include frequency, urgency and nocturia. The storage symptoms may be associated with theseverity of COVID-19 disease.