Symptom Checklist-90 Scores Research Articles

Depression and somatization in patients with temporomandibular disorders

Statement of Problem. Psychological and behavioral traits may be important for the diagnosis and management of orofacial pain. Purpose. This study compared the levels of depression and somatization in patients in single and multiple research diagnostic criteria for temporomandibular disorders (RDC/TMD) diagnostic groups. Material and Methods. The RDC/TMD was established to allow standardization and replication of research into the most common forms of muscle- and joint-related research and is divided into 2 axes: axis I, clinical TMD, and axis II, pain-related disability and psychological status. One hundred seventeen patients (28 male and 89 female; mean age, 33.3 ± 10.3 years) with RDC/TMD-defined clinical TMD were selected. The RDC/TMD history questionnaire and examination forms were input directly into computers with the use of a software program developed at the National University of Singapore (NUS TMDv1.1 software). Axis I and II variables were generated online and automatically archived for statistical analysis. Patients were subsequently classified into 7 groups based on the presence of the various RDC/TMD axis I diagnostic groups: group A, myofascial pain only (group I); group B, disk displacement only (group II); group C, other joint conditions such as arthralgia, osteoarthritis, and osteoarthrosis only (group III); group D, myofascial pain and disk displacement (groups I and II); group E, myofascial pain and other joint conditions (groups I and III); group F, disk displacement and other joint conditions (groups II and III); and group G, myofascial pain, disk displacement, and other joint conditions (groups I, II, and III). Differences in mean Symptom Checklist-90 scores between groups were compared by analysis of variance/Scheffé tests to contrast depression and somatization levels between the various axis I diagnostic groups (α=.05). Results. The frequencies of the different groups were as follows: group A, 26.5%; group B, 29.9%; group C, 12.8%; group D, 6.0%; group E, 13.7%; group F, 4.3%; and group G, 6.8%. Approximately 39% of patients were clinically depressed, and 55% had moderate to severe somatization. Differences in mean depression and somatization with pain item scores were significant between groups (P<.05). Conclusion. Within the limitations of this study, patients diagnosed with myofascial pain and other joint conditions (group E) had significantly higher levels of depression (P=.03) and somatization (P=.03) than patients diagnosed with only disk displacements (group B). (J Prosthet Dent 2002;88:479-84.)

Psychological distress in chronic craniomandibular and cervical spinal pain patients

In chronic craniomandibular disorders, a relationship with psychological distress has often been investigated, with contradictory results. Recent studies on chronic pain patients have shown that the level of psychological distress is related to the number of painful body areas. Therefore, the aim of this study was to analyse differences in psychological distress between craniomandibular pain patients with or without cervical spinal pain, taking the number of painful body areas below the cervical spine also into account. Based on an oral history and, independently performed, dynamic/static tests, the presence or absence of a painful CMD or CSD was recognized. To assess the level of psychological distress, the Dutch version of the Symptom Checklist 90 (SCL-90) was used. The number of painful body areas was indicated on the body drawing of the McGill Pain Questionnaire (MPQ-DLV). From the initial 250 participants, 103 persons could unequivocally be classified as having or not having a painful CMD and/or CSD and fully completed both questionnaires. Patients with both craniomandibular and cervical spinal pain showed higher levels of psychological distress than patients with only local craniomandibular pain and persons without pain (ancova and t-tests, P=0·026–0·000). Further, persons with more painful body areas below the cervical spine showed higher SCL-90 scores (ancova and t-tests, P=0·045–0·000). In conclusion, chronic craniomandibular pain patients with a coexistent cervical spinal pain show more psychological distress than patients with only local craniomandibular pain and asymptomatic persons. (Supported by the IOT)

Psychological distress in chronic craniomandibular and cervical spinal pain patients

Recent studies to chronic pain have shown that the number of painful body areas is related to the level of psychological distress. Therefore, the first aim of this study was to analyse differences in level of psychological distress between craniomandibular pain patients with or without cervical spinal pain. In this analysis, the number of painful body areas below the cervical spine was also taken into account. The second aim was to determine psychological differences between subgroups of craniomandibular pain patients. In this study, 103 out of 250 persons with or without craniomandibular pain were included in the final analyses. Patients who suffered from both craniomandibular and cervical spinal pain showed higher levels of psychological distress, as measured with the Symptom Checklist 90 (SCL-90) than patients with local craniomandibular pain and persons without pain. Further, a positive relationship was found between the number of painful body areas below the cervical spine, as measured on a body drawing, and the SCL-90 scores. No psychological differences were found between myogenous and arthrogenous craniomandibular pain patients. In conclusion, chronic craniomandibular pain patients with a coexistent cervical spinal pain showed more psychological distress compared to patients with only a local craniomandibular pain and asymptomatic persons.

The correlation analysis of defense style and mental health in students of middle school

Objective To explore the relationship of defense style and mental health in student of middle school. Method 203 middle student were investigated with Defense Style Questionnaire (DSQ) and Symptom Check List-90 (SCL-90). Results There were no significant difference for 4 factors of DSQ in man／female and advance middle school or not(P>0.05); there were significant difference for immature defense mechanism and middle type factor ,and conceal factor in high-symptom score team with that of low-symptom sore team(P<0.01) and it is positive-correlation with each factor-score and total score of SCL-90. Conclusion School and family need to pay attention to the higher correlation in the total score of SCL-90 with immature defense mechanism and middle type factor and conceal factor.

Relationship between SCL-90, Maudsley Personality Inventory and CCK4-induced intracellular calcium response in T cells

This study examined the relationship between the Symptom Checklist 90 (SCL-90), Maudsley Personality Inventory (MPI) and cholecystokinin 4 (CCK4)-induced intracellular calcium response in T cells. Fifty-two normal volunteers were 37 males and 15 females; they ranged in age from 23 to 44 years. Measures included CCK4-induced intracellular calcium response in T cells, SCL-90 scores, and MPI. Paranoid ideation and interpersonal sensitivity in SCL-90 showed a significant negative association with CCK4-induced intracellular calcium response. Absent were sex differences and extroversion and neuroticism correlations. There were no significant differences between men and women in SCL-90 or MPI scores. There was no correlation among extroversion and neuroticism and CCK4-induced intracellular calcium response. CCKB receptor function might play a role in paranoid ideation and interpersonal sensitivity.

Social desirability influences self-reported gastro-enterology and psychological symptoms in women with irritable bowel syndrome

The purpose of this preliminary report is describe how an orientation towards social desirability responses affects the reporting of gastrointestinal (GI) and psychological symptoms in women with Irritable Bowel Syndrome (IBS) compared to nonsymptomatic controls. Methods: Women with medically diagnosed IBS (n = 40) and healthy controls (n = 19) ages 21-45 were interviewed and completed questionnaires including the Marlowe-Crowne Social Desirability scale (M-C SDS, 20 items) and Symptom Checklist-90 (SCL-90). They were then followed for one menstrual cycle with a symptom diary. Summary measures included: the mean M-C SDS score, the mean score over the menstrual cycle for G! (abdominal pain, bloating, constipation, and diarrhea) and psychological distress (SCL-90 subscale; daily anxiety, depression, and anger). Results: The mean level for the M-C SDS did not differ significantly between groups (IBS, M = 8.7 -+ 4.3; Control 9.6 + 4.2). However the higher the M-C SDS the higher mean daily GI symptom (abdominal pain, r s = 297, p = .13; bloating, r s = .470 p = .01; and constipation, r s = 463 p = .02; but not diarrhea, r s = -.067, p = .74) in the IBS group (n = 27). The M-C SDS was negatively correlated with SCL-90 subscales scores (IBS (n = 40) anxiety, r s = -.305 p = .05; depression, r s = -.377 p --.02, hostility, q = -.304 p = .05; interpersonal sensitivity, r s = -.364 p = .02) although less so in the daily measures (1BS (n =27), anxiety, r s = -.278 p = .16; depression, r s = -.049 p = .81, anger, r s = -.149 p = .46). Conclusions: Even though the women with IBS in this sample did not differ from controls in their mean score on a social desirability scale, their reports of GI symptoms and psychological distress were influenced by their need to respond in a socially appropriate manner. These results are consistent with the findings in patients being evaluated for intractable pain. This type of self reporting bias may reflect either a personality style that is influenced by social context, e.g., the legitimacy of physical but not psychological symptoms or an awareness that health care systems are more responsive to somatic symptoms or both. Funded by National Institute of Nursing Research, NR04101.

Psychological predictors of CCK4-induced panic-like symptoms

The present study investigated whether psychosomatic reaction to panicogenic CCK4 administration can be predicted based on basal and pre-administration psychological traits and characteristics. Sixteen healthy volunteers participated in a double-blind, placebo-controlled cross-over experiment in which they were subjected to CCK4 and placebo challenge. One week prior to experimentation, they completed a battery of self-administered psychological inventories, including the trait form of State-Trait Anxiety Inventory (STAI-T), Chambless Anxious Cognitions Inventory (CACI), Beck Depression Inventory (BDI) and the Symptom Checklist 90 (SCL-90). The state form of STAI (STAI-S) was administered before and after the injections of CCK4 (25 μg i.v.) and placebo. Various elements of the panic-like experience (latency and duration of symptoms, number and intensity of symptoms, fear of symptoms, and post-administration state anxiety) were recorded after both injections. The results of multiple regression analyses suggest that basal STAI-S, STAI-T and BDI are very good predictors of the number and intensity of CCK4-induced symptoms, the fear reaction to panic symptoms and post-injection state-anxiety. The SCL-90 scores were retained as the best predictor of placebo-induced panic-like symptoms. We conclude that substantial portions of variability in CCK4 and placebo-induced panic-like reaction can be explained by basal psychological characteristics. © 1998 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

Somatization and somatosensory amplification in psychiatric outpatients: An explorative study

The aim of the present study was to assess the contribution of somatosensory amplification to somatization. Two questions were addressed: (1) whether somatization is associated with somatosensory amplification independent of level of anxiety or depression, and (2) whether any differences in somatization between patients with panic disorder or depressive disorder and controls can be attributed to differences in somatosensory amplification. The subjects were 673 consecutive psychiatric outpatients. In this sample, 124 patients received a V-code or no psychiatric diagnosis (controls), 82 a single diagnosis of panic disorder, and 68 a single diagnosis of major depression. The following measures were used: the Somatosensory Amplification Scale (SSAS), Symptom Checklist-90 (SCL-90), and Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HADS). SCL-90 somatization scores were significantly associated with anxiety scores and to a lesser extent with SSAS scores for somatosensory amplification, independent of gender, presence of physical illness, and depression scores. Moreover, after statistically controlling for differences in somatosensory amplification, panic disorder patients still obtained significantly higher somatization scores than depressive disorder patients, who manifested significantly higher levels of somatization than controls. It is concluded that somatization primarily reflects somatized anxiety and not somatosensory amplification. Somatization associated with panic attacks may result from other mechanisms, such as the psychophysiology of anxiety and cognitive misappraisal of benign bodily symptoms. Further studies into the concurrent validity of the SSAS as a measure of interoceptive acuity are needed.

Religious orientation, personality, mental health, and religious activity

A sample of 471 subjects, 303 women and 168 men, with 392 nonpatents and 79 nonpsychotic psychiatric inpatients, was studied. Only subjects who had a positive attitude to Christianity and who prayed to God were included in the sample. They answered a questionnaire with 358 items about sociodemographic information, their gender, age and education, religious activity, religious orientation (Intrinsic, Extrinsic, and Quest Scales), belief (Doctrinal Orthodoxy and Liberal Belief Scales), and morality (Moral Conservatism Index and Humanistic Morality Scale), the psychiatric Symptom Check-list-90 (SCL-90), and Basic Character Inventory (BCI) Oral, Obsessive, and Hysterical Scales. Cronbach's alphas were high or satisfactory for most of the scales. In hierarchic multiple regression analysis with the SCL-90 Global Symptom Index (SCL-90 GSI) as dependent variable, education, BCI Oral, Obsessive, and Hysterical Scales, Extrinsic and Quest Scales, and Moral Conservatism Index together explained 38.8% of the variance of the SCL-90 Global Symptom Index. Education and BCI Hysterical scores were negatively related to and the other independent variables were positively related to SCL-90 Global Symptom Index score. In hierarchic multiple regression analysis with religious activity as the dependent variable, age, Intrinsic orientation, and Liberal Belief together explained 40.2% of the variance. Liberal Belief was negatively related to, and age and Intrinsic orientation were positively related to the respondents' religious activity.

Education and self‐hypnosis in the management of low back pain: A component analysis

The aim of this study was to conduct a component analysis of a group programme for chronic low back pain patients. Forty-five patients participated in the pain control course, consisting of education about pain and a training in self-hypnosis. A pain diary was used as a measure of pain intensity, up-time and use of pain medication. Psychoneuroticism and depression were assessed using the Symptom Checklist-90 (SCL-90). No evidence was found for a differential efficacy of education or self-hypnosis on pain diary and SCL-90 scores. On completion of the total treatment package, patients manifested statistically significant changes on all measures except reported pain intensity. It is suggested that the pain control course is a non-invasive, inexpensive means of treatment which could be of some value in teaching even more severely disabled low back pain patients to cope more adequately with their pain problem. For this group of patients, a better adjustment to continuing pain may prove to be a more realistic therapy goal than pain reduction.