Autism Spectrum Disorder Symptoms Research Articles

Role of Micronutrients in the Management of Autism Spectrum Disorders: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis

Abstract Autism spectrum disorders (ASDs) are a group of neurodevelopmental disorders characterized by increased developmental, educational, and social demands. Recent evidence suggests that up to 40%–50% of symptom variability may be determined by environmental factors including nutritional deficiency of folate, omega-3 fatty acids, and Vitamin D. Studies exist which advocate the use of micronutrient therapy to improve brain function. However, there is no consensus on their use in ASD and opinions remain divisive. This study aims to identify the role of micronutrients in ASD. We searched PubMed, Google Scholar, and Cochrane Library from the period of January 2010 to January 2022. We excluded animal studies, cross-sectional studies, and less 10 participants in a study. An initial literature search yielded a total of 666 studies, out of which 26 studies were included in the systematic review with a pooled sample of 12086 patients. Twelve studies showed an improvement in the symptoms of ASD patients when they were treated with micronutrients and seven studies found an association between micronutrient levels and ASD symptoms. The results of the meta-analysis in seven studies show that micronutrient therapy has a beneficial effect in reducing the severity of ASD, albeit being statistically insignificant (log odds ratio = −1.03, 95% confidence interval: −2.11–0.05). Our study suggests that in spite of low quality of evidence and randomized data, universal micronutrient supplementation may be started in children diagnosed with ASD due to the potential of reducing the severity of ASD along with a low risk of side effects.

Lithium Cholesterol Sulfate: A Novel and Potential Drug for Treating Alzheimer's Disease and Autism Spectrum Disorder.

Recent studies have shown that lithium treatment can reduce symptoms of Alzheimer's disease (AD) and Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD). However, the present lithium salts clinically available have serious short-term and long-term side effects which requires frequent monitoring of blood chemistry and plasma lithium levels so as to avoid toxicity. Consequently, there is a demand for a safer and more effective lithium formulation to treat these diseases. Hence, we firstly synthesized lithium cholesterol sulfate (LiCS) and compared its pharmacological effects with that of lithium chloride (LiCl) and sodium cholesterol sulfate (NaCS) on markers of neurodegenerative disease in cell cultures. LiCS was more potent than LiCl in increasing inhibitory GSK3β (Ser9) phosphorylation (pGSK3β) in both CHO and SH-SY5Y cells. These agents dose-dependently increased pGSK3β, starting at 10 µM for LiCS and 60µM for LiCl and maximally by approximately 100% at 60 µM for LiCS and 1.25 mM for LiCl, without altering total GSK3β levels. In HEK293/tau cells, LiCS reduced tau (Thr231) phosphorylation (ptau) starting at 10 µM and maximally by 63% at 40 µM without altering total tau levels, but ptau levels were not altered by LiCl at any dose between 60 µM and 1.25 mM. In BV2 cells, LiCS and LiCl decreased LPS-induced TNFα levels, starting at 20 µM for LiCS and 5 mM for LiCl, and maximally by approximately 30% at 80 µM for LiCS and 20 mM for LiCl. NaCS at any dose between 5 and 90 µM did not alter pGSK3β, ptau or LPS-induced TNFα. LiCS may become a new drug with good pharmacological potential for the treatment of neurodegenerative disorders such as AD and ASD by allowing lithium to more readily access intracellular pathological processes.

تأثير العلاج بأوميغا-3 على الأطفال المصابين بالتوحد في الرياض، المملكة العربية السعودية

This comprehensive review article explores the effect of omega-3 medication on autistic children in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia. Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) is a neurodevelopmental disorder characterized by challenges in social communication and repetitive behaviors. Traditional treatment approaches for ASD have limitations, necessitating the exploration of alternative treatments. Omega-3 fatty acids, which are essential nutrients found in certain foods, have been associated with various health benefits, including potential benefits for managing ASD symptoms. The review begins by providing a detailed overview of the prevalence and characteristics of ASD, as well as the current treatment approaches and their limitations. It emphasizes the importance of exploring alternative treatments for ASD due to the need for more effective interventions. Next, the article delves into an in-depth exploration of omega-3 fatty acids, explaining their sources, types, and associated health benefits. The role of omega-3 supplementation in managing ASD symptoms is discussed, highlighting the potential mechanisms through which omega-3 fatty acids may exert their effects on the neurodevelopmental processes relevant to ASD. To support the potential benefits of omega-3 supplementation for autistic children, the review examines relevant research studies conducted on this topic. A comprehensive review of randomized controlled trials (RCTs), systematic reviews, and meta-analyses is provided, summarizing the key findings and conclusions. The review explores the varied outcomes observed in terms of improvements in social interaction, communication, and repetitive behaviors in autistic children after omega-3 supplementation. It also discusses the limitations and gaps in the existing research, highlighting the need for further studies to provide a clearer understanding of the effects of omega-3 medication on ASD symptoms.

Development of a social and professional stress scale for parents of children with autism spectrum disorder

Parents of children with Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) may experience increased stress in their social and professional activities due to the challenges of raising a child with ASD. The present study developed a scale to measure the Social and Professional Stress (SPS) experienced daily by these parents. The study sample consisted of 255 parents residing in Brazil aged between 21 and 61 years (mean = 38, SD = 6.0). Item Response Theory (IRT) was used to develop the SPS-Scale, which showed good psychometric properties. Our findings indicated a higher level of SPS among mothers who are primary caregivers and who have children with symptoms of ASD at medium or severe levels. The child's age and the interviewee's marital status also showed an association with the SPS experienced by the parents. Overall, the SPS-Scale proved to be a valid instrument to measure the SPS experienced daily by parents of children or adolescents diagnosed with ASD.

Leukocyte cytokine expression is associated with severity of autism in children

Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) is a complex neurodevelopmental disorder with unknown etiology, high clinical heterogeneity and marked aberrations of the immune system. Evidence for an association between immune dysfunction and behavioral traits highlights the need for a study of the immune cell functional activity in order to search for pathogenesis mechanisms and potential targets for therapy at ASD. The purpose: to determine the expression levels of IL-1β, IL-2, IL-4, IL-6, IL-10, IL-18, IFNγ and TNFα in peripheral blood leukocytes of children with mild and severe ASD. The study included 81 children with ASD (77.8% boys) and 45 children with typical neurodevelopment (TDC, 71.1% boys). According to the Childhood Autism Rating Scale, 51 children (63.0%) had mild autistic symptoms (CARS score 32.0±1,5) and 30 children had severe ASD symptoms (CARS score 39.0±3,4). Cytokines expression in leukocytes was determined by quantitative PCR with SYBRGreen. The data were transformed using Box–Cox transformation. The differences between groups were assessed by one-way ANOVA and Dunn’s test for multiple comparisons. In leukocytes of children with ASD, regardless of the severity, the expression of IL-1β, IL-18 and IL-2, was significantly reduced compared to TDC. Moreover, in children with mild ASD, low expression of TNFα, compared with TDC was found. In children with severe ASD, the expression of the main cytokine of Th1 – IFNγ, was significantly increased, without an increased expression of an important cytokine of Treg – IL-10. Activation of the Th1 adaptive immune response without compensation by cytokines of Treg, the number of which is reduced in ASD, can lead to increased inflammation, even in the central nervous system, and correlates with the severity of ASD clinical symptoms. Despite extensive immunological evidence suggesting immune system dysregulation, further research is required to clarify the relationship between immune system cell function and ASD pathology.

Application of Multimodal MRI in the Early Diagnosis of Autism Spectrum Disorders: A Review.

Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is a neurodevelopmental disorder in children. Early diagnosis and intervention can remodel the neural structure of the brain and improve quality of life but may be inaccurate if based solely on clinical symptoms and assessment scales. Therefore, we aimed to analyze multimodal magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) data from the existing literature and review the abnormal changes in brain structural-functional networks, perfusion, neuronal metabolism, and the glymphatic system in children with ASD, which could help in early diagnosis and precise intervention. Structural MRI revealed morphological differences, abnormal developmental trajectories, and network connectivity changes in the brain at different ages. Functional MRI revealed disruption of functional networks, abnormal perfusion, and neurovascular decoupling associated with core ASD symptoms. Proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy revealed abnormal changes in the neuronal metabolites during different periods. Decreased diffusion tensor imaging signals along the perivascular space index reflected impaired glymphatic system function in children with ASD. Differences in age, subtype, degree of brain damage, and remodeling in children with ASD led to heterogeneity in research results. Multimodal MRI is expected to further assist in early and accurate clinical diagnosis of ASD through deep learning combined with genomics and artificial intelligence.

The Effects of Risperidone on Cognition in People With Autism Spectrum Disorder: A Systematic Review.

Autism spectrum disorder is made up of several disorders, which include autism, Asperger syndrome, and pervasive developmental disorder. Boys are four times more likely to be diagnosed than girls with autism spectrum disorder, and symptoms usually become apparent by the age of three. Autism spectrum disorders' core characteristic features are abnormal interaction, impairment in communication, and stereotyped behaviors with restricted activities and interests. There are also non-core features associated with autism spectrum disorder, and these are aggression, self-injurious behavior, and tantrums. To date, there is no one drug approved to treat the core symptoms of autism spectrum disorder, but antipsychotic drugs such as risperidone have been shown to be effective at treating both core and non-core symptoms in controlled trials using multiple behavioral rating scales such as the Aberrant Behavioral Checklist subscale, the Clinical Global Impression Improvement Scale, the Ritvo-Freeman Real Life Scale, the Children's Yale-Brown Obsessive Compulsive Scale, the Vineland Adaptive Behavior Scale, and the Social Withdrawal Subscale. The safety, efficacy, acceptability, and tolerability of risperidone were assessed in these studies, and weight gain was a common side effect observed, but the outcome was usually mild and self-limiting. The effect of risperidone on cognition was explored in this article. The studies selected for this article were of small sample size and short duration, which presented limitations for treatment with risperidone and an area that needs to be explored further for its contribution to clinical practice.

Adaptive, behavioral, and cognitive outcomes in individuals with fragile X syndrome with varying autism severity.

This study aimed to determine the association between severity of autism spectrum disorder (ASD) and cognitive, behavioral, and molecular measures in individuals with fragile X syndrome (FXS). Study inclusion criteria included individuals with FXS and (1) age 6-40 years, (2) full-scale IQ < 84, and (3) language ≥3-word phrases. ASD symptom severity was determined by Autism Diagnostic Observation Schedule-2 (ADOS-2). Other measures identified non-verbal IQ, adaptive skills, and aberrant behaviors. Molecular measures included blood FMR1 and CYFIP1 mRNA levels, FMRP and MMP9 levels. Analysis of variance (ANOVA) and Spearman's correlations were used to compare ASD severity groups. Data from 54 individuals was included with no/mild (N= 7), moderate (N= 18), and severe (N= 29) ASD. Individuals with high ASD severity had lower adaptive behavior scores (47.48 ± 17.49) than the no/mild group (69.00 ± 20.45, p= 0.0366); they also had more challenging behaviors, lethargy, and stereotypic behaviors. CYFIP1 mRNA expression levels positively correlated with the ADOS-2 comparison score(r2 =0.33, p= 0.0349), with no significant correlations with other molecular markers. In conclusion, autism symptom severity is associated with more adverse cognitive and adaptive skills and specific behaviors in FXS, whereas CYFIP1 mRNA expression levels may be a potential biomarker for severity of ASD in FXS.

Emotional dysregulation as a part of the autism spectrum continuum: a literature review from late childhood to adulthood.

The concept of emotional dysregulation (ED) has recently gained interest in the scientific literature and is commonly defined as the inability to use the modulatory mechanisms involved in emotion regulation, resulting in a functioning meaningfully below the baseline. Even though the data available are still limited, an increasing number of studies have hypothesized a promoting role for some of the core features of autism spectrum disorder (ASD) in the development of ED, in particular being repetitive behaviors, social difficulties and alexythimia. In this framework, the purpose of this study was to review the literature that is currently available about presence and correlates of ED in young adults with autism spectrum conditions as well as to offer some insights about possible implications for illness trajectories. The data reported seems to point to a shared etiology between ED and repetitive/restricted ASD symptoms, with perseveration features serving as the foundation for the inability to control one's emotions. In this context, a neurodevelopmental basis for ED could be consistent with the transnosographic conceptualization of ASD, which hypothesizes a potential neurodevelopmental basis for several psychiatric disorders, whose autistic traits would be the phenotypical presentation.

Altered markers of mitochondrial function in adults with autism spectrum disorder.

Previous research suggests potential mitochondrial dysfunction and changes in fatty acid metabolism in a subgroup of individuals with autism spectrum disorder (ASD), indicated by higher lactate, pyruvate levels, and mitochondrial disorder prevalence. This study aimed to further investigate potential mitochondrial dysfunction in ASD by assessing blood metabolite levels linked to mitochondrial metabolism. Blood levels of creatine kinase (CK), alanine aminotransferase (ALT), aspartate aminotransferase (AST), lactate, pyruvate, free and total carnitine, as well as acylcarnitines were obtained in 73 adults with ASD (47 males, 26 females) and compared with those of 71 neurotypical controls (NTC) (44 males, 27 females). Correlations between blood parameters and psychometric ASD symptom scores were also explored. Lower CK (pcorr = 0.045) levels were found exclusively in males with ASD compared to NTC, with no such variation in females. ALT and AST levels did not differ significantly between both groups. After correction for antipsychotic and antidepressant medication, CK remained significant. ASD participants had lower serum lactate levels (pcorr = 0.036) compared to NTC, but pyruvate and carnitine concentrations showed no significant difference. ASD subjects had significantly increased levels of certain acylcarnitines, with a decrease in tetradecadienoyl-carnitine (C14:2), and certain acylcarnitines correlated significantly with autistic symptom scores. We found reduced serum lactate levels in ASD, in contrast to previous studies suggesting elevated lactate or pyruvate. This difference may reflect the focus of our study on high-functioning adults with ASD, who are likely to have fewer secondary genetic conditions associated with mitochondrial dysfunction. Our findings of significantly altered acylcarnitine levels in ASD support the hypothesis of altered fatty acid metabolism in a subset of ASD patients.

The Relationship Between Sensory Processing Pattern and Social Participation in 6-12-year-old Children With Autism: A Cross-sectional Study

Background and Objectives: Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is one of the most common neurodevelopmental disorders in children and causes defects in social functions, behaviors, and limited and repetitive interests.One of the symptoms of ASD is a disturbance in sensory function, which can disturb the social participation of affected people. Therefore, the present study was done to determine the relationship between the sensory processing pattern and social participation in children with autism aged 6 to 12 years. Methods: This applied research was carried out in 2022 using a cross-sectional descriptive and analytical method. The research population included 6-12-year-old children with ASD in Tehran. A total of 54 children participated in this study, of whom 49 cases were included in the study after meeting the inclusion criteria. Data collection tools included the Gilliam autism rating scale-3, the children participation assessment scale-parent version (CPAS-P), and sensory profile-2. Finally, the data were analyzed by descriptive and analytical statistics using SPSS software, version 26. Results: The overall score of autism in the studied children was 76.22±33.82. Among the variables of sensory processing, the highest mean score was related to low registration (51.17±18.55) and the lowest was related to sensation seeking (40.16±93.92). No significant relationship was observed between most variables of sensory processing patterns and social participation in CPAS-P. However, there was an inverse and significant statistical relationship between social participation and sensory-seeking pattern. Conclusion: The results showed that sensory seeking is related to social participation in children with autism. There is an inverse and significant statistical relationship between social participation and sensory search pattern and no relation with the others. Therefore, more severe sensory problems in these children are associated with more prominent social problems.

Abnormal individualized peak functional connectivity toward potential repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation treatment of autism spectrum disorder.

Functional connectivity (FC) derived from resting-state functional magnetic resonance imaging has been widely applied to guide precise repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS). The left, right, and bilateral dorsolateral prefrontal cortices (DLPFC) have been used as rTMS treatment target regions for autism spectrum disorder (ASD), albeit with moderate efficacy. Thus, we aimed to develop an individualized localization method for rTMS treatment of ASD. We included 266 male ASDs and 297 male typically-developed controls (TDCs) from the Autism Brain Imaging Data Exchange Dataset. The nucleus accumbens (NAc) was regarded as a promising effective region, which was used as a seed and individualized peak FC strength in the DLPFC was compared between ASD and TDC. Correlation analysis was conducted between individualized peak FC strength and symptoms in ASD. We also investigated the spatial distribution of individualized peak FC locations in the DLPFC and conducted voxel-wise analysis to compare NAc-based FC between the two groups. ASD showed stronger peak FC in the right DLPFC related to TDC (Cohen's d = -.19, 95% CI: -0.36 to -0.03, t = -2.30, p = .02). Moreover, negative correlation was found between the peak FC strength in the right DLPFC and Autism Diagnostic Observation Schedule (ADOS) scores, which assessed both the social communication and interaction (r = -.147, p = .04, uncorrected significant), and stereotyped behaviors and restricted interests (r = -.198, p = .02, corrected significant). Peak FC locations varied substantially across participants. No significant differences in NAc-based FC in the DLPFC were found in the voxel-wise comparison. Our study supports the use of individualized peak FC-guided precise rTMS treatment of male ASD. Moreover, stimulating the right DLPFC might alleviate core symptoms of ASD.

Association of adverse childhood experiences and cortical neurite density alterations with posttraumatic stress disorder symptoms in autism spectrum disorder.

Posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) can be a source of significant social and daily distress in autism spectrum disorder (ASD). Compared to typically developed (TD) individuals, people with ASD are at an increased risk of adverse childhood experiences (ACEs), which can result in abnormal neuronal development. However, whether or how ACEs influence abnormal neural development and PTSD symptoms in ASD has not been fully elucidated. Thirty-nine TD individuals and 41 individuals with ASD underwent T1-weighted magnetic resonance imaging and neurite orientation dispersion and density imaging (NODDI), with axonal and dendritic densities assessed in terms of the orientation dispersion index and neurite density index (NDI), respectively. Voxel-based analyses were performed to explore the brain regions associated with PTSD symptoms, and the relationships between the severity of ACEs and PTSD symptoms and NODDI parameters in the extracted brain regions were examined. There was a significant positive association between PTSD symptom severity and NDI in the bilateral supplementary motor area; right superior frontal, left supramarginal, and right superior temporal gyrus; and right precuneus in the ASD group, but not in the TD group. ACE severity was significantly associated with NDI in the right superior frontal and left supramarginal gyrus and right precuneus in the ASD group. Moreover, NDI in the right precuneus mainly predicted the severity of PTSD symptoms in the ASD group, but not the TD group. These results suggest that ACE-associated higher neurite density is of clinical importance in the pathophysiology of PTSD symptoms in ASD.

Towards the convergent therapeutic potential of GPCRs in autism spectrum disorders.

Autism spectrum disorders (ASD) are diagnosed in 1/100 children worldwide, based on two core symptoms, deficits in social interaction and communication and stereotyped behaviours. G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) are the largest family of cell-surface receptors that transduce extracellular signals to convergent intracellular signalling and downstream cellular responses that are commonly dysregulated in ASD. Despite hundreds of GPCRs being expressed in the brain, only 23 are genetically associated with ASD according to the Simons Foundation Autism Research Initiative (SFARI) gene database: oxytocin OTR, vasopressin V1A , V1B , metabotropic glutamate mGlu5 , mGlu7 , GABAB2 , dopamine D1 , D2 , D3 , serotoninergic 5-HT1B , β2 -adrenoceptor, cholinergic M3 , adenosine A2A , A3 , angiotensin AT2 , cannabinoid CB1 , chemokine CX3 CR1, orphan GPR37, GPR85 and olfactory OR1C1, OR2M4, OR2T10, OR52M1. Here, we review the therapeutic potential of these 23 GPCRs, 5-HT2A and 5-HT7 for ASD. For each GPCR, we discuss its genetic association, genetic and pharmacological manipulation in animal models, pharmacopeia for core symptoms of ASD and rank them based on these factors. Among these GPCRs, we highlight that D2 , 5-HT2A , CB1 , OTR and V1A are the most promising targets for ASD. We discuss that the dysregulation of GPCRs and their signalling is a convergent pathological mechanism of ASD. Their therapeutic potential has only begun as multiple GPCRs could mitigate ASD.

Reasons, duties, commitments, and love bonds: The lived experiences of grandparents caring for children with autism spectrum disorder

Background: One of the significant changes in childrearing over the past 20 years was the increasing number of grandparents raising their grandchildren. Being a primary caregiver to help nurture grandchildren is considered a principal occupation for many older adults. Grandparents frequently play a significant role in helping their families care for grandchildren diagnosed with autism spectrum disorder. However, little was known about the grandparents of these children in Thailand. Objectives: This phenomenological qualitative research aimed to examine the forms and meanings of grandparenting for grandchildren with autism spectrum disorder aged 2-6 years. Materials and methods: Semi-structured interviews were conducted. Seven participants who were grandmothers of children with autism spectrum disorder participated in this study. Data were transcribed verbatim, and the transcripts were coded and analyzed using a content analysis method. Data were interpreted using occupational therapy and occupational science notions to address the research questions and discussion. Results: Three main themes were developed. The first theme was reasons for deciding to become a primary caregiver. Because of the participants’ involvement in caring for grandchildren, the families could face this difficult task together, and grandchildren would be effectively raised by grandmothers, receiving the appropriate care. The second theme revealed three forms of grandparenting occupations, which involved time allocation to fit daily demands, adjusting childrearing methods to promote the development of a grandchild, and dealing with grandchildren’s behaviors caused by autism spectrum disorder symptoms. The last theme was the meanings of grandparenthood. Participants addressed what it meant to be grandparents raising grandchildren diagnosed with ASD through their duties and commitments, and love bonds. Conclusion: With a better understanding of how grandparenting occupations were managed and orchestrated to meet the needs of families and grandchildren with ASD, we could see the adaptation process in childrearing methods. Moreover, the findings suggested that engagement in grandparenting occupations was meaningful for the participants in this study.

Effect of Vitamin A Supplementation on the Severity of Symptoms of Autism Spectrum Disorder: A Single Center Study

Effect of Vitamin A Supplementation on the Severity of Symptoms of Autism Spectrum Disorder: A Single Center Study

Relationship Between Gastrointestinal Symptoms in Autism Spectrum Disorder and Parent Stress, Anxiety, Depression, Quality of Life and Social Support.

Gastrointestinal (GI) symptoms are a common comorbidity in children and adolescents with autism spectrum disorder (ASD). Little is known about the impact that GI symptoms have on parental well-being. Parents of 409 children and adolescents with ASD completed the GI Symptoms Inventory, Parenting Stress Index-Short Form, World Health Organization Quality of Life Abbreviated Version, Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale, and the Multidimensional Scale of Perceived Social Support. High levels of stress were demonstrated by parents with 40.1% receiving clinically significant scores. A relationship was found between parental stress and GI symptoms. Parental anxiety and depression were found at high levels but were not more common in parents of individuals with GI symptoms than those without. Lower levels of quality of life were found in parents of individuals with GI symptoms compared to parents of individuals without GI symptoms. Parents of children with GI symptoms were less satisfied with their personal and social relationships with others. Parents of children with GI symptoms had lower scores on a measure of perceived social support than parents of children and adolescents without GI symptoms. GI symptoms are stressful for parents and future research is needed to determine how to alleviate this stress and to improve the quality of life of parents of individuals with ASD.

Minocycline improves autism-related behaviors by modulating microglia polarization in a mouse model of autism.

Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is a heterogeneous neurodevelopmental disorder with few pharmacological treatments. Minocycline, a tetracycline derivative that inhibits microglial activation, has been well-identified with anti-inflammatory properties and neuroprotective effects. A growing body of research suggests that ASD is associated with neuroinflammation, abnormal neurotransmitter levels, and neurogenesis. Thus, we hypothesized that minocycline could improve autism-related behaviors by inhibiting microglia activation and altering neuroinflammation. To verify our hypothesis, we used a mouse model of autism, BTBR T+Itpr3tf/J (BTBR). As expected, minocycline administration rescued the sociability and repetitive, stereotyped behaviors of BTBR mice while having no effect in C57BL/6J mice. We also found that minocycline improved neurogenesis and inhibited microglia activation in the hippocampus of BTBR mice. In addition, minocycline treatment inhibited Erk1/2 phosphorylation in the hippocampus of BTBR mice. Our findings show that minocycline administration alleviates ASD-like behaviors in BTBR mice and improves neurogenesis, suggesting that minocycline supplementation might be a potential strategy for improving ASD symptoms.

DETECTION OF AUTISM SPECTRUM DISORDER USING DEEP LEARNING

Social interaction, conduct, and cognitive ability are all impacted by the neuro developmental illness known as autism spectrum disorder (ASD). Even though ASD diagnosis can be difficult and time-consuming, early detection and intervention can improve long-term results. Early childhood is when autism spectrum disorder first manifests, and it eventually leads to issues with social, academic, and occupational functioning in society. Within the first year, autism signs are frequently visible in children. Some infants display autistic spectrum disorder symptoms as early as infancy, including decreased eye contact, a lack of responsiveness to their name, or a lack of interest in carers. To identify the presence of disorder at an early stage, use a deep learning system like LSTM. Self-Stimulatory Behaviours Dataset (SSBD) was used to collect the datasets, and video dataset was used to construct the system. The feature extraction algorithm is the Blaze Pose algorithm. The model file has been constructed, and the datasets will be trained using the deep learning technique. When a disease prediction input image is provided, the severity of the disease is determined as a result. Using the children's activity, the proposed system offers an effective way to more effectively anticipate the presence of autism spectrum disorder Key Words: Autism Spectrum Disorder, Long-Short Term Memory, Blaze Pose, Batch Normalization, ReLu, Softmax

Evidence or no evidence for essential fatty acids in the treatment of autism spectrum disorders?

Autism spectrum disorders (ASDs) are a group of neurodevelopmental disorders that affect social communication, behavior, and sensory processing, in which PUFAs are considered important. This mini-review article aims to investigate the current evidence regarding the use of essential fatty acids (EFAs) in the treatment of autism spectrum disorders (ASDs). The study examines various research studies, related to EFAs, their benefits, and their role in ASD treatment. The article focuses on exploring the potential mechanisms underlying the effects of EFAs on ASDs, including their anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, and neuroprotective properties. Furthermore, the study discusses limitations and challenges associated with the use of EFAs in ASD treatment, including variability in dosage and duration of treatment. The results of this review indicate that while some studies suggest a positive effect of EFAs on ASD symptoms, there is currently insufficient evidence to support their routine use as a stand-alone treatment for ASD. The need for further research to better understand the potential benefits and limitations of EFAs in ASD treatment is highlighted.