Symptoms In Postmenopausal Women Research Articles

Does Obesity Aggravate Climacteric Symptoms in Postmenopausal Women?

To determine if there is a correlation between body mass index (BMI) and climacteric symptoms in postmenopausal women. The study sample was composed of 109 postmenopausal women with a mean age of 57 ± 8 years, mean body mass index (BMI) of 30 ± 6 kg/m2, and 8 ± 8 years after menopause. For the assessment of the climacteric symptoms, the Blatt-Kupperman Index (BKI), the Menopause Rating Scale (MRS), and the Cervantes Scale (CS) were used. Data analysis was performed through the Chi-squared test, analysis of variance (ANOVA) with the Bonferroni post hoc test, and multiple linear regression. The level of significance adopted was of p < 0.05. The statistical analyses were performed using the Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (IBM SPSS Statistics for Windows, IBM Corp., Armonk, NY, United States) software, version 26.0. The multiple linear regression showed a positive association (p < 0.01) between BMI values and menopause symptoms when adjusted for age and time after menopause in the 3 questionnaires used (BKI: B = 0.432; CS: B = 304; and MRS: B = 302). Regarding symptom scores, the obese women had higher mean scores (p < 0.05) when compared to eutrophic women (BKI = 28 ± 10 and 20 ± 10; and MRS = 20 ± 10 and 13 ± 7, respectively). In the Chi-squared analysis, 28% of obese women had severe symptoms and 46% had moderate symptoms, while only 1% and 46% of eutrophic women had these same symptoms. There is an association between BMI and climacteric symptoms, and overweight or obese women have more intense and moderate symptoms than eutrophic women.

Eating attitudes, depressive symptoms, physical activity levels and menopausal symptoms of postmenopausal women diagnosed with coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19): a case-control study

ABSTRACT The purpose of this study is to compare the eatingt attitudes, depressive symptoms, physical activity levels, and menopausal symptoms of postmenopausal women who had been diagnosed with coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) and women without. This study utilized a case-control design and included 137 postmenopausal women, 70 women in the case group and 67 women in the control group. The case group was composed of all postmenopausal women who were registered in the COVID-19 polyclinic of a public hospital in Turkey, who had positive PCR results, and who had been diagnosed with COVID-19 at least one month before. Each woman in the case group was matched by age (±1 year) with controls who visited the Family Health Center for any reason and who did not have suspected or confirmed COVID-19 disease. Data were collected using the Socio-demographic Form, the Eating Attitudes Test, the Beck Depression Inventory, the International Physical Activity Questionnaire-Short Form, and the Menopause Rating Scale between the 27th of January and the 5th of March 2021. Statistical analyses included percentage distributions, arithmetic means, standard deviation, t-test in independent groups, chi-square, Cronbach’s alpha reliability analysis, binary logistic regression analysis, and analysis of covariance (ANCOVA). Results showed that women who had been diagnosed with COVID-19 had the risk of experiencing postmenopausal symptoms 1.36 times more than the women without (OR = 1.36 , %95 CI 1.084–1.48, p < .001). A statistically significant difference was found between women who had been diagnosed with COVID-19 and women without (F = 7.372, p < .05) in the ANCOVA model established to see the effect of depressive symptoms, physical activity levels, and eating attitudes on menopausal symptoms by eliminating the effects of smoking, age and menopause hormone therapy (MHT) use, and it explained 4.2% of the variance (Ƞ2 = .042). This study showed that postmenopausal women who had been diagnosed with COVID-19 experienced more menopausal symptoms. Health professionals are recommended to carefully evaluate the menopausal symptoms of postmenopausal women who had been diagnosed with COVID-19.

Long-term effects of a combination of isoflavones, agnus castus and magnolia extracts on climacteric symptoms and cardiometabolic risk profile in postmenopausal women

Objective To evaluate the long-term effects of a combination of isoflavones, agnus castus and magnolia extracts (combined isoflavone compound [CIC]) on climacteric symptoms and cardiometabolic risk in symptomatic postmenopausal women. Methods This interventional, prospective study evaluated climacteric symptoms, mood and sleep disorders using the 21-item Greene Climacteric Scale (GCS) and 7-item Insomnia Severity Index (ISI) questionnaires; and cardiovascular, metabolic and thrombotic risk markers at baseline (T0) and after 12 months of CIC treatment (T1). Results In healthy postmenopausal women (N = 71), 12-month CIC treatment significantly reduced patient-reported vasomotor symptoms (100% vs. 17%), mood disorders (67% vs. 25%) and sleep disorders (89% vs. 19%%) (all p < .001) compared with baseline; and significantly improved GCS psychological, somatic, and vasomotor domain scores and ISI sleep disturbance scores (all p < .05). CIC significantly reduced systolic (p = .022) and diastolic blood pressure (p < .001), and heart rate (p < .001); glucose concentrations (p = .018), HOMA index (p = .013), and ALT (p = .035), homocysteine (p = .005) and NT-proBNP (p = .003) levels. Conclusions Long-term CIC therapy improved vasomotor symptoms, mood disorders, sleep disorders, hemodynamic measurements and cardiometabolic risk markers in healthy postmenopausal women. ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier NCT03699150.

657. Do personality traits affect the perceived severity of menopausal symptoms in postmenopausal women?

Introduction and aims of the study: To investigate the association of personality traits with the severity of vasomotor symptoms (VMS) in a predominantly Greek population. Methods: A questionnaire-based study of women from the Menopause Clinic of a University Hospital in Athens, Greece. Sociodemographic parameters were documented through a structured interview. All women were asked to complete the Menopause Rating Scale (MRS) for the assessment of severity of menopausal symptoms, the Hot Flush Belief (HFB) for the assessment of how women were coping with their symptoms and the Big Five Inventory questionnaires for the assessment of personality traits.

Sleep apnea in postmenopausal women is associated with joint pain severity and fatigability: a cross-sectional study.

This study aimed to investigate the relationships between sleep apnea parameters and various symptoms in postmenopausal women who had treatment-resistant sleep disorders. The respiratory disturbance index (RDI), the number of times apnea-hypopnea occurred in an hour, and transcutaneous oxygen saturation (SpO2) were monitored during one night of sleep using a portable monitoring device in 51 postmenopausal women who did not have an improved subjective sleep quality with the use of hypnotics. Physical and psychological health statuses and subjective sleep disturbance were evaluated using validated questionnaires, including the Epworth Sleepiness Scale, the Cornell Medical Index, and the Questionnaire for Assessment of Climacteric Syndrome in Japanese Women. The associations between RDI, nadir SpO2 and various symptoms, as well as cardiovascular parameters, such as blood pressure, serum lipid profile, and glucose tolerance, were analyzed separately. Among the 51 study participants, seven (13.7%) were diagnosed with obstructive sleep apnea. After adjustment for age, body mass index, and the background factors related to RDI and nadir SpO2, the association remained significant between a higher RDI and joint pain (Questionnaire for Assessment of Climacteric Syndrome in Japanese Women) (standardized partial regression coefficient [β] = 0.423, P = 0.016), and between lower nadir SpO2 and fatigability (Cornell Medical Index) (β = -0.472, P = 0.007). Detailed examination of sleep-disordered breathing is warranted in women with severe joint pain and fatigability.

Update on hormone therapy for the management of postmenopausal women.

Hormone therapy (HT) has been used in postmenopausal women for decades in clinical practice. With further analysis and newer studies, the benefits and risks of HT have been repeatedly verified and discussed. HT is recommended for the treatment of vasomotor symptoms (VMS), genitourinary syndrome of menopause (GSM) and the prevention of osteoporosis. However, the precise association between HT and the risks of cardiovascular diseases, venous thromboembolism, neurodegenerative diseases, breast cancer, and endometrial cancer remains controversial. Therefore, determining how to take advantage of and control the risks of HT by adjusting the initiation time, regimen, and duration is crucial. Recent studies have indicated that HT is not related to the risk of all-cause, cardiovascular, or breast cancer mortality although it might increase the incidence of some chronic diseases. For symptomatic postmenopausal women under the age of 60 without contraindications, early initiation of HT is safe and probably has a mortality benefit over the long term. Initiating HT close to menopause at the lowest effective dose is more likely to have maximal benefits and the lowest risks. Transdermal and vaginal HT may have a lower risk, but recent evidence suggests additional clinical benefits of oral HT formulations in relieving VMS and preventing osteoporosis. The pooled cohort risk equation for atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease (ASCVD) and the free app named Menopro can be used to perform individual risk assessments. In addition, Chinese herbal medicines have benefits in alleviating hot flashes, depression, and menopausal symptoms, although further data are needed to strongly support their efficacy. Acupuncture and electroacupuncture have definite efficacy in the treatment of postmenopausal symptoms with few adverse effects, so they are a reasonable option as an alternative therapy for high-risk women. This review discusses the history of, guidelines on, and strategies for HT in order to make suggestions based on the most up-to-date evidence for the management of postmenopausal women.

Efficacy of Rubus coreanus Miq. and Astragalus membranaceus Bunge Extract for Postmenopausal Syndrome: A Randomised, Double-Blind, Placebo Comparative Clinical Trial.

Objectives The most effective way to improve menopausal symptoms is to supplement deficient oestrogen; however, long-term administration of synthetic oestrogen increases the risk for breast and uterine cancers. Here, we report results from a clinical trial of Rubus coreanus Miq. and Astragalus membranaceus Bunge as agents for improving the menopause syndrome. Methods This study was a single-centre, double-blinded, parallel-group, placebo-controlled study. The efficacy of an extract of R. coreanus Miq. and A. membranaceus Bunge was investigated. Participants were females with postmenopausal syndrome in the menopausal or menopausal transition period. The primary endpoint of validation was improvement in the Kupperman index (KI) score of women. The secondary end point was change in the Menopause Rating Scale (MRS) and lipid profile. The participants were randomly allocated at a 1 : 1 ratio into R. coreanus Miq. and A. membranaceus Bunge extract (RCAM) or placebo groups and were administered 2000 mg of the extract or placebo, respectively, daily for 12 weeks. Outcomes were measured at visits 2 (day 0) and 5 (week 12). Results The RCAM group demonstrated decreased KI score and MRS compared with the placebo group after 12 weeks. In the safety evaluation, laboratory tests and vital signs demonstrated no clinically significant changes in subjects, and there was no difference in adverse reactions between the groups. The R. coreanus Miq. and A. membranaceus Bunge extract was effective in reducing postmenopausal symptoms in women. Moreover, the extract was found to be safe. Conclusions For females with menopausal symptoms in the menopausal transitional and postmenopausal periods, ingestion of the R. coreanus Miq. and A. membranaceus Bunge extract for 12 weeks was effective, as demonstrated by a decrease in KI score and MRS relative to that in the placebo group, and significantly improved the menopausal symptoms.

CO2-Laser therapy and Genitourinary Syndrome of Menopause: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis

BackgroundGenitourinary syndrome of menopause (GSM) is a widespread condition with a great impact on quality of life and self-image. AimWe aimed to systematically review the current literature on CO2-Laser therapy efficacy for the treatment of GSM. MethodsMEDLINE and Embase databases were systematically queried in December 2020 Studies included women with a diagnosis of Vulvo-Vaginal Atrophy (VVA) or GSM without an history of gynaecological and/or breast cancer, pelvic organ prolapse staged higher than 2, pelvic radiotherapy or Sjogren's Syndrome. The quality of the evidence was assessed with the Cochrane risk of bias tool. This study is registered on PROSPERO, number CRD42021238121. OutcomesEffects of CO2-Laser therapy on GSM symptoms assessed through subjective or objective efficacy measurement methods. ResultsA total of 803 articles were identified. Of these, 25 studies were included in this review for a total of 1,152 patients. All studies showed a significant reduction in VVA and/or GSM symptoms (dryness, dyspareunia, itching, burning, dysuria). The pooled mean differences for the symptoms were: dryness -5.15 (95% CI:-5.72,-4.58; P < .001; I2:62%; n = 296), dyspareunia -5.27 (95% CI:-5.93,-4.62; P < .001; I2:68%; n = 296), itching -2.75 (95% CI:-4.0,-1.51; P < .001; I2:93%; n = 281), burning -2.66 (95% CI:-3.75, -1.57; P < .001; I2:86%; n = 296) and dysuria -2.14 (95% CI:-3.41,-0.87; P < .001; I2:95%; n = 281). FSFI, WHIS and VMV scores also improved significantly. The pooled mean differences for these scores were: FSFI 10.8 (95% CI:8.41,13.37; P < .001; I2:84%; n = 273), WHIS 8.29 (95% CI:6.16,10.42; P < .001; I2:95%; n = 262) and VMV 30.4 (95% CI:22.38,38.55; P < .001; I2:24%; n = 68). CO2-Laser application showed a beneficial safety profile and no major adverse events were reported. Clinical ImplicationsVaginal laser treatment resulted in both a statistically and clinically significant improvement in GSM symptoms. FSFI improved significantly in all 8 included studies but it reached a clinically relevant level only in 2 of them. Strengths & LimitationsThe strength of the current meta-analysis is the comprehensive literature search. We reported data from a high number of patients (1,152) and high number of laser applications (more than 3,800). The main limitations are related to the high heterogeneity of the included studies investigating laser effects. Moreover, most of them are single center and nonrandomized studies. ConclusionThe data suggest that CO2-Laser is a safe energy-based therapeutic option for the management of VVA and/or GSM symptoms in postmenopausal women; however, the quality of the body of evidence is “very low” or “low”.Filippini M, Porcari I, Ruffolo AF, et al., CO2-Laser therapy and Genitourinary Syndrome of Menopause: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. J Sex Med 2022;19:452–470.

Effects of Pueraria mirifica on vaginal artery vascularization in postmenopausal women with genitourinary syndrome of menopause

ObjectiveTo compare the effects of 6% Pueraria mirifica vaginal gel with those of placebo gel on vaginal blood flow, vaginal maturation index (VMI), vaginal health index (VHI), endometrial thickness and genitourinary symptoms in postmenopausal women. Study designIn a randomized, double-blinded, placebo-controlled study (TCTR20200624007), 72 postmenopausal women were randomized into the P. mirifica or the placebo gel group. Both groups were followed up at week 4 and week 12. Main outcome measureDoppler ultrasonography pulsatility index (PI) and resistance index (RI), VMI, VHI, endometrial thickness and genitourinary symptoms were evaluated at baseline, at week 4 and week 12 of treatment. ResultsSixty-three participants completed the study. After 4 and 12 weeks of treatment, PI and RI had significantly decreased in the P. mirifica group compared with the placebo group. At week 12, PI in the P. mirifica group and in the placebo group were 3.03 + 1.09 and 6.88 + 2.16, respectively (p = 0.002). Similar changes were also demonstrated in the resistance indices. The P. mirifica group demonstrated a markedly higher mean VMI at week 12 compared with the placebo group, 55.19 ± 18.53 and 20.29 ± 28.46 (p = 0.012). In addition, all parameters of VHI based on the vaginal physical findings at week 12 in the P. mirifica group were significantly higher than in the placebo group (p < 0.001). ConclusionIn this study, 6% P. mirifica vaginal gel for 12 weeks in postmenopausal women with GSM appeared to increase vaginal artery circulation and restore atrophic vaginal tissue. Clinical Trial Registration NumberTCTR20200624007.

Vaginal Vitamin E for Treatment of Genitourinary Syndrome of Menopause: A Systematic Review of Randomized Controlled Trials.

Genitourinary syndrome of menopause significantly affects the quality of life in postmenopausal women with few evidence-based alternatives to vaginal estrogen for women with contraindications. This systematic review evaluates the evidence for vaginal vitamin E efficacy in reducing patient-reported genitourinary symptoms in healthy postmenopausal women compared to placebo or vaginal control therapy. This systematic review evaluated randomized controlled trials before October 2020 that assessed the efficacy of vitamin E vaginal suppositories in reducing genitourinary symptoms in postmenopausal women compared with a control group of healthy postmenopausal women. Outcomes included patient-perceived genitourinary symptoms. Of the 31 studies, four met the inclusion criteria. One 8-week trial (n = 42) found a significant reduction in vaginal symptoms in the 1 mg vitamin E group than the placebo group (difference in means, 5.3; 95% confidence interval [CI], 4.4 to 6.2). Another 8-week trial (n = 40) found 5 mg vaginal hyaluronic acid superior to 1 mg vitamin E (difference in means -0.50, 95% CI, -0.95 to -0.05). Two 12-week trials (n = 52 in each) found no difference between 0.5 g vaginal estrogen and 100 IU vaginal vitamin E in healthy postmenopausal women (difference in means: -0.19, 95% CI, -4.4 to 4.0, and -3.47, 95% CI, -13.8 to 6.8). Evidence from small, limited studies suggests that vaginal vitamin E may be effective in alleviating symptoms of genitourinary syndrome of menopause; however, additional high-quality studies are needed to determine efficacy, ideal dosing, and long-term safety.

The effectiveness of behavioral activation on reducing vasomotor symptoms in postmenopausal women

Aim: The aim of this study was to the effectiveness of behavioral activation on reducing vasomotor symptoms in postmenopausal women. Method: The research was applied in terms of purpose and quasi-experimental research design with a control group and a follow-up period. The statistical population included all postmenopausal women referred to Ghaemshahr medical centers in 1400 and 40 of them were selected by available sampling method. And were randomly assigned to experimental and control groups First, both groups were pre-tested with the menopause symptom severity questionnaire of Pimenta et al (2006). Then, the experimental node received 8 sessions of 90 minutes of Canter, Bush and Rush (2009) behavioral activation therapy interventions and the control group did not receive any intervention. At the end of the course, post-test was taken from both groups and after two months to evaluate the stability of the effect, the groups were assessed, Data were analyzed using repeated measure variance. Results: The results showed that behavioral activation treatment was effective in reducing vasomotor symptoms in postmenopausal women (F = 33.03, P = 0.001) and the treatment effect was stable over time (P &lt; 0.05). Conclusion: Based on the results of the present study, it is suggested that behavioral activation therapy be used to reduce vasomotor symptoms in postmenopausal women.

Comparing the effects of face-to-face versus phone counseling based on cognitive-behavioral therapy for vasomotor symptoms in postmenopausal women: a randomized controlled trial.

Menopause is associated with complications that may affect quality of life, such as hot flashes, night sweats, and mood swings. This study aimed to compare the effects of phone versus face-to-face counseling based on cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT) for vasomotor symptoms in postmenopausal women. In this study, 40 eligible postmenopausal women were randomly assigned to face-to-face (n = 20) and phone counseling methods (n = 20). Six counseling sessions were held weekly for each person, and the women were requested to record their hot flashes (HF) and night sweats (NS) in a diary. HF and NS were measured at baseline, and 6 and 8 weeks after the completion of intervention. Data were analyzed using χ2, repeated measures ANCOVA, and independent t-test. Means of weekly hot flashes and night sweats decreased after intervention in both groups (face-to-face group: HF frequency from 31.92 ± 7.98 to 18.83 ± 7.35, HF severity from 2.24 ± 0.28 to 1.21 ± 0.23, HF duration from 4.22 ± 1.17 min to 2.79 ± 0.91 min, NS frequency from 2.34 ± 0.31 to 1.21 ± 0.24 and NS severity from 1.70 ± 0.34 to 1.03 ± 0.29; and also in the phone counseling group: HF frequency from 33.32 ± 7.77 to 19.53 ± 7.7, HF severity from 2.23 ± 0.24 to 1.20 ± 0.18, HF duration from 4.29 ± 1.23 min to 2.68 ± 0.95 min, NS frequency from 2.33 ± 0.31 to 1.14 ± 0.16 and NS severity from 1.59 ± 0.34 to 1.01 ± 0.30). Although the differences within each group were significant (p < 0.001), there was no significant difference between the groups after the intervention in terms of HF frequency, severity, and duration, as well as NS frequency and severity (p > 0.05). Face-to-face and phone counseling methods based on CBT had a similar effect on reducing hot flashes and night sweats. Both methods can be used for women with postmenopausal complications such as hot flashes and night sweats.

Effect of yoga on cardiac autonomic tone and lipid profile in perimenopausal women

Introduction: Cardiovascular diseases and cholesterol levels are increased postmenopausal/perimenopausal women. Cardiac autonomic tone as assessed with heart rate variability (HRV) is also altered in postmenopausal women. Yoga practice improves vasomotor symptoms in postmenopausal women. Whether yoga can improve HRV and cholesterol levels in perimenopausal women is not clear. Methods: Sixty perimenopausal women, not on any medication, were randomized into two groups; yoga (n=30, age 44±2.64 years) and control (n=30, age 46±5.09 years). The yoga group practiced meditation, pranayama, and few simple asanas for 40 min/day, 6 days/week for four weeks along with their daily routine activities. The control group practiced no additional exercises except their daily routine activities. Short-term HRV, lipid profile, and other biochemical parameters were assessed at the beginning and after four weeks and compared. Results: Both groups were comparable in terms of their age body mass index (BMI), blood pressure (BP), heart rate (HR), and respiratory rate at 0 week. The yoga group showed a decrease in BMI, HR, systolic BP, total cholesterol [167.81±32.69 vs 144.46±26.98 mg/dl, p=0.013], LDL-cholesterol [118.19±28.25 vs 94.33±23.55 mg/dl, 0.002]; and an increase in HDL-cholesterol (49.62±6.34 vs 56.37±8.19 mg/dl, p=0.004), markers of cardiac parasympathetic tone [SDNN {33.3(24.35-40.1) vs 43.2(34.4-50.1) ms, p=0.041}, rMSSD {25.2(21.95-33.05) vs 30.6(25.1-38.0) ms, p=0.034}, and high frequency power] after four weeks of yoga practice. Conclusion: Parasympathetic tone and HDL-cholesterol increased, whereas total and LDL-cholesterol, BMI, HR, and systolic BP decreased in perimenopausal women after four weeks of yoga practice. It is suggested that yoga can be a cardio-protective alternative therapeutic measure in perimenopausal women.

Role of hormone replacement therapy in relieving oral dryness symptoms in postmenopausal women: a case control study

BackgroundTo evaluate the efficacy of hormone replacement therapy in relieving oral symptoms in postmenopausal women presenting with genitourinary symptoms along with oral dryness.MethodsA case–control study was conducted after selecting 60 postmenopausal women. Oral dryness status of all the patients was evaluated with the help of questionnaire related to oral dryness. These subjects were divided into case group and control group on the basis of response to questionnaire of oral dryness. Unstimulated saliva samples were obtained and analyzed for estimation of salivary estradiol levels by enzyme linked immune sorbent assay technique. After analyzing the result of salivary estradiol levels, case group was subjected to hormone replacement therapy (HRT). The patients were followed up for their response towards oral dryness as well as salivary estradiol levels after the therapy.ResultsThe mean salivary estradiol level before HRT was significantly more among control group as compared to case group (p value < 0.001). Most of the patients complained of dry mouth (26 out of 30); reduced amount of saliva in the mouth (25 out of 30); dry mouth at night (28 out of 30); dry mouth during the day (25 out of 30) before HRT. These complains were significantly reduced after the therapy. The mean salivary estradiol in the case group levels increased significantly after HRT (p value < 0.001).ConclusionThe salivary estradiol levels were reduced in post menopausal women with the complain of xerostomia as compared to those without the complain of xerostomia. Further these levels can be recovered with the help of hormone replacement therapy.

Clinical Effects of Korean Red Ginseng in Postmenopausal Women With Hand Osteoarthritis: A Double-Blind, Randomized Controlled Trial

Background: Although many menopausal Asian women use herbal remedies for joint pain, there are no studies evaluating the efficacy of Korean red ginseng on osteoarthritis symptoms in postmenopausal women. The purpose of this study is to analyze antioxidant enzyme activity, oxidative stress markers, and pain scores before and after red ginseng consumption, to assess its effect in postmenopausal women. Methods. This prospective, double-blind, randomized controlled trial enrolled 52 postmenopausal women who presented with hand edema and/or pain and were diagnosed as degenerative arthritis of the hand. Patients were randomly assigned to the red ginseng (RG) group (supplemented with 3 g/d of RG for 12 weeks) or the placebo group. Changes in pain and Disability of the Arm, Shoulder, and Hand (DASH) scores, antioxidant enzyme, oxidative stress markers, serum estradiol levels, and endometrial thickness were analyzed. Results. The pain score and DASH score were significantly improved in the RG group (both p < 0.05). The improvement of pain score at rest, during work or sport, and DASH score was significant compared to that of the placebo group. The superoxide dismutase level increased (p < 0.05) and the malondialdehyde level decreased (p < 0.05) significantly in the RG group, while none of the antioxidative factors showed a significant change in the placebo group. Serum estradiol levels and endometrial thickness were not affected by RG supplementation. Conclusion. RG may be an effective dietary supplement for postmenopausal women with degenerative osteoarthritis of the hand. It may relieve pain and improve antioxidative activity without the risk of endometrial thickening.

Evaluation of quality of life and postmenopausal symptoms of postsmenopausal women – a prospective observational study

Background: Menopause is a phase of transformation from the reproductive to the non-reproductive period in a woman’s life. In the aging population it is nature’s defensive event against reproductive morbidity and mortality.“An individual’s insight of their position in conditions such as the value and culture systems in which they survive and in relation to their goals, expectations, standards and concerns” in life is defined as QOL. A negative effect on the common health and quality of life (QOL) as well as the contentment of middle-aged women may occur due to Menopause and associated biologicals.&#x0D; Objective: To evaluate the quality of life and postmenopausal symptoms in postmenopausal women.&#x0D; Methods: In this present study 100 patients were recruited and studied for their demographic details and their postmenopausal qualityof life related aspects. The obtained data was analysed using the SPSS software.&#x0D; Results: The mean menopausal age was found to be 45.6 years. The maximum and minimum menopausal ages were 37 and 60 respectively in this study. On analysis, MSQOL revealed that 89% women suffered sexual symptoms, followed by 78% women who suffered physical symptoms like decrease in physical strength and stamina, aches in back of neck and head, aching muscles and joints. Approximately half of the women experienced vasomotor and psychological symptoms. UQOL revealed lower or poor QOL of the postmenopausal women. The overall average scores for occupational, health, emotional, sexual and total QOL for 100 participants was found to be 11.37, 21.03, 17.84, 3.67 and 53.34 respectively

Effects of progesterone on vasomotor symptoms in postmenopausal women- an RPCDBT

Introduction: In 2012, a Canadian study found significant reductions of hot flushes with a daily dose of 300mg progesterone in healthy, non-obese women. The PROGEST-study was designed to validate these results and to fulfill FDA-criteria for this indication.

Validation of the German Day-to-Day Impact of Vaginal Aging (DIVA) questionnaire in peri- and postmenopausal women

Purpose: The Day-to-Day Impact of Vaginal Aging (DIVA) questionnaire is a validated patient-reported outcome measure (PROM) capturing the impacts of vaginal symptoms in postmenopausal women. We aimed to psychometrically validate the German version of the DIVA questionnaire.

Amenorrhea rates in women treated with novel oral, continuous hormonal therapy of body identical 17β-estradiol and micronized progesterone

Introduction: Bleeding and spotting is a major reason of discontinuation of hormonal therapy (HT) among postmenopausal women (PW) who expect amenorrhea during that period of their lifetime. New oral combination therapy of 1 mg 17β-estradiol and 100 mg micronized progesterone (1 mg E2/100 mg P4) in a single softgel capsule is the first HT of naturally occurring E2 and P4 identical to human endogenous ovarian hormones (body-identical). It is approved in the US, Canada, and several EU countries; indicated in EU for the treatment of estrogen deficiency symptoms in PW with an intact uterus.

Assessment of Risk Scoring Model for Prediction of Endometrial Cancer Among Symptomatic Postmenopausal Women (A Prospective Cohort Study)

Abstract Background Endometrial carcinoma is the most common gynecological malignancy in the developed countries and the third common gynecological malignancy in Egypt after breast and ovarian cancers. Aim of the Work to evaluate this risk scoring model on Egyptian patients and to study the effect of adding other patient characteristics (DM, BMI and relevant family history) on the sensitivity and specificity of RHEA scoring model. Patients and Methods The current study was conducted in Ain Shams University Maternity Hospital in the period between September 2017 and December 2018. A total of 100 women with postmenopausal bleeding and endometrial thickness &amp;gt; 4mm were included in the study. Results Histological examination revealed that benign pathology (n = 65) (73%) was found to be: most common cause was endometrial hyperplasia without atypia (20.3%) followed by chronic endometritis (13.5%), then endometrial polyp (11.3%), cystic atrophy of endometrium (8.9%), proliferative endometrium (8.9%), endometrial hyperplasia with atypia (6.7%) and lastly mucous polyp (3.4%) while malignant histopathology(n = 24)(27%) which is significantly higher than the international rates showed: Endometriod adenocarcinoma (n = 19)(21.3%), papillary serous carcinoma (n = 4)(4.5%) and undifferentiated carcinoma (n = 1)(1.1%). The current study showed that RHEA score performs in our study population with a comparable validity to that reported by its inventors with sensitivity 79.2% (57.8% - 92.9%) vs. 87.5% and specificity 84.6% (73.5% - 92.4%) vs. 80.1% respectively. In results of the current study it was found that the time since onset of menopause rather than age was associated with endometrial cancer with the optimum cut-off for postmenopausal duration was estimated to be 9 years achieving a sensitivity of 87.5% and a specificity of 60.0%, but it needs multivariate analysis on larger and more representative sample size to confirm this association, A statistically significant regression model was including only postmenopausal duration, recurrent bleeding and endometrial thickness. None of age, BMI, family history or hypertension proved a statistically significant predictive effect after adjustment for other predictive variables. Conclusion Taking in consideration the higher prevalence of endometrial carcinoma in the sample of the current study, the wide 95% confidence intervals for the different validity indices for the RHEA scores derived from this study, it seems that RHEA score performs in this study population with a comparable validity to that reported by its inventors.