Symptoms Of Computer Vision Syndrome Research Articles

Mini review on computer vision syndrome

Computer vision syndrome is characterized by visual symptoms which result from interaction with a computer display or its environment. It affects 75% of the people who work on computers. It can be diagnosed through a comprehensive eye examination. Testing with special emphasis on visual requirements at the computer or digital device working distance is necessary. Workers who have recurrent symptoms of computer vision syndrome are encouraged to get proper optometrist review and assessment. The best position for the monitor is slightly below the eye level about 20 to 28 inches away from the face and follow the 20-20-20 rule. Regular eye examinations and proper viewing habits can help to prevent or reduce the development of the symptoms associated with computer vision syndrome. The outcome of CVS is good.

Prevalence of self-reported computer vision syndrome symptoms and its associated factors among university students.

To determine the prevalence of symptoms of computer vision syndrome and to identify its associated factors. The secondary objective was to assess knowledge and practices related to preventing computer vision syndrome symptoms. The data for this cross-sectional study were collected through a self-administered questionnaire distributed to 713 female undergraduates studying business and medicine in Saudi Arabia. The questionnaire included computer vision syndrome validated symptoms and factors associated with computer vision syndrome development. The most common symptom due to prolonged computer use was neck or shoulder pain, reported by 82.2% of the subjects. Overall, 66.5% of the subjects suffered from headache and 51.5% from dry eyes, in mild, moderate, or severe form. Business students were 1.6 times as likely as medical students to suffer from computer vision syndrome (odds ratio = 1.65; 95% confidence interval: 1.22, 2.24). The use of electronic devices for more than 5 h (odds ratio = 1.52; 95% confidence interval: 1.07, 2.16) was also associated with experiencing computer vision syndrome symptoms. Regarding computer vision syndrome prevention, factors such as hours of use, screen distance, screen brightness, and room illumination showed statistically significant difference between the two groups (p < 0.0001). The prevalence of computer vision syndrome symptoms was significantly higher among business students, who reported lower awareness and poor practice measures of computer use recommendations. Relevant awareness campaigns focusing on the appropriate use of computers are highly recommended.

Computer Vision Syndrome and Associated Factors among Computer Users in Debre Tabor Town, Northwest Ethiopia.

Background Globally, computer is one of the common office tools used in various institutions. Using computer for prolonged time led to the users at greater health risk of computer vision syndrome (CVS). Computer vision syndrome is the leading occupational health problem of the twenty-first century. About 70 percent of computer users are suffered from CVS. Besides the health problems, CVS causes inefficiency at workplace and deteriorate quality of work. The problem of CVS and its risk factors are not well known in Ethiopia. Method A cross-sectional study was conducted to assess the prevalence of CVS and associated factors among computer user government employees in Debre Tabor town from February to March, 2016. Multistage random sampling method was applied to select 607 study participants, and the data were collected by using a structured questionnaire. Computer vision syndrome was measured by self-reported method. Bivariate and multivariable binary logistic regression analyses were performed using SPSS version 20. Significance level was obtained at 95% CI and p value < 0.05. Results The prevalence of CVS was 422 (69.5%) with 95% CI of 65.60, 73.0%. Blurred vision, eyestrain, and eye irritation were the commonest reported symptoms of CVS with proportion of 62.60%, 47.63%, and 47.40%, respectively. Occupation: officer (adjusted odds ratio (AOR) = 4.74) and secretary (AOR = 9.17), daily computer usage (AOR: 2.29), and preexisting eye disease (AOR = 3.19) were risk factors for CVS. However, computer users with high payment, who took regular health break, and with good knowledge on computer safety measures were less impacted by CVS. Conclusion The prevalence of computer vision syndrome was found to be higher in Debre Tabor town. Monthly income, occupation, daily computer usage, regular health break, knowledge, and preexisting eye disease were predictor variables for CVS. Optimizing exposure time, improving awareness on safety measures, and management support are important to tackle CVS.

Effects of Electrochromic Glass on Computer Vision Syndrome

Occupant surveys were conducted in 4 office buildings, 2 with traditional non-tinted low-e glass (LeG) and 2 with electrochromic glass (EC). 106 employees working in these buildings volunteered to participate in the study. Results showed that subjective reports of overall ambient lighting conditions were comparable in the buildings. However, EC optimizes daylight and reduces sunlight glare, and significantly more workers sat close to the windows in the EC buildings compared to the LeG buildings. Workers in the EC office buildings reported significantly better daylight, significantly less adverse glare, and significantly fewer symptoms of computer vision syndrome than those in the LeG buildings.

Prevalence of computer vision syndrome in Erbil

Background and objective: Nearly all colleges, universities and homes today are regularly using video display terminals, such as computer, iPad, mobile, and TV. Very little research has been carried out on Kurdish users to reveal the effect of video display terminals on the eye and vision. This study aimed to evaluate the prevalence of computer vision syndrome among computer users. Methods: A hospital based cross-sectional study was conducted in the Ophthalmology Department of Rizgary and Erbil teaching hospitals in Erbil city. Those used computers in the months preceding the date of this study were included in the study. Results: Among 173 participants aged between 8 to 48 years (mean age of 23.28±6.6 years), the prevalence of computer vision syndrome found to be 89.65%. The most disturbing symptom was eye irritation (79.8%), followed by blurred vision(75.7%). Participants who were using visual display terminals for more than six hours per day were at higher risk of developing nearly all symptoms of computer vision syndrome. Significant correlation was found between time-consuming on computer and symptoms such as headache (P <0.001), redness (P <0.001), eye irritation (P <0.001), blurred vision (P <0.001) and neck pain (P <0.001). Conclusion: The present study demonstrates that more than three-fourths of the participants had one of the symptoms of computer vision syndrome while working on visual display terminals.

A clinical study on Triphaladi compound and Shunthyadi eye drop in the management of computer vision syndrome

BACKGROUND: Computer vision syndrome (CVS) is a group of symptoms which crop up from the extended viewing of the visual display terminals, when the demands of the task exceed the abilities of the viewer. The symptoms of CVS include eyestrain, dry eyes, burning sensation, headache, focusing difficulties, and neck and shoulder pain. AIM: This study aims to evaluate the efficacy of Triphaladi compound and Shunthyadi eye drops in the management of CVS. MATERIALS AND METHODS: In this trial, forty patients were registered, of which 37 completed the treatment. In Group A, 18 patients had been prescribed Triphaladi compound internally and Shunthyadi eye drops, and in Group B, 19 patients had been prescribed the carboxymethylcellulose eye drops along with ergonomics adopted in both the groups. Assessment was done on the basis of eyestrain, redness, headache, blurring of vision, burning sensation, slow refocusing, irritation, fatigue, tear film breakup time, and Schirmer's I- test. RESULTS: In total, marked improvement was observed in 61% and 53% of patients in Group A and Group B, respectively. CONCLUSION: The study shows that Triphaladi compound and Shunthyadi eye drops provide better relief in breaking down the pathology of CVS topically and systematically.

Computer vision syndrome and ergonomic practices among undergraduate university students

To determine the prevalence of computer vision syndrome (CVS) and ergonomic practices among students in the Faculty of Medical Sciences at The University of the West Indies (UWI), Jamaica. A cross-sectional study was done with a self-administered questionnaire. Four hundred and nine students participated; 78% were females. The mean age was 21.6years. Neck pain (75.1%), eye strain (67%), shoulder pain (65.5%) and eye burn (61.9%) were the most common CVS symptoms. Dry eyes (26.2%), double vision (28.9%) and blurred vision (51.6%) were the least commonly experienced symptoms. Eye burning (P=.001), eye strain (P=.041) and neck pain (P=.023) were significantly related to level of viewing. Moderate eye burning (55.1%) and double vision (56%) occurred in those who used handheld devices (P=.001 and .007, respectively). Moderate blurred vision was reported in 52% who looked down at the device compared with 14.8% who held it at an angle. Severe eye strain occurred in 63% of those who looked down at a device compared with 21% who kept the device at eye level. Shoulder pain was not related to pattern of use. Ocular symptoms and neck pain were less likely if the device was held just below eye level. There is a high prevalence of Symptoms of CVS amongst university students which could be reduced, in particular neck pain and eye strain and burning, with improved ergonomic practices.

IDENTIFIKASI INTERAKSI MANUSIA DAN KOMPUTER BERBASIS COMPUTER VISION SYNDROME PADA UNIT REFINERY CENTRAL CONTROL ROOM

Technology usage for elevating work productivity still cannot be separated from human control. Therefore, company performance will be affected by the operator’s quality. Computer interaction, as an example of technology used, is dominating the work performed. Continuous and repetitive used will affect the occupational health. Hence, it will increase the risk of Computer Vision Syndrome (CVS). Computer Vision Syndrome (CVS) is defined as a collection of symptoms related to eyes caused by computer usage and affected by several factors. Those factors can be divided into individual and external factors. The problem of this research is to determine whether there is a relationship between CVS with the internal and external factors. The type of research is non experimental quantitative with correlational research design and cross sectional approach. While the respondents are twelve operators of Refinery Central Control Room (RCCR). Spearman Rho test is used to find relationship among variables. The results from this research indicate that there is correlation between age and the resulting CVS symptoms with the value of p is 0,04 (p<0 05). But, there are no correlation between CVS and other factors (eye glasses, length of work duration, break time, eye sides distance). Not all internal and external factors have correlation with the accuracy of CVS. This Research shows correlation between internal factors and CVS. It was aging. Aging is degenerative processes which lower the body function periodically. Therefore, there are correlation between age and CVS. But, there are not for other factors.

Ergophthalmology in accounting offices: the computer vision syndrome (CVS)

Abstract Purpose: This study aimed to determine the presence of the symptoms of computer vision syndrome (CVS) accounting office employees. Methods: The research tools used were a questionnaire based on the set of symptoms of CVS rated by Likert scale (1-5) and workplace observations based on Ergonomic Workplace Analysis (EWA). Results: The participants who worked with a viewing angle of less than 10o relative to the screen had more symptoms, particularly of pain in the back of the neck and back (p = 0.0460). The participants who used lighting other than 450 and 699 lux reported significant headache (p = 0.0045) and dry eye (p = 0.0329) symptoms. Younger workers had more headaches (p = 0.0182), and workers with fewer years of employment had more headaches and dry eyes symptoms (p = 0.0164 and p = 0.0479, respectively). A total of 37% of the participants reported a lack of guidance regarding prevention and painful symptoms in the back of the neck and back (p = 0.0936). Conclusion: Younger participants with fewer years of employment, who had not received information regarding proper computer use, who did not use lighting between 450 and 699 lux or who worked with viewing angles of less than 10o had more computer vision syndrome symptoms.

Incidence of Dry Eyes Amongst The Computer Users

Objective: The Study was aimed at finding the incidence and prevention of computers vision syndrome(CVS) particularly “dry eye” in regular computer users. Study design: Observational, cross-sectional study Place and duration of study: It was conducted at Combined Military hospital Lahore, from Dec 2014 to Nov 2015. Methodology: A questionnaire proforma was prepared and distributed to the willing candidates. It was based on symptoms of eye, sensitivity of eyes to various environmental conditions, history of medications contributing to eye, working hours on computers etc. The visual effects of various display characteristics such as lighting, glare, display quality, refresh rates, and radiation are also briefly discussed. Results: Out of 290 regular computer users, 88 (30.3%) were found to have problem. Conclusion Although the computers vision syndrome is associated with a variety of ocular symptoms related to computer use including eyestrain, tired eyes, irritation, redness, blurred/double vision, headache and shoulder pain, this article was primarily focused on dry eye the major contributor to computer vision syndrome symptoms. Management requires a multidirectional approach combining ocular therapy with adjustment of the workstation. Conclusion: Proper lighting, anti-glare filters, ergonomic positioning of computer monitor and regular work breaks may help improve visual comfort. Lubricating drops and special computer glasses help relieve ocular surface-related symptoms. A lot more work needs to be done to specifically define the processes that cause in computer vision syndrome and to develop and improve effective treatments that successfully address these causes.

Computer vision syndrome among mobile phone users in Al-Ahsa, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia

Background: The growing number of mobile phone users or video display terminals (VDTs) puts them at hazards of computer vision syndrome (CVS) resulting in ocular surface damage, eye strain, exhaustion, and muscular complaints as result of improper usage of VDTs. Objectives: To determine the prevalence of CVS and to get a baseline data about this syndrome among inhabitants of Al-Ahsa, Saudi Arabia. Materials and Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted for the duration of 1 month in Al Ahsa Saudi Arabia. Convenience sampling was used with a validated questionnaire to measure the CVS symptoms and to collect data. Consequently, Chi-square test was performed to observe the prevalence of CVS with its risk factors using SPSS version 22. Results: This study showed the prevalence of CVS among Al-Ahsa population to be 43.5% of the screened sample; this was significance results in the term of blurred vision (P = 0.002), dry eye (P = 0.011) and ocular discomfort (P = 0.013) among individuals suffer from CVS. Regarding extraocular complaint, there was a significant result seen in the presence of neck and shoulder pain (P = 0.008) and dizziness (P = 0.045) in individual developed CVS. Conclusion: The study found significant results in term of ocular and nonocular complaints among individuals who developed CVS from Al-Ahsa. Further longitudinal studies are required to study the effect of VDTs on ocular health.

Computer vision syndrome among computer office workers in a developing country: an evaluation of prevalence and risk factors.

BackgroundComputer vision syndrome (CVS) is a group of visual symptoms experienced in relation to the use of computers. Nearly 60 million people suffer from CVS globally, resulting in reduced productivity at work and reduced quality of life of the computer worker. The present study aims to describe the prevalence of CVS and its associated factors among a nationally-representative sample of Sri Lankan computer workers.MethodsTwo thousand five hundred computer office workers were invited for the study from all nine provinces of Sri Lanka between May and December 2009. A self-administered questionnaire was used to collect socio-demographic data, symptoms of CVS and its associated factors. A binary logistic regression analysis was performed in all patients with ‘presence of CVS’ as the dichotomous dependent variable and age, gender, duration of occupation, daily computer usage, pre-existing eye disease, not using a visual display terminal (VDT) filter, adjusting brightness of screen, use of contact lenses, angle of gaze and ergonomic practices knowledge as the continuous/dichotomous independent variables. A similar binary logistic regression analysis was performed in all patients with ‘severity of CVS’ as the dichotomous dependent variable and other continuous/dichotomous independent variables.ResultsSample size was 2210 (response rate—88.4 %). Mean age was 30.8 ± 8.1 years and 50.8 % of the sample were males. The 1-year prevalence of CVS in the study population was 67.4 %. Female gender (OR: 1.28), duration of occupation (OR: 1.07), daily computer usage (1.10), pre-existing eye disease (OR: 4.49), not using a VDT filter (OR: 1.02), use of contact lenses (OR: 3.21) and ergonomics practices knowledge (OR: 1.24) all were associated with significantly presence of CVS. The duration of occupation (OR: 1.04) and presence of pre-existing eye disease (OR: 1.54) were significantly associated with the presence of ‘severe CVS’.ConclusionsSri Lankan computer workers had a high prevalence of CVS. Female gender, longer duration of occupation, higher daily computer usage, pre-existing eye disease, not using a VDT filter, use of contact lenses and higher ergonomics practices knowledge all were associated with significantly with the presence of CVS. The factors associated with the severity of CVS were the duration of occupation and presence of pre-existing eye disease.

FAKTOR YANG BERHUBUNGAN DENGAN KELUHAN COMPUTER VISION SYNDROME (CVS) PADA PEKERJA RENTAL KOMPUTER DI WILAYAH UNNES

Computer as a tool that is widely used human beings, it also raises occupational diseases as well as the use of machine in industry. Vision problems caused bye the use of computers, the American Optometric Association (AOA) called Computer Vision Syndrome (CVS) as a compound eye problems related to employment experienced by a person at close range as or related to computer use. The purpose of this study was to analyze the relationship between the working length, the distance eye with the monitor, lighting intensity, work attitude, and identifity the incidence of complaints of CVS workers experienced computer rentals. This study used Cross Sectional approach. Number of population and sample of 36 peoples working computer rental in the area Unnes campus. The instruments used in the form of quetionnatires, meter, and Lux meter. Chi square test result : (1)the working length (p=0,005); (2) the distance eye with the monitor (p=0,012); (3) lighting intensity (p=0,001); (4) work attitude (p=0,014) with complaints of CVS in workers computer rental at the campus Unnes. Suggestion for worker is to check their eyes regulary to the doctor if the complaints of CVS in order to minimize the occurrence of more severe diseases. While other researchers needed for further studies with different variables to better determine other factors associated with symptoms of Computer Vision Syndrome (CVS).

Vision-related problems among the workers engaged in jewellery manufacturing

Background:American Optometric Association defines Computer Vision Syndrome (CVS) as “complex of eye and vision problems related to near work which are experienced during or related to computer use.” This happens when visual demand of the tasks exceeds the visual ability of the users. Even though problems were initially attributed to computer-related activities subsequently similar problems are also reported while carrying any near point task. Jewellery manufacturing activities involves precision designs, setting the tiny metals and stones which requires high visual attention and mental concentration and are often near point task. It is therefore expected that the workers engaged in jewellery manufacturing may also experience symptoms like CVS.Aim:Keeping the above in mind, this study was taken up (1) To identify the prevalence of symptoms like CVS among the workers of the jewellery manufacturing and compare the same with the workers working at computer workstation and (2) To ascertain whether such symptoms have any permanent vision-related problems.Setting and Design:Case control study.Materials and Methods:The study was carried out in Zaveri Bazaar region and at an IT-enabled organization in Mumbai. The study involved the identification of symptoms of CVS using a questionnaire of Eye Strain Journal, opthalmological check-ups and measurement of Spontaneous Eye Blink rate. The data obtained from the jewellery manufacturing was compared with the data of the subjects engaged in computer work and with the data available in the literature.Statistical Analysis:A comparative inferential statistics was used.Results and Conclusion:Results showed that visual demands of the task carried out in jewellery manufacturing were much higher than that of carried out in computer-related work.

Assessing Computer Vision Syndrome Risk for Pilots

The use of visual displays has been present in aviation since the 1980s and continues to increase in number and scope, and evolve at a rapid pace. Displays used are often computer displays or specialized displays based on computer display technology, and thus may create some of the same adverse effects which afflict frequent computer users (Allerton, 2009). The scope of this study is limited to assessing whether computer vision syndrome (CVS) is a risk to pilots in the cockpit and in the flight simulator. The intention of the paper is to determine whether those in the aviation field already experience CVS symptoms and whether pilots are at risk for developing CVS.

Computer vision syndrome and associated factors among medical and engineering students in chennai.

Background:Almost all institutions, colleges, universities and homes today were using computer regularly. Very little research has been carried out on Indian users especially among college students the effects of computer use on the eye and vision related problems.Aim:The aim of this study was to assess the prevalence of computer vision syndrome (CVS) among medical and engineering students and the factors associated with the same.Subjects and Methods:A cross-sectional study was conducted among medical and engineering college students of a University situated in the suburban area of Chennai. Students who used computer in the month preceding the date of study were included in the study. The participants were surveyed using pre-tested structured questionnaire.Results:Among engineering students, the prevalence of CVS was found to be 81.9% (176/215) while among medical students; it was found to be 78.6% (158/201). A significantly higher proportion of engineering students 40.9% (88/215) used computers for 4-6 h/day as compared to medical students 10% (20/201) (P < 0.001). The reported symptoms of CVS were higher among engineering students compared with medical students. Students who used computer for 4-6 h were at significantly higher risk of developing redness (OR = 1.2, 95% CI = 1.0-3.1,P = 0.04), burning sensation (OR = 2.1,95% CI = 1.3-3.1, P < 0.01) and dry eyes (OR = 1.8, 95% CI = 1.1-2.9, P = 0.02) compared to those who used computer for less than 4 h. Significant correlation was found between increased hours of computer use and the symptoms redness, burning sensation, blurred vision and dry eyes.Conclusion:The present study revealed that more than three-fourth of the students complained of any one of the symptoms of CVS while working on the computer.

English

Quantitative, descriptive, cross-sectional study was conducted to determine the level of knowledge and extent of computer vision syndrome (CVS) among computer users at the Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC), Abuja, Nigeria. Structured questionnaire was administered to 100 computer users aged between 18 and 40 years. The findings showed that 40% of the participants were aware of CVS; of which 27% had knowledge of the disorder. CVS was common among the employees, 74% of the respondents experienced at least one symptom of CVS. Headache and eyestrain were the most common symptoms of CVS among the studied population. The study concluded that there is a serious knowledge gap about CVS in the studied population which suggests a similar knowledge gap in the general population. It is recommended that further studies on a large scale should be carried out to explore the extent and knowledge about CVS in the developing countries for the purpose of designing strategies for bridging-up the knowledge-gap and minimize the impact of CVS on the people at risk. Key words: Computer vision syndrome, knowledge, awareness, computer users.

Computer vision syndrome: a study of knowledge and practices in university students

Computer vision syndrome (CVS) is a condition in which a person experiences one or more of eye symptoms as a result of prolonged working on a computer. To determine the prevalence of CVS symptoms, knowledge and practices of computer use in students studying in different universities in Malaysia, and to evaluate the association of various factors in computer use with the occurrence of symptoms. In a cross sectional, questionnaire survey study, data was collected in college students regarding the demography, use of spectacles, duration of daily continuous use of computer, symptoms of CVS, preventive measures taken to reduce the symptoms, use of radiation filter on the computer screen, and lighting in the room. A total of 795 students, aged between 18 and 25 years, from five universities in Malaysia were surveyed. The prevalence of symptoms of CVS (one or more) was found to be 89.9%; the most disturbing symptom was headache (19.7%) followed by eye strain (16.4%). Students who used computer for more than 2 hours per day experienced significantly more symptoms of CVS (p=0.0001). Looking at far objects in-between the work was significantly (p=0.0008) associated with less frequency of CVS symptoms. The use of radiation filter on the screen (p=0.6777) did not help in reducing the CVS symptoms. Ninety percent of university students in Malaysia experienced symptoms related to CVS, which was seen more often in those who used computer for more than 2 hours continuously per day.

Blink Rate, Incomplete Blinks and Computer Vision Syndrome

Computer vision syndrome (CVS), a highly prevalent condition, is frequently associated with dry eye disorders. Furthermore, a reduced blink rate has been observed during computer use. The present study examined whether post task ocular and visual symptoms are associated with either a decreased blink rate or a higher prevalence of incomplete blinks. An additional trial tested whether increasing the blink rate would reduce CVS symptoms. Subjects (N = 21) were required to perform a continuous 15-minute reading task on a desktop computer at a viewing distance of 50 cm. Subjects were videotaped during the task to determine their blink rate and amplitude. Immediately after the task, subjects completed a questionnaire regarding ocular symptoms experienced during the trial. In a second session, the blink rate was increased by means of an audible tone that sounded every 4 seconds, with subjects being instructed to blink on hearing the tone. The mean blink rate during the task without the audible tone was 11.6 blinks per minute (SD, 7.84). The percentage of blinks deemed incomplete for each subject ranged from 0.9 to 56.5%, with a mean of 16.1% (SD, 15.7). A significant positive correlation was observed between the total symptom score and the percentage of incomplete blinks during the task (p = 0.002). Furthermore, a significant negative correlation was noted between the blink score and symptoms (p = 0.035). Increasing the mean blink rate to 23.5 blinks per minute by means of the audible tone did not produce a significant change in the symptom score. Whereas CVS symptoms are associated with a reduced blink rate, the completeness of the blink may be equally significant. Because instructing a patient to increase his or her blink rate may be ineffective or impractical, actions to achieve complete corneal coverage during blinking may be more helpful in alleviating symptoms during computer operation.

Clinical efficacy of Ayurvedic management in computer vision syndrome: A pilot study

Improper use of sense organs, violating the moral code of conduct, and the effect of the time are the three basic causative factors behind all the health problems. Computer, the knowledge bank of modern life, has emerged as a profession causing vision-related discomfort, ocular fatigue, and systemic effects. Computer Vision Syndrome (CVS) is the new nomenclature to the visual, ocular, and systemic symptoms arising due to the long time and improper working on the computer and is emerging as a pandemic in the 21st century. On critical analysis of the symptoms of CVS on Tridoshika theory of Ayurveda, as per the road map given by Acharya Charaka, it seems to be a Vata–Pittaja ocular cum systemic disease which needs systemic as well as topical treatment approach. Shatavaryaadi Churna (orally), Go-Ghrita Netra Tarpana (topically), and counseling regarding proper working conditions on computer were tried in 30 patients of CVS. In group I, where oral and local treatment was given, significant improvement in all the symptoms of CVS was observed, whereas in groups II and III, local treatment and counseling regarding proper working conditions, respectively, were given and showed insignificant results. The study verified the hypothesis that CVS in Ayurvedic perspective is a Vata–Pittaja disease affecting mainly eyes and body as a whole and needs a systemic intervention rather than topical ocular medication only.