Symptoms In Adolescents Research Articles

Gender and Lower Economic Status Moderate the Relation between Positive Youth Development and Mental Health.

Adolescent mental health problems account for almost half of overall health problems globally with a risk to mental health in adulthood. Since most mental health problems begin in adolescence, this developmental period should be a focus of strengths-based approach and prevention. The most researched positive youth development framework shown to be associated with youth mental health is The Five C model which distinguishes five indicators: competence, character, confidence, caring, and connection. The aim of the present study is to examine whether sociodemographic differences moderate the association of Five Cs positive youth development indicators and depression and anxiety symptoms in adolescence. The participants of the study were 3,438 students enrolled in the first year of secondary schools in Croatia who completed the Short Measure of the Five Cs, Depression Anxiety and Stress Scales and reported the perception of the socioeconomic status of their family. Gender and socioeconomic status main effects were shown for seven out of ten models with depression and anxiety as criterion variables. Results show that girls with lower levels of competence, confidence, and connection and lower socioeconomic status reported the highest depression and anxiety scores. These results imply that confidence, competence, and connection could be sensitive to equality and distribution of resources for youth. Reducing youth mental health problems should include social justice perspective and more available public services for families. Supportive environments are key for positive development; therefore, promotive and preventive efforts should target factors operating on societal level as well.

12559 Objective Versus Subjective Measures Of Reproductive Development And Psychological Well-Being In Peri-Menarcheal Adolescents: A Pilot Study

Abstract Disclosure: K.C. McCormick: None. M.E. Lujan: None. J. Chang: None. L. Ipp: None. A. Alladeen: None. H. Lamar: None. J. Mendle: None. H. Vanden Brink: None. Introduction: Risk of psychopathology emerges during the pubertal and peri-menarcheal years; however objective physiological measures of maturation often differ from adolescents’ own reports of their development. Understanding how psychological symptoms emerge in relation to both objective and subjective evaluations of reproductive development can provide critical insights into mental health risk and variability in psychological symptom severity during the pre-menarcheal and early post-menarcheal years. Methods: 52 females 9-15 years old (n=16 pre-menarcheal, n=36 <2 years post-menarche) underwent a non-fasting blood draw for reproductive hormones (estradiol, anti-mullerian hormone (AMH), luteinizing hormone (LH), follicle stimulating hormone (FSH)), anthropometry, detailed reproductive and menstrual history, and a series of surveys to evaluate depression (CES-DC), anxiety (MASC), perceptions of pubertal-related change (POPS), and transdiagnostic psychological processes (rumination, emotional clarity) which can contribute to, and are risk factors for, psychopathology. Whether psychological symptoms are associated with objective measures (menarche, gynecological age, reproductive hormone concentrations) versus subjective measures (self-reported tanner stage, severity of dysmenorrhea) were contrasted using t-tests and Pearson Correlation Coefficient analyses (JMP Pro (v17)). Results: The majority of participants (26/36 post-menarcheal and 11/16 pre-menarcheal) exceeded the standard cut-off of 15 for depressive symptoms, consistent with research on mental health symptomatology in this cohort of youth. POPS scores were higher (39±10.9) in post-menarcheal versus pre-menarcheal (31±12.6) adolescents indicating post-menarcheal adolescents reported more puberty-linked change in their lives (Pttest=0.04). Lower emotional clarity was associated with higher AMH concentrations (r= -0.27, p=0.0944). Depressive symptoms tended to be greater (27+14.8) in those with moderate dysmenorrhea versus mild/no dysmenorrhea (19±11.1, Pttest=0.08). Depression (r=0.30, p=0.032) and anxiety symptoms (r=0.32, p=0.027), and rumination (r=0.30, p=0.033) were associated with higher self-reported Tanner scores; POPS was trending (r=0.25, p=0.0776). Neither estradiol nor FSH were associated with any measures of psychological well-being. Conclusion: Both objective measures of reproductive development and adolescent self-reports may help providers assess individual vulnerability to internalizing psychopathology, such as depression and anxiety. Additionally, given population level increases in depressive symptoms in adolescents, researchers should avoid utilizing simple cutoffs for depression and anxiety, which lack specificity and overlook critical variability which can further elucidate mental and physical health dynamics. Presentation: 6/2/2024

Age-Dependent Relationship between Self-Esteem and Depressive Symptoms in Korean Adolescents: a Meta-Analysis of Longitudinal Studies.

Self-esteem is a powerful protective factor against depressive symptoms, with cognitive vulnerability theory suggesting that early self-esteem more strongly predicts later depressive symptoms than vice versa. While some meta-analyses have examined these relationships, limited knowledge exists on the prospective relationship between self-esteem and depressive symptoms, particularly how it changes with age. This study conducted a longitudinal meta-analysis of nine studies (20,733 participants) on the prospective relationship between self-esteem and depressive symptoms in Korean children and adolescents. Relationships were analyzed by integrating the effect sizes of 22 zero-order correlations and 17 partial correlations and examining age-related changes. The results indicated significant negative correlations in both zero-order and partial correlations. Age-related changes showed a reverse U-shape trend in partial correlations, with the strongest negative association during childhood, weakening until age 14, and then strengthening again. Moderator analysis revealed no significant effect size variation based on publication type or gender proportion, but more recent birth cohorts exhibited a stronger negative relationship in zero-order correlations. Significant differences were also found based on the measurement instrument of depressive symptoms. These findings highlight the importance of tailored interventions to enhance self-esteem and mitigate depressive symptoms, extending the cognitive vulnerability model within Korea's cultural context and providing insights into Korean youth mental health.

Anxiety in children and adolescents with autism spectrum disorder: behavioural phenotypes and environmental factors

BackgroundAnxiety is the most prevalent comorbidity among children and adolescents with autism spectrum disorder (ASD), yet little is known about the associated risk factors.MethodsIn a heterogenous cohort of children aged 5–18 years old (n = 262, 42% ASD), participants and their parents completed standardized questionnaires to assess anxiety, ASD symptom severity, inattention/hyperactivity, emotional problems, depressive symptoms, parental styles and stress, and demographic factors.ResultsAn artificial neural network analysis using a self-organizing map, a statistical technique used to cluster large datasets, revealed 3 distinct anxiety profiles: low (n = 114, 5% ASD), moderate (n = 70, 64% ASD) and high (n = 78, 96% ASD) anxiety. A recursive feature elimination analysis revealed that depression and peer problems contributed the most to differences between the anxiety profiles. Difficulties with peers in individuals with ASD who experience anxiety may be related to challenges with social competence and this may heighten depressive symptoms.ConclusionFindings highlight the importance of assessing depressive symptoms in children and adolescents with ASD who experience anxiety. Identifying anxiety profiles among children and adolescents with ASD may prove beneficial in clinical practice by facilitating the development of tailored interventions that aid in managing anxiety and depressive symptoms. Furthermore, strengthening social communication skills may improve peer relationships and could aid in managing depressive symptoms among children and adolescents with ASD who experience anxiety.

Joint associations of sports participation and smartphone screen time with anxiety among school adolescents

To investigate the joint association of sports participation and smartphone screen time (ST) with anxiety symptoms in school adolescents. This cross-sectional study included 142 Brazilian high school adolescents from a federal public school. Anxiety symptoms were assessed using the Screen for Child Anxiety Related Disorders, with a cutoff point of ≥ 30. Sports participation was measured using the Habitual Physical Activity Questionnaire for Adolescents, classifying participants as sports participation or non-sports participation. ST was measured using the digital well-being function of the smartphone, categorizing participants into low ST and high ST based on the median. Participants were distributed into four groups: sports participation + low ST, sports participation + high ST, non-sports participation + low ST, and non-sports participation + high ST (reference group). Analysis was performed using Poisson regression with robust variance to calculate prevalence ratio (PR) and 95% confidence intervals (CI) for anxiety among groups. The prevalence of anxiety was 41.5% (95% CI 33.6, 50.0). The sports participation + low ST group exhibited a lower prevalence of anxiety compared to the reference group (PR 0.52; 95% CI 0.28, 0.94; p = 0.031). The other groups showed no significant association with the reference group (p > 0.05). In conclusion, sports participation associated with low smartphone ST is related to a lower prevalence of anxiety symptoms in school adolescents. Keywords: Sports. Exercise. Sedentary time. Mental health. Adolescence.

Associations of black and sugar-sweetened coffee consumption with depressive symptoms: A longitudinal study of Chinese adolescents

BackgroundPrevious research revealed an association between coffee consumption and depressive symptoms. However, the results differed between studies in adults and adolescents. Additionally, limited research on coffee and depressive symptoms has distinguished between black and sugar-sweetened coffee. Furthermore, few studies have examined the potential sex differences in the abovementioned association. This longitudinal study aimed to explore the associations of black and sugar-sweetened coffee consumption with subsequent depressive symptoms in adolescents while also investigating sex disparities within these associations. MethodsIn this longitudinal study, 10,770 individuals completing standardized questionnaires at baseline and follow-up were included in the main analysis. The data were analyzed using generalized linear mixed-effects models, and subgroup analyses were grouped according to sex. ResultsAfter adjusting for covariates and baseline depressive symptoms status, adolescents who consumed black coffee daily (OR, 1.45; 95 % CI, 1.14–1.84) had a greater risk of experiencing depressive symptoms compared with those who did not consume it or consumed it monthly. Similarly, in comparison with none or monthly consumers, those who consumed sugar-sweetened coffee weekly (OR, 1.22; 95 % CI, 1.03–1.44) and daily (OR, 1.32; 95 % CI, 1.02–1.73) demonstrated an elevated risk of having depressive symptoms. Subgroup analyses showed that black and sugar-sweetened coffee consumption was associated with depressive symptoms only in males. LimitationsSelf-reported data on coffee consumption and depressive symptoms. ConclusionsAdolescents who consume black or sugar-sweetened coffee weekly or daily are at a higher risk of developing depressive symptoms, with this association appearing to be more pronounced in male adolescents. Future studies are needed to confirm these findings.

The mediating effect of social connectedness between internet gaming disorder and somatic symptoms in adolescents: a large sample cross−sectional study

BackgroundPrevious studies have indicated that social connectedness can serve as a protective buffer against negative outcomes associated with online victimization. However, the role of social connectedness between Internet gaming disorder and somatic symptoms is still unclear. This study aims to examine the mediating effect of social connectedness on the association between Internet gaming disorder and somatic symptoms.MethodsA cross-sectional design was utilized, using questionnaires for data collection and multi-stage stratified cluster sampling. The general demographic questionnaire, Nine-Item Internet Gaming Disorder Scale–Short Form, Social Connectedness Scale-Revised and Patient Health Questionnaire Physical Symptoms were used to collect data. We adopted Pearson’s correlation analysis and the PROCESS Macro Model in regression analysis to explore the relationships among Internet gaming disorder, social connectedness and somatic symptoms.ResultsInternet gaming disorder was positively correlated with somatic symptoms (r = 0.20, P < 0.001), while network (r=-0.08, P < 0.001) and real-life social connectedness (r=-0.31, P < 0.001) negatively affected somatic symptoms. The network social connectedness and the real-life social connectedness played a chain mediating role in the development of Internet gaming disorder to somatic symptoms [95%CI: 0.073, 0.088], explaining 45.25% of the total effect value. The difference of real-life social connectedness and network social connectedness played a partial mediating role between Internet gaming disorder and somatic symptoms [95% CI:0.050, 0.062], accounting for 31.28% of the total effect value.ConclusionsReal-life social connectedness, network social connectedness, and their disparity all mediated the relationship between Internet gaming disorder and somatic symptoms. Real-life social connectedness acted as a protective factor, while network social connectedness served as a risk factor. Encouraging offline activities and guiding teenagers to use the internet responsibly may help prevent and reduce physical symptoms linked to Internet gaming disorder.

The network analysis of anxiety, depression and academic burnout symptom relationships throughout early, middle, and late adolescence.

Previous research has explored the associations between anxiety, depression, and academic burnout primarily from a variable-level perspective. However, there is limited understanding of which symptoms might play a significant role in anxiety, depression, and academic burnout among adolescents at different stages. This study included 7,286 adolescents aged 10 to 18. Questionnaires assessed participants' anxiety, depression, and academic burnout. Network analysis was conducted on the overall sample and segmented by early, middle, and late adolescence to explore relationships between symptoms and variations in symptom expression across these stages, aiming to propose effective interventions targeting anxiety, depression, and academic burnout symptoms in early, middle, and late adolescence. The study found that "feeling that studying is meaningless" emerged as a core symptom in the overall sample. Additionally, "acting or speaking slowly" emerged as a core symptom in early adolescence, while "the thought of dying or hurting" and "feeling bad about yourself, letting your family down" were prominent in middle adolescence, and "easily annoyed or irritable" and "feeling tired" may be prioritized in late adolescence. The varying central symptoms across different adolescent stages suggest the need for targeted interventions. These findings underscore the importance of interventions tailored to specific symptoms to meet the unique needs of adolescents at different developmental stages.

Discrimination and manic symptoms in early adolescence: A prospective cohort study

PurposeThis study aims to investigate the prospective associations between four types of perceived discrimination (country of origin, race and ethnicity, sexual orientation, and weight) and the development of manic symptoms in a diverse, nationwide sample of adolescents aged 9–14 years in the U.S. MethodsWe analyzed prospective cohort data from the Adolescent Brain Cognitive Development Study (N = 7466; ages 9–14 years at Year 1 or 2 in 2017–2020; 49.1 % female; 42.1 % racial/ethnic minority). Multiple zero-inflated negative binomial analyses were conducted to examine the associations between Year 1 or 2 discrimination (by country of origin, race/ethnicity, sexual orientation, weight, sum score), and Year 3 manic symptoms (7 Up Mania scale), adjusting for covariates (age, sex, race/ethnicity, household income, parental education, sipping alcohol, puffing tobacco, anxiety symptoms, depressive symptoms, Year 1 manic symptoms, and study site). ResultsAfter adjusting for covariates, perceived discrimination based on country of origin (incidence rate ratio [IRR] = 1.46; 95 % confidence interval [CI] 1.15–1.86), sexual orientation (IRR = 1.36; 95 % CI 1.21–1.53), race/ethnicity (IRR = 1.28; 95 % CI 1.13–1.46), weight (IRR = 1.21 95 % CI 1.09–1.34), and sum scores (IRR = 1.18 5 % CI 1.12–1.24), were significantly associated with higher manic symptoms. ConclusionPerceived discrimination based on country of origin, race/ethnicity, sexual orientation, weight, and sum scores, are prospectively associated with greater manic symptoms in adolescents. These findings underscore the need for targeted interventions to address discrimination and associated psychological impacts. Efforts to reduce discrimination and to support affected adolescents are important components of comprehensive mental health care and public health strategies.

Assessment of anxiety symptoms in children and adolescents: Italian validation of the short version of the spence children's anxiety scale for parents.

The assessment of anxiety symptoms in children and adolescents requires a valid and reliable single instrument able to detect various anxiety symptoms early and systematically collect data from other informant such as parents. The present study aimed to test the one-factor structure of the SCAS-P-8 and to examine its psychometric properties and invariance across sex and age in an Italian sample of 769 parents of children and adolescents aged 3-18years (50.8% females). Confirmatory factor analysis confirmed the one-factor structure of the SCAS-P-8, which showed good reliability and invariance by sex and age. When examining mean differences by sex and age, results showed that female schoolchildren had higher anxiety scores than males and other age groups. A strong correlation with emotional problems demonstrated convergent validity, while discriminant validity resulted from the weak correlations with externalizing symptoms and relationship problems with peers. Overall, findings support the SCAS-P-8 as a valid brief instrument to assess anxiety symptoms in children and adolescents for clinical and research purposes and demonstrate its invariance across sex and age.

Federated learning-based prediction of depression among adolescents across multiple districts in China

Depression in adolescents is a serious mental health condition that can affect their emotional and social well-being. Detailed understanding of depression patterns and status of depressive symptoms in adolescents could help identify early intervention targets. Despite the growing use of artificial intelligence for diagnosis and prediction of mental health conditions, the traditional centralized machine learning methods require aggregating adolescents' data; this raises concerns about confidentiality and privacy, which hampers the clinical application of machine learning algorithms. In this study, we use federated learning to solve those problems. We included 583,405 middle and high school adolescents from 20 districts in Chengdu China, and collected from three aspects: individuals, families, and schools, containing 11 psychological phenomena to evaluate the status of depressive symptoms. We compared federated and local training frameworks; the results showed the area under the receiver operating characteristic curve for depression increased by up to 20 % (from 0.7544 with local training to 0.9064 with federated training). Moreover, based on the best-performing model, the XGBoost model, we explore the data heterogeneity in federated learning and found that stress, student burnout, and social connection were the three most important predictors of depression symptoms. We then assessed the impact of each subdimension of depression symptoms, results show that sleep was the most impact one which may provide clues to predict depression symptoms in early stage and improve control and prevention efforts.

Exposure to diesel-related particulate matter, cortisol stress responsivity, and depressive symptoms in adolescents

Exposure to air pollution is associated with higher risk for psychopathology; however, the mechanisms underlying this association are not clear. Dysfunction of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis in response to stress has been implicated in depression. Here, we estimated annual exposure to particulate matter (PM) from diesel emissions in 170 9- to 15-year-old adolescents (56 % female) using their residential addresses and data from nearby monitoring sites. We obtained salivary cortisol samples from participants while they completed a social stress task and calculated area under the curve with respect to ground (AUCg) and with respect to increase (AUCi) in order to assess cortisol responsivity during stress. Participants also reported on their depressive symptoms and sleep disturbances. Greater exposure to diesel PM was associated with lower cortisol output (AUCg) during stress, which was associated with higher depressive symptoms, particularly for adolescents with more sleep disturbances. Importantly, these effects were independent of household and neighborhood socioeconomic disadvantage and exposure to early adversity. Thus, HPA-axis dysfunction may be one mechanism through which environmental pollutants affect adolescents’ mental health.

Association of youth climate change worry with present and past mental health symptoms: a longitudinal population-based study

Young people are worried about climate change but the association with current and past mental health symptoms is rarely examined in longitudinal population-based samples. Drawing on a population-based birth cohort from the Canadian province of Quebec (n = 1325), this study used a cross-over design to (1) test the association between climate change worry at age 23-years and concurrent mental health symptoms assessed on standardised instruments, and (2) test the association between adolescent (15 and 17 years) symptoms of anxiety, depression, inattention-hyperactivity, and aggression-opposition and climate worry at age 23-years. Participant sex, cognitive ability, socioeconomic status, and parental mental health were adjusted for. Descriptive statistics showed that most participants were worried about climate change: 190 (14.3%) were extremely worried, 383 (28.9%) were very worried, 553 (41.7%) were somewhat worried, and 199 (15.0%) were not at all worried. In analysis 1, worry about climate change was associated with significantly higher concurrent anxiety, depression, and self-harm symptoms, even after adjustment for adolescent symptoms. In analysis 2, anxious adolescents were significantly more likely to be extremely worried about climate change six years later (RRR = 1.51, 95%CI = 1.10–2.07), while aggressive-oppositional adolescents were significantly less likely to be somewhat worried (RRR = 0.79, 95%CI = 0.63–0.0.99), very worried (RRR = 0.61, 95%CI = 0.48–0.78), or extremely worried (RRR = 0.51, 95%CI = 0.37–0.72). Taken together, participants who were worried about climate change had more concurrent mental health symptoms but were also more likely to have prior symptoms. Adolescents with higher anxiety were more likely to worry about climate change in early adulthood, while those with higher aggression-opposition were less likely to worry. Future studies should track climate worry longitudinally alongside symptoms using prospective follow-up studies.

Development and validation of the caregiver-report version of the international grief questionnaire (IGQ-CG): Results from a Ukrainian sample of parents.

The International Grief Questionnaire (IGQ) is a self-report measure of ICD-11 Prolonged Grief Disorder (PGD) in adults. This study sought to develop and validate a caregiver-report version of the IGQ for children and adolescents aged 7-17 years; the IGQ-Caregiver Version (IGQ-CG). 639 parents living in Ukraine provided data on themselves and one child in their household as part of the "The Mental Health of Parents and Children in Ukraine Study: 2023 Follow-up" study. The latent structure of the scale was tested using confirmatory factor analysis (CFA), while convergent validity was assessed through associations with other mental health correlates. Prevalence rates of probable ICD-11 PGD were estimated. CFA results supported a correlated two-factor model ('core' and 'associated' symptoms) and the internal reliability of the scale scores were acceptable. Convergent validity was supported through significant correlations with internalizing symptoms, while contact with the deceased, time since bereavement, and parental PGD were associated with higher scores on the IGQ-CG latent variables. The prevalence of probable ICD-11 PGD was 1.4%, and amongst those with a lifetime bereavement, the conditional rate was 3.2%. The IGQ-CG produces reliable and valid scores for ICD-11 PGD symptoms in children and adolescents as reported by their caregivers.

Longitudinal relationship between posttraumatic cognitions and internalising symptoms in children and adolescents

ABSTRACT Background: Little is known about the naturalistic course of posttraumatic cognitions (PTCs) after exposure to a potentially traumatic event (PTE) in children and adolescents. Moreover, previous studies on the longitudinal associations of PTCs with internalising symptoms yielded mixed results. Objective: To explore the naturalistic courses and longitudinal associations of dysfunctional PTCs and functional PTCs with posttraumatic stress symptoms (PTSS), depression, and anxiety. Method: A total of 115 children and adolescents, aged 7–15 years, were assessed within 1 month, 3 months, and 6 months after exposure to an acute accidental PTE. Repeated measures analyses of variance were conducted to capture the naturalistic courses of PTCs and internalising symptoms. Cross-lagged panel analyses were applied to explore the longitudinal relationship between dysfunctional and functional PTCs, along with their longitudinal associations with PTSS, depression, and anxiety. Results: Dysfunctional PTCs and internalising symptoms decreased, whereas functional PTCs increased over time. Dysfunctional and functional PTCs were moderately inversely related, but no significant cross-lagged paths emerged among them. Dysfunctional PTCs were moderately to strongly associated with internalising symptoms, while functional PTCs were weakly to moderately inversely associated with internalising symptoms. Initial PTSS predicted later dysfunctional PTCs (β = .31, p < .05), but not vice versa. Conclusions: Dysfunctional PTCs, functional PTCs, and internalising symptoms were entangled over time. Our findings support the cognitive scar model with initial PTSS predicting later dysfunctional PTCs. Future research complementing between-subject with within-subject analyses could offer additional insights into the longitudinal relationship between dysfunctional PTCs, functional PTCs, and psychological symptoms.

Diary method of studying the stress factors in adolescents in the educational process of the school

The article is devoted to the current problem of the growth of psychosomatic disorders in adolescents. The purpose of the article is to determine the socio-psychological stress factors that cause a psychosomatic symptom in adolescents in the educational process of school using the method of diary research. The authors present the results of a three-week experiment conducted with students in grades 9–10, as a result of which records were obtained about specific stressful situations with descriptions of emotions, physical sensations and psychosomatic symptoms. The analysis of the data obtained was carried out, during which the authors established the similarity between the described situations in some participants of the experiment, who were later grouped and displayed in a table. The article uses mathematical calculations to determine the percentage of schoolchildren who are faced with one or another stress factor. The study helped identify a number of problems, including those related to parents' ignorance and lack of knowledge in the field of children's mental health. The authors drew conclusions about the importance of continuing research in this direction in connection with the trend of growth of psychosomatic disorders in adolescents and proposed ideas for an optimal solution to the described problem.

Long COVID in children and adolescents: a historical cohort study with a population-based control group from Iran

BackgroundAfter recovering from the acute phase of COVID-19, some of the infected children manifest long COVID symptoms. The present study aims to identify long COVID symptoms in children and adolescents admitted to hospitals in Bushehr, Iran, during 2021 to 2023, and compare them with the non-affected group.MethodsThis historical cohort study with a population-based control group was conducted on 141 children and adolescents with COVID-19 hospitalized in Bushehr city hospitals and 141 non-affected peers. Out of 10 comprehensive health service centers in Bushehr city, 5 centers were selected by random sampling and the non-Covid-19 group was chosen from them (matched by gender and age with the affected group). The data were collected using the data recorded in the patients’ records, conducting telephone interviews and completing the prevalent long COVID symptom form. Data were analyzed using SPSS version 18. Descriptive statistics, Chi-square/Fisher’s exact tests, and stepwise logistic regression were used. Odds ratios (ORs) with 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were calculated, with p < 0.05 as the significance level.ResultsThe mean age of the hospitalized children with COVID-19 was 79 ± 5.24 months old, 57.4% of whom were boys. Also, 46 individuals of the COVID-19 group (32.6%) manifested long COVID symptoms. The most prevalent symptoms included fatigue (54.3%), impaired attention or concentration (41.3%) and depression or anxiety symptoms (34.7%). Among the hospitalized children experiencing long-term COVID symptoms, 65.2% exhibited moderate disease severity. A significant relationship was identified between disease severity and muscle and joint pain (P = 0.025), as well as between the length of hospital stay and cough (P = 0.022), weight loss (P = 0.047), and symptoms of depression or anxiety (P = 0.008). Older age [(6–11 y; OR = 3.18, CI = 1.03–9.88); (12 ≥ y; OR = 4.57, CI = 1.40-14.96)] and having history of smoking or being exposed to secondhand smoke (OR = 12.45, CI = 3.14–49.36) were considered as risk factors for long COVID.ConclusionsThe variables of age and history of exposure to tobacco smoke exhibited a significant independent relationship with the occurrence of long-term COVID symptoms in children hospitalized due to COVID-19. Specifically, as age increases and the history of tobacco smoke exposure rises, the likelihood of experiencing long-term COVID symptoms also increases.

Sleepless in the Pursuit of perfection: A longitudinal investigation of bidirectional relationships between insomnia and perfectionism in Adolescent males and females

Study objectivesPerfectionism is a possible risk factor for insomnia, yet longitudinal evidence of this relationship in adolescence is lacking. Cross-sectional evidence suggests the nature of the relationship may differ based on biological sex, and the form of perfectionism, since socially prescribed and self-oriented critical perfectionism are conceptualised as maladaptive for wellbeing, while self-oriented striving may be adaptive or neutral. This study aimed to investigate longitudinal bidirectional relationships between total perfectionism, and sub-forms of perfectionism (i.e., socially prescribed, self-oriented critical, self-oriented striving perfectionism), and symptoms of insomnia, over the course of mid-adolescence. Longitudinal models were examined for males and females separately. Methods434 adolescents (Mage = 14.25, SD = 0.56, range = 13–16, 52 % male) completed questionnaire measures of perfectionism (Child-Adolescent Perfectionism Scale) and insomnia (Insomnia Severity Index) on three annual occasions (at approximately 14, 15 & 16 years of age). Data were from the larger Risks to Adolescent Wellbeing (RAW) Project. ResultsBiological sex did not moderate the association between insomnia symptoms and any form of perfectionism. Cross-lagged panel models showed no longitudinal relationship between self-oriented striving, nor self-oriented critical perfectionism and insomnia symptoms for males or females. Higher total perfectionism predicted moderate increases in insomnia symptoms for males and females, but insomnia symptoms did not predict changes in total perfectionism. Socially prescribed perfectionism and insomnia symptoms predicted large and moderate increases in one another over time, respectively, forming a perpetuating cycle. ConclusionsResults suggest that perfectionism may be an important risk factor for insomnia symptoms in adolescents.

A Psychometric Evaluation of the Revised Version of the Adult ADHD Self-Report Scale in Chinese Adolescents.

Adolescent-specific ADHD self-report screening measures can greatly increase the likelihood of correct diagnosis and timely treatment of ADHD in adolescents. This study provides preliminary evidence for evaluating the reliability and validity of the Adult ADHD Self-Report Scale-Revised (ASRS-R) in a school-based sample of Chinese adolescents. The ASRS-R and the Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire (SDQ) were administered to 867 adolescents aged 12 to 16 years (Mage = 13.08 years). Construct validity was assessed using correlation analysis of the ASRS-R with the SDQ. Moreover, confirmatory factor analysis (CFA), internal consistency, retest reliability, and measurement invariance of the scales were examined by gender. CFA showed a two-dimensional factor structure of the ASRS-R, and the model fitted the data well (χ2/df = 4.370, RMSEA = 0.062, TLI = 0.932, CFI = 0.940, GFI = 0.927, AGFI = 0.907, and SRMR = 0.038). The ASRS-R scale was invariant across gender and had satisfactory internal consistency (Cronbach's alpha = .934) and test-retest reliability (intraclass correlation coefficient = .874). The construct validity, as calculated using the SDQ, was also acceptable. The ASRS-R can be a psychometrically reliable self-report instrument and provide preliminary support as a simple tool for identifying ADHD symptoms in Chinese adolescents. The findings provide evidence for extending the application of the ASRS, previously limited to adults, to the adolescent populations.

Development of Comorbid Alcohol Use and Depressive Symptoms During Late Adolescence: Examining the Roles of Emotion Regulation and Gender Differences.

Depression and alcohol use are highly comorbid, and often emerge during adolescence. Depressive symptoms may precede alcohol use, via the self-medication pathway, or alcohol use may precede depressive symptoms, via the alcohol induced disruption pathway. Yet little is known about other risks for developing comorbidity via either path. The present study hypothesized that poor cognitive and physiological emotion regulation (ER) are risk factors implicated in the development of comorbid depression and alcohol use during late adolescence. Participants were 229 (113 girls) Mexican-origin youth who reported on depressive symptoms and alcohol use at ages 17 (Time 1) and 19years (Time 2). At age 17, cognitive reappraisal (CR), an adaptive ER strategy, and baseline respiratory sinus arrhythmia (RSA), a physiological index of ER capacity, were assessed. CR, RSA and gender were examined as predictors and moderators of the developing comorbidity of alcohol use and depression in cross-lagged panel models. Lower use of CR was concurrently associated with more depressive symptoms at age 17 and predicted greater depression at age 19. Age 17 alcohol use predicted age 19 depressive symptoms for boys. Lower RSA at age 17 also predicted more depressive symptoms at age 19 for boys. Neither CR nor RSA moderated the predicted relations between depression and alcohol use. Findings supported the alcohol induced disruption model of comorbidity for boys, and showed that poor cognitive and physiological ER increased risk for exacerbating depressive symptoms in late adolescence.