Abuse Symptoms Research Articles

Willingness to Intervene in Child Abuse and Neglect: An Exploratory Study

The serious negative impacts of child abuse and neglect require greater focus on understanding the factors that influence adults' willingness to intervene when they observe instances of possible abuse and neglect. This study tests whether certain reporter characteristics and experiences, such as individual and family maltreatment history/experiences and perceived knowledge of child abuse indicators, correlate with, and mediate in, the decision to intervene. Demographics and willingness to report data were collected from adults (n = 306) attending a child abuse prevention training programme in a metropolitan city. The findings indicate that perceived knowledge of child abuse indicators plays a mediation role in willingness to take action to respond to child abuse and neglect. Practice and future research implications of these findings are discussed.‘This study tests whether certain reporter characteristics and experiences… correlate with, and mediate in, the decision to intervene’Key Practitioner Messages A maltreatment history was associated with willingness to intervene, and that effect was mediated by perceived knowledge of symptoms of abuse and neglect. Child abuse prevention education programmes should consider including a component in the curriculum in which personal and family maltreatment history can move to the forefront and influence decisions to intervene in instances of suspected abuse and neglect.

Psychosocial Profiles of Patients Admitted to Psychiatric Emergency Services: Results from the Signature Biobank Project.

Objectives:Patients admitted to psychiatric emergency services (PES) are highly heterogenous. New tools based on a transdiagnosis approach could help attending psychiatrists in their evaluation process and treatment planning. The goals of this study were to: (1) identify profiles of symptoms based on self-reported, dimensional outcomes in psychiatric patients upon their admission to PES, (2) link these profiles to developmental variables, that is, history of childhood abuse (CA) and trajectories of externalizing behaviours (EB), and (3) test whether this link between developmental variables and profiles was moderated by sex.Methods:In total, 402 patients were randomly selected from the Signature Biobank, a database of measures collected from patients admitted to the emergency of a psychiatric hospital. A comparison group of 92 healthy participants was also recruited from the community. Symptoms of anxiety, depression, alcohol and drug abuse, impulsivity, and psychosis as well as CA and EB were assessed using self-reported questionnaires. Symptom profiles were identified using cluster analysis. Prediction of profile membership by sex, CA, and EB was tested using structural equation modelling.Results:Among patients, four profiles were identified: (1) low level of symptoms on all outcomes, (2) high psychotic symptoms, (3) high anxio-depressive symptoms, and (4) elevated substance abuse and high levels of symptoms on all scales. An indirect effect of CA was found through EB trajectories: patients who experienced the most severe form of CA were more likely to develop chronic EB from childhood to adulthood, which in turn predicted membership to the most severe psychopathology profile. This indirect effect was not moderated by sex.Conclusion:Our results suggest that a transdiagnostic approach allows to highlight distinct clinical portraits of patients admitted to PES. Importantly, developmental factors were predictive of specific profiles. Such transdiagnostic approach is a first step towards precision medicine, which could lead to develop targeted interventions.

Associations between Suicidal Thoughts and Behaviors and Genetic Liability for Cognitive Performance, Depression, and Risk-Taking in a High-Risk Sample

Background: Suicidal thoughts and behaviors (STBs) and nonsuicidal self-injury (NSSI) behaviors are moderately heritable and may reflect an underlying predisposition to depression, impulsivity, and cognitive vulnerabilities to varying degrees. Objectives: We aimed to estimate the degrees of association between genetic liability to depression, impulsivity, and cognitive performance and STBs and NSSI in a high-risk sample. Methods: We used data on 7,482 individuals of European ancestry and 3,359 individuals of African ancestry from the Collaborative Study on the Genetics of Alcoholism to examine the links between polygenic scores (PGSs) for depression, impulsivity/risk-taking, and cognitive performance with 3 self-reported indices of STBs (suicidal ideation, persistent suicidal ideation defined as ideation occurring on at least 7 consecutive days, and suicide attempt) and with NSSI. Results: The PGS for depression was significantly associated with all 4 primary self-harm measures, explaining 0.6–2.5% of the variance. The PGS for risk-taking behaviors was also associated with all 4 self-harm behaviors in baseline models, but was no longer associated after controlling for a lifetime measure of DSM-IV alcohol dependence and abuse symptom counts. Polygenic predisposition for cognitive performance was negatively associated with suicide attempts (q = 3.8e−4) but was not significantly associated with suicidal ideation nor NSSI. We did not find any significant associations in the African ancestry subset, likely due to smaller sample sizes. Conclusions: Our results encourage the study of STB as transdiagnostic outcomes that show genetic overlap with a range of risk factors.

Sexual and physical abuse and depressive symptoms in the UK Biobank

BackgroundThe association between sexual and physical abuse and subsequent depression is well-established, but the associations with specific depressive symptoms and sex differences remain relatively understudied. We investigated the associations of sexual and physical abuse with depressive symptoms in men and women in a large population cohort.MethodsObservational study based on 151,396 UK Biobank participants. Exposures included self-reported experiences of childhood physical abuse and sexual abuse. Mid-life outcomes included current depressive symptoms score, individual depressive symptoms, and lifetime depression. We used logistic regression to test associations of childhood sexual/physical abuse with depressive outcomes.ResultsRecalled childhood sexual and physical abuse were both associated with current depressive symptoms score in adults. Results for individual symptoms-based analyses suggest that sexual and physical abuse are associated with all depressive symptoms, particularly suicidal behaviours. The associations between lifetime depression and sexual/physical abuse were not fully explained by current depressive symptoms score, indicating that these findings may not be fully attributable to recall bias. There was no indication of differential risk for specific depressive symptoms among men and women.ConclusionsSexual and physical abuse are robust risk factors for depression/depressive symptoms regardless of sex. Higher risk of suicidal behaviours associated with childhood sexual/physical abuse are of particular concern. Longitudinal research into sex-specific associations for individual depressive symptoms is required.

Experiences with tailoring treatment modules in online versus face-to-face CBT

Guided self-help interventions are effective in treating symptoms of various mental disorders, including depressive, anxiety, and posttraumatic stress disorders. Research also suggests that these interventions may be effective for refugee populations. However, proportion of drop-out and non-response are substantial, especially in this highly vulnerable group of patients. Tailoring treatments to the individual patient may be an important step towards improving patient-treatment fit and may help to increase success rates. While tailoring can be easily realized in face-to-face treatments, it becomes more complex in Internet-based treatments where treatment sequences are usually defined in advance. In this talk, we will present our theoretical considerations and decisions regarding the tailoring process in a randomized-controlled comparison of transdiagnostic CBT for refugee patients in an online versus face-to-face format. The trial will include N=320 Arabic speaking patients suffering from an emotional disorder. The transdiagnostic treatment includes modules for symptoms of depression, anxiety, substance abuse, post-traumatic stress, aggression, and suicidal ideation. Modules are tailored to the specific patient. We will discuss who or what should inform the tailoring decision (patient, therapist, questionnaire data, diagnostic interview) and when tailoring decisions should be made (prior and/or early and/or later in treatment). We will present options of how tailoring decisions can be standardized and be kept comparable in different treatment formats. We will present our first experiences with tailoring treatment modules to severely impaired and highly comorbid patients.DisclosureNo significant relationships.

The Image Of New Substance Users In The Interpersonal Communication Context

purpose of this study is to analyze the self-image of substance users as they first enter new environment (a community of drug-users) through the understanding of their self-concept as tendentious factor. Based on phenomenological perspective and employing qualitative method, the study aims to reveal the self-image of drug users in the context of interpersonal communication, and to understand their behavior from this point of view. data of 20 subjects was collected using the snowball sampling technique. majority of subjects in the study began taking drugs between 10 and 16 years of age, including one informant who began taking drugs in elementary school. research showed several distinct categories related to the way drug users describe their perception of illicit substances: as socializing tool, namely as an indicator of acceptance into group or gang, and as an indication of their appreciation of their friends; as happiness and relaxation tool; as a lifestyle [increasing self-confidence, signifying strength and bravery, and giving sense of participating in trend]; as a survival tool; as a form of escapism/camouflage; as something frightening [something deadly]. phenomenon shown among the case studies of the drug users in this research indicates that the positive attitude of first-time drug users shapes the way in which they see the community into which they are entering- community which contrastingly has tendency towards negative behavior. It is hoped that this research will provide greater understanding for society at large, and especially for individuals, families, and education professionals, enabling them to better recognize the early signs and symptoms of substance abuse- growing social concern for the people of Indonesia. How to Cite this Article Pubmed Style Nurlina Rahman, Deddy Mulyana, Susanne Dida, Yanti Setianti. Image Of New Substance Users In Interpersonal Communication Context. SRP. 2021; 12(3): 159-165. doi:10.31838/srp.2021.3.27 Web Style Nurlina Rahman, Deddy Mulyana, Susanne Dida, Yanti Setianti. Image Of New Substance Users In Interpersonal Communication Context. http://www.sysrevpharm.org/?mno=51624 [Access: March 30, 2021]. doi:10.31838/srp.2021.3.27 AMA (American Medical Association) Style Nurlina Rahman, Deddy Mulyana, Susanne Dida, Yanti Setianti. Image Of New Substance Users In Interpersonal Communication Context. SRP. 2021; 12(3): 159-165. doi:10.31838/srp.2021.3.27 Vancouver/ICMJE Style Nurlina Rahman, Deddy Mulyana, Susanne Dida, Yanti Setianti. Image Of New Substance Users In Interpersonal Communication Context. SRP. (2021), [cited March 30, 2021]; 12(3): 159-165. doi:10.31838/srp.2021.3.27 Harvard Style Nurlina Rahman, Deddy Mulyana, Susanne Dida, Yanti Setianti (2021) Image Of New Substance Users In Interpersonal Communication Context. SRP, 12 (3), 159-165. doi:10.31838/srp.2021.3.27 Turabian Style Nurlina Rahman, Deddy Mulyana, Susanne Dida, Yanti Setianti. 2021. Image Of New Substance Users In Interpersonal Communication Reviews in Pharmacy, 12 (3), 159-165. doi:10.31838/srp.2021.3.27 Chicago Style Nurlina Rahman, Deddy Mulyana, Susanne Dida, Yanti Setianti. The Image Of New Substance Users In Interpersonal Communication Context. Systematic Reviews in Pharmacy 12 (2021), 159-165. doi:10.31838/srp.2021.3.27 MLA (The Modern Language Association) Style Nurlina Rahman, Deddy Mulyana, Susanne Dida, Yanti Setianti. The Image Of New Substance Users In Interpersonal Communication Context. Systematic Reviews in Pharmacy 12.3 (2021), 159-165. Print. doi:10.31838/srp.2021.3.27 APA (American Psychological Association) Style Nurlina Rahman, Deddy Mulyana, Susanne Dida, Yanti Setianti (2021) Image Of New Substance Users In Interpersonal Communication Reviews in Pharmacy, 12 (3), 159-165. doi:10.31838/srp.2021.3.27

Examining the reciprocal relationships between parent functioning and child posttraumatic stress throughout trauma therapy

When a child is abused, parental support, emotional reactions, and stress are exacerbated by the child’s post-trauma symptoms and negatively impact the child’s responses to treatment. Given that these parental factors (PFs) are amenable to change, parental involvement in the treatment of the child’s abuse and trauma symptoms is critical for both victims’ and parents’ recovery. This study examined the reciprocal relationship between three PFs (parental support, parent emotional reaction, parenting stress) and child symptoms of posttraumatic stress (PTS) related to trauma. The parent-child relationship was explored by testing a hypothesized transactional relationship between PFs and child PTS with structural equation modeling. The sample consisted of 115 children and their non-offending caregivers who were referred for trauma therapy. Child PTS symptoms were assessed via child-report and parent-report and PFs were assessed via parent-report at pre-assessment, pre-therapy, post-therapy, and six-month follow-up. Parent emotional reaction, parent depression, and parenting competency were related to child PTS in a reciprocal fashion. Parent emotional reaction emerged as a key indicator of child PTS over the course of trauma therapy. This may be due to a ‘spill-over’ effect of parents’ emotions on their children. By assessing parents’ emotional reactions to their child’s trauma, clinicians can target parents’ emotional barriers and aid profound recovery for both parent and child.

The social organization of methamphetamine manufacturing: Roles, identities and persistence

PurposeWe discuss small batch methamphetamine (i.e., shake meth) cooking as a form of systematic offending using a social organization framework. MethodSemi-structured interviews with 33 people who cooked meth and who were living in faith-based transitional facilities in Alabama. This is coupled with data from an 18-month long ethnography of people who used methamphetamine in rural Alabama that consisted of semi-structured interviews with 52 people and observations and conversations. ResultsInternal and external social organization are dependent on the daily concerns of those who use meth, the social context of their lives, and production imperatives. Small batch meth production is a professional crime; it takes some skill, a network, and organizing capacity. It is influenced by the pharmacological properties and symptoms of meth abuse including being cut off from conventional attachments. ConclusionsA defined social organization provides people with roles, expectations, and aspirations. Positions have routines and meanings that embed participants in criminal or drug cultures and contribute to their persistence in crime.

Co‐development of alcohol use problems and antisocial peer affiliation from ages 11 to 34: selection, socialization and genetic and environmental influences

Social context is an important factor in determining the developmental trajectory of alcohol use. We examined the co-development between alcohol use problems and antisocial peer affiliation. We also estimated the genetic and environmental influences on alcohol use problems, antisocial peer affiliation and their co-development over time. Longitudinal study using bivariate latent basis models with structured residuals (LBM-SR). A biometric model was then fitted to estimate the genetic and environmental influences on the growth factors and their covariances. The United States mid-west region. Members of the Minnesota Twin Family Study (MTFS), an ongoing, longitudinal study of 3762 (52% female) twins (1881 pairs). Alcohol use problems were assessed using a composite measure of average number of drinks per occasion in the past 12months, maximum number of drinks in 24hours and DSM-III-R symptoms of alcohol abuse and dependence. Antisocial peer affiliation was measured by self-report of the proportion of one's friends who exhibited types of antisocial behaviors. The LBM-SR model revealed that there was a large correlation between the growth factors for alcohol use problems and antisocial peer affiliation [r=0.78, 95% confidence interval (CI)=0.76, 0.80] and cross-lagged effects consistent with both selection and socialization effects. Additionally, antisocial peer affiliation in adolescence was associated with greater increases in alcohol use problems over time (r=0.57, 95% CI=0.54, 0.60). Genetic influences largely accounted for the association between antisocial peer affiliation in pre-adolescence and growth in alcohol use problems, while shared environmental influences accounted for the correlation between antisocial peer affiliation and alcohol use problems growth factors. Antisocial peer affiliation in adolescence appears to be a salient, genetically influenced risk factor for early alcohol use and increase in alcohol use from adolescence to young adulthood.

Moral Injury as a Mediator of the Associations Between Sexual Harassment and Mental Health Symptoms and Substance Use Among Women Veterans.

Moral injury is an array of symptoms theorized to develop in response to morally injurious events, defined as events that challenge one's core moral beliefs and expectations about the self, others, and world. Recent measures of moral injury have distinguished self-directed moral injury (e.g., moral injury symptoms that emerge following the perpetration of morally injurious events) from other-directed moral injury, the symptoms of which are believed to stem from one's response to actions that others have committed (e.g., within-rank violence, failures of leadership, and acts of betrayal committed by trusted others or institutions). Using a convenience sample of 154 primarily former military women, the present study examined if other-directed moral injury symptoms (e.g., anger, betrayal, and mistrust) associated with military experience would mediate the association between military sexual harassment and mental health and substance abuse symptoms. Results demonstrated that 85.8% (n = 127) of the of this sample of women veterans reported experiencing sexual harassment during their military service. Using a single mediation model, we further demonstrated that other-directed moral injury mediated the association between sexual harassment experience and mental health symptoms. Given the percentage of women veterans who reported sexual harassment, these results suggest that additional training for military members, and particularly, military leaders, is necessary to begin to reduce sexual harassment. In addition, mental health providers who work with current and former military members should consider how other-directed moral injury may be associated with mental health symptoms among women veterans who have experienced sexual harassment while in the military.

Holes in the wall: Examining gaps in knowledge in child and adolescent mental health in Tanzania - Scoping review.

To perform scoping review of the existing literature available specific to child and adolescent mental health in Tanzania. An extensive literature search of PubMed, Scopus, MEDLINE and EMBASE was undertaken to identify studies that focussed specifically on mental illness in children and young people in Tanzania. This included neurological and functional disorders, affective disorders, psychosis, epidemiological, intervention and treatment-based studies. Qualitative analysis of the studies was then undertaken to assess what is currently known about the subject and how reliable this information is and to identify areas for further research. Of 23 studies were included in the final synthesis, which could be broadly split into studies focussing on the prevalence and incidence of child and adolescent mental illness, hypothesised causes and correlations, identified treatments and interventions and qualitative studies of human experience. There is a dearth of published research regarding child and adolescent mental health in Tanzania. Although some high-quality studies allow us good insight into the epidemiology of mental illness, interventional studies are often small and low-power, and significant correlational relationships are yet to be drawn. There is significant scope for further child and adolescent mental health research in Tanzania.

Mental Health of Brazilians Heart Surgeons: Cross-Sectional Study.

Introduction:Over the past few years, we have seen some signs of change in mental health among cardiovascular surgeons. Suicide cases, troubled professional relationships, separations, and treatment of depression and anxiety are common occurrences in this group of surgeons. With this in mind, we decided to perform an analysis of the mental health of Brazilian cardiovascular surgeons.Methods:This is a cross-sectional qualitative study. Thirty-seven validated questionnaires (from the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, fifth edition) were collected at the 46th Congress of the Sociedade Brasileira de Cirurgia Cardiovascular, in April 2019. It was authorized by the Faculdade da Saúde e Ecologia Humana Ethics Committee (CAAE-09479519.7.0000.5101). The questionnaires were analyzed by a psychiatrist who grouped the individuals with signs suggestive of some mental disorder.Results:The questions that pointed out signs and symptoms of possible anxiety, depression, alcohol or drug abuse, and burnout were selected in the questionnaire. Seventeen individuals (45.95%) did not score for any disorder. Twenty individuals (54.05%) in our sample had one or more disorders, with 43.24% (16 individuals) showing signs or symptoms compatible with anxiety - the World Health Organization data for Brazil show a 9.3% incidence of anxiety in the general population. We found signs of depression in 21.62% of our sample (5.8% in the general population), of alcohol or drug abuse in 27.03% (19.4% in the general population), and of burnout in 40.54% (32% in the general population).Conclusion:Mental disorders are present in most cardiovascular surgeons studied.

A systematic review and meta-analysis of failure to take history as a barrier of reporting child abuse by dentists in private and state clinics

Since the symptoms of child abuse and neglect often manifest in the orofacial region, the dental team has a key role in identifying children subjected to abuse. This study was aimed to explore the prevalence of failure to take history as a barrier to reporting child abuse by dentist around the world. In this systematic review and meta-analysis, PubMed, Embase, Scopus, Google Scholar, ProQuest, Cochrane, and ISI databases were searched for the cross-sectional articles in English languages on barriers to reporting child abuse and lack of knowledge about referral procedures by dentists since 1985 using Medical Subject Headings (MeSH). The full-texts of all included articles were obtained and assessed for quality according to Newcastle-Ottawa Scale adapted for cross-sectional studies. The qualified articles were then studied thoroughly and results were extracted. Data were analyzed by Comprehensive Meta-Analysis software using meta-analysis and random effects model. Heterogeneity was determined by Q-test and I-square index. A total of 17 articles were included in the meta-analysis. The prevalence of lack of knowledge about referral procedures as a barrier was determined according to the meta-analysis of the number of relevant articles and was (55%, confidence interval: 0.48, 0.62). The analysis of various studies revealed lack of information about referral procedures as an important barrier to report child abuse by dentists.

Clinical Features of Children with Abusive Head Injury and Apparent Life-Threatening Events Upon Presentation to a Children’s Hospital

Background: The symptoms of child abuse and ALTE are similar. Diagnosing child abuse in those who present with an ALTE may be difficult since the symptoms are similar, and bruising is not always seen in those abused. Approximately only 50% of infants who have bruising are found to be abused. There is limited literature showing bruises to the face or blood in the nose or mouth are distinguishing features of those abused infants who initially present to the Emergency Department (ED) for ALTE. Objective: To determine if bruises or contusions to the face or body in infants occur more often in those who present to the ED as an ALTE but found to have Abusive Head Injury (AHI) versus those who present as ALTE and not found to have AHI. A secondary aim was to determine if blood in the mouth and/or nose was present in those with ALTE but found to have AHI. Methods: Retrospective case-control study of infants Results: There were 49 patients in the study: 20 AHI and 29 non-AHI. All infants in both groups had apnea as a presenting symptom. There were no differences in race or gender between groups. No patients in the non-AHI group had retinal hemorrhages. There was not a significant difference in CPR performed prior to arriving to the ED between groups. Intubation was performed with higher frequency in the AHI patients than non-AHI patients (62% vs 0%, p=0.002 by Fisher’s Exact Test). All nine patients requiring intubation were in the AHI group and had intracranial bleeds. Bruises were present with higher frequency in the abused than non-abused group (31% vs 0%, P=0.017 by Fisher’s Exact Test). All bruises were found on patients’ bodies and none on their faces. There were 2 patients with blood from the nose but those were in the non-AHI group and had received CPR. Conclusions: Infants with ALTE who have AHI are more likely to present with bruising to the body, retinal hemorrhages, and intracranial bleeds than infants who have AHI. Blood in the nose does not identify those with AHI. The performance of CPR does not differentiate between groups but the need for intubation was associated with AHI.

Do Victims of Abusive Head Trauma Visit Emergency Departments More Often Than Children Hospitalized for Fever? A Case-Control Study.

During the first years of life, infant crying is a common trigger of abusive head trauma (AHT). Emergency department (ED) use by AHT victims before visits for child abuse symptoms is not well known, particularly for infant crying. Furthermore, diagnosis could be missed. In the same period, fever is a common reason for hospitalization unconnected with AHT. The main goal of our study was to compare the ED use by AHT victims before visits for child abuse symptoms and by children of the same age hospitalized for fever. We conducted a retrospective case-control study from 2011 to June 2018 in a French hospital. We compared cases of AHT selected using the International Classification of Diseases and control subjects hospitalized in the general pediatric unit for fever without immunodeficiency matched in age. Univariate and multivariate analyses were performed. Among the 75 victims of AHT, 5 had at least 1 previous ED visit not linked with abuse. None had visited for infant crying. Among the control subjects, 34 had at least 1 previous ED visit, including 6 for infant crying. Among the 57 dyads of controls and cases living in the hospital's area, the controls had significantly more previous ED visits than the cases (P < 0.001). There were more male infants among the cases (72% vs. 55%, P = 0.033). Our study suggests that AHT victims had no more ED visits before visits for child abuse symptoms, particularly not for infant crying.

Trauma symptoms of sexual abuse reduce resilience in children to give ‘no’ replies to misleading questions

The aim of the study was to investigate whether the extent of sexual trauma symptoms was negatively associated with ‘no’ answers to misleading questions after negative feedback. The participants were 180 children aged between 7 and 17 years who were suspected victims of sexual abuse. All children completed the Gudjonsson Suggestibility Scale (GSS 2), a non-verbal IQ test, and The University of California at Los Angeles Child/Adolescent Reaction Index for post-traumatic stress (UCLA-PTSD-RI-5). The findings showed that trauma symptoms, and to a lesser extent impaired source memory recall, were significantly associated with children's inability to give ‘no’ answers after negative feedback. The more severe the trauma, the greater the vulnerability. No such findings were found for ‘don't know’ and ‘direct explanation’ answers. The type of abuser (Intrafamilial versus Extrafamilial) did not add incrementally to the variance in ‘no’ answers suggesting that the impact of type of offender in terms of family links has no independent effect on ‘no’ answers and its effects are mediated by other factors, mainly the severity of the trauma symptoms. A ‘cognitive-interpretative’ model of emotional processing best explains the current findings of a relationship between trauma symptoms and ‘no’ answers after negative feedback.

The risk of depression among racially diverse people living with HIV: the impact of HIV viral suppression

ABSTRACT Understanding the correlates of depression in HIV patients can help identify groups whose members are at increased risk for depression. We conducted a cross-sectional retrospective study among racially diverse, indigent patients living with HIV (PLWH) who were obtaining care in an urban safety-net hospital system and had completed a Patient Health Questionnaire-9 (PHQ-9) in 2014 or 2015. We collected demographics, HIV risk factors, HIV viral loads, CD4 counts, missed visits, and emergency department (ED) visits. Data from the Substance Abuse and Mental Illness Symptoms Screener (SAMISS) were abstracted. Missing data on substance use and CD4 cell counts were imputed to examine the odds of depression (PHQ-9 ≥ 10) by multivariable analysis for a complete case and sensitivity analysis. Stratified analysis by HIV viral suppression (VS) was used to determine the odds of depression among subgroups. Of the 5126 HIV patients (70.8% male,56.3% Black, 44.6% MSM, 6.0% IDU), 1271 (24.8%) experienced depression (PHQ ≥ 10). In a multivariable logistic model female gender, White race, injection drug use (IDU) or men who have sex with men (MSM) as an HIV risk factor, making ≥1 ED visit, having missed any HIV visit, having AIDS, and having a positive drug screen by SAMISS increased the odds for depression. Those who had achieved HIV VS or received efavirenz had lower odds of depression. Even among those with AIDS, those failing to achieve VS were at increased odds for depression, whereas those achieving VS were not. Moderate to severe depression is prevalent among PLWH. Among those with AIDS, HIV VS modifies the odds of depression.

Участие гормонов в процессах когнитивного и социально-эмоционального старения

Aging is associated with generally accepted changes in brain functions, including cognitive ones. In addition, age makes its own adjustments to the work of the endocrine system. In turn, a change in the hormonal background during the aging process imprints the work of brain cells, cognitive functions, and socio-emotional functioning. Investigated, the relationship between sex hormones, cortisol, oxytocin and cognitive and socio-emotional functioning. Sex hormones are involved in neurite growth, synaptogenesis, dendritic branching, myelination, and other important mechanisms of neural plasticity. Physiological and pathological conceptualized theories suggest how sex hormones potentially cause neuroplasticity changes through four neurochemical neurotransmitter systems: serotonin, dopamine, GABA and glutamate. Many brain regions express high density estrogen and progesterone receptors such as the amygdala, hypothalamus, and hippocampus. The hippocampus is of particular importance in the context of mediating structural plasticity in the adult brain, differences in behavior, neurochemical patterns and structure of the hippocampus with a changing hormonal environment have been investigated. There is a significant association between emotion dysregulation and symptoms of depression, anxiety, eating pathology, and substance abuse. Higher levels of emotion regulation are associated with a high level of social competence.

Parental supply of sips and whole drinks of alcohol to adolescents and associations with binge drinking and alcohol-related harms: A prospective cohort study

BackgroundParents frequently supply alcohol to their children, often only sips. We investigated whether supply of sips and whole drinks, from parents and other sources, are differentially associated with subsequent drinking outcomes. MethodsA cohort of 1910 adolescents (mean age 12.9yrs) were surveyed annually over seven years from 2010−11. We examined prospective, adjusted associations between the quantity of supply from parental and non-parental sources in the preceding 12 months and five outcomes in the subsequent year, over several consecutive years: binge drinking; alcohol-related harms; symptoms of alcohol abuse, dependence and alcohol use disorder (AUD). ResultsIn early waves, most parental supply comprised sips, while supply of whole drinks increased in later waves. Among those not receiving alcohol from other sources, parental supply of sips was associated with increased odds of binge drinking (OR: 1.85; 99.5 % CI: 1.17–2.91) and alcohol-related harms (OR: 1.70; 99.5 % CI: 1.20–2.42), but not with reporting symptoms of alcohol abuse, dependence or AUD, compared with no supply. Relative to no supply, supply of sips from other sources was associated with increased odds of binge drinking (OR: 2.04; 99.5 % CI: 1.14–3.67) only. Compared with supply of sips, supply of whole drinks by parents or others had higher odds of binge drinking, alcohol-related harms, symptoms of dependence and of AUD. Secondary analysis demonstrated that supply of larger quantities was associated with an increased risk of all outcomes. ConclusionParental provision of sips is associated with increased risks and the supply of greater quantities was associated with an increasing risk of adverse outcomes. Clinical Trial RegistrationClinicalTrials.gov (NCT02280551).

Impulsivity, Emotional Dysregulation and Executive Function Deficits Could Be Associated with Alcohol and Drug Abuse in Eating Disorders.

Background: Empirical data suggests a high comorbid occurrence of eating disorders (EDs) and substance use disorders (SUDs), as well as neurological and psychological shared characteristics. However, no prior study has identified the neuropsychological features of this subgroup. This study examines the prevalence of alcohol and/or drug abuse (A/DA) symptoms in ED patients. It also compares the clinical features and neuropsychological performance of ED patients with and without A/DA symptoms. Methods: 145 participants (74.5% females) with various forms of diagnosed EDs underwent a comprehensive clinical (TCI-R, SCL-90-R and EDI-2) and neuropsychological assessment (Stroop, WCST and IGT). Results: Approximately 19% of ED patients (across ED subtypes) had A/DA symptoms. Those with A/DA symptoms showed more impulsive behaviours and higher levels of interoceptive awareness (EDI-2), somatisation (SCL-90-R) and novelty seeking (TCI-R). This group also had a lower score in the Stroop-words measure, made more perseverative errors in the WCST and showed a weaker learning trajectory in the IGT. Conclusions: ED patients with A/DA symptoms display a specific phenotype characterised by greater impulsive personality, emotional dysregulation and problems with executive control. Patients with these temperamental traits may be at high risk of developing a SUD.