Symmetry Restoration Research Articles

Outcome of Superomedial Pedicle Flap for Lower Outer Quadrant Breast Cancer

Abstract Background Breast cancer is the most common cancer among women and is the second leading cause of cancer deaths. The surgical treatment of patients with breast cancer involves either breast conserving surgery or mastectomy, both of which can result in considerable asymmetry of the breasts. Breast reconstruction offers restoration of breast symmetry to such women. The patient needs to be aware that the reconstructed breasts will neither feel nor function like a normal breast but may help in restoring body image and self-confidence. Objective To evaluate the intraoperative and postoperative outcomes and showing advantages and disadvantages of Superiomedial pedicle flap for lower outer quadrant breast cancer in cup ≥ c. Patients and Methods It was a prospective study that included 10 patients aiming to assess outcome of the superomedial pedicle flap oncoplastic technique for lower outer quadrant breast cancer in oversized breast. This study was conducted at Ain Shams University Hospitals. Approval of the ethics committee and written informed consent from all participants were obtained. Results In our study, all of the patients had free safty magins as confirmed by the pathologist in our MDT proving that we had performed a superior medial technique safely from the oncological point of view. We were able to conduct an excellent cosmetic outcome for relatively large tumor excisions which fall in good and fair score groups as those two patients noticed asymmetry of the two breasts. None of our cases have had a poor or an ugly score. Overall, the satisfaction rate with this technique was high, with very few and easily manageable complications. There were no cases of NAC loss. Conclusion Superomedial pedicle can be safely utilized in large size breast reduction without increase of NAC necrosis. The technique is an efficient method to achieve minimal to moderate breast reduction with minimal NAC transposition. The primary surgical goals are attained by appropriate resection of the breast parenchyma. Moreover, a youthful and aesthetically appealing breast is achieved by maintaining superior and medial fullness and reshaping the breast using the parenchyma and skin envelope for support. Superomedial pedicle flap technique offers breastconserving surgery with wider margins offering safer oncologic control with more satisfactory cosmetic outcome.

Quantum chaos in 2D gravity

We present a quantitative and fully non-perturbative description of the ergodic phase of quantum chaos in the setting of two-dimensional gravity. To this end we describe the doubly non-perturbative completion of semiclassical 2D gravity in terms of its associated universe field theory. The guiding principle of our analysis is a flavor-matrix theory (fMT) description of the ergodic phase of holographic gravity, which exhibits \mathrm{U}(n|n)U(n|n) causal symmetry breaking and restoration. JT gravity and its 2D-gravity cousins alone do not realize an action principle with causal symmetry, however we demonstrate that their universe field theory, the Kodaira-Spencer (KS) theory of gravity, does. After directly deriving the fMT from brane-antibrane correlators in KS theory, we show that causal symmetry breaking and restoration can be understood geometrically in terms of different (topological) D-brane vacua. We interpret our results in terms of an open-closed string duality between holomorphic Chern-Simons theory and its closed-string equivalent, the KS theory of gravity. Emphasis will be put on relating these geometric principles to the characteristic spectral correlations of the quantum ergodic phase.

Clinical application of 3-dimensional tissue volume assessment using CloudCompare

Adjunctive procedures, including autologous fat grafting and surgical debulking, may be required to optimise facial contours following maxillomandibular reconstruction. A standardised method for the quantitative analysis of volumetric change and the impact of restoration of facial symmetry on health-related quality of life remains unclear. We use two case studies to illustrate the value of a combination of objective 3-dimenmsional (3D) measurements, clinical assessments, and patient-reported outcomes, using the FACE-Q questionnaire to elucidate the benefits of adjunctive procedures.

Symmetry restoration at high baryon density* *Supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (11890712, 12075129, 2018YFA0306503, 2020B0301030008)

We study the relation between chiral and symmetries in the quark-meson model. Although quarks and mesons are described in mean field approximation, the topological susceptibility characterizing the breaking comprises two components: one controlled by the condensate and the other by the meson fluctuation. The restoration is governed by the competition of these components. In a hot medium, the condensates melt. However, the fluctuation is enhanced. Therefore, the symmetry cannot be solely restored via the temperature effect. Nevertheless, the baryon density reduces the condensates and fluctuation, and thereby, the symmetry can only be restored in a dense or dense and hot medium. The strange condensate plays a weak role in the susceptibility, and the chiral and symmetry restorations occur almost at the same critical point.

Inverse magnetic catalysis and size-dependent effects on the chiral symmetry restoration

Inverse magnetic catalysis and size-dependent effects on the chiral symmetry restoration

Tailoring oxygen vacancies in ThO2 for improved light emission and ORR electrocatalysis

The role of defects in multifunctional materials and defect engineering are fascinating to scientific community. To understand the role of oxygen vacancies in photoluminescence (PL) and oxygen reduction reaction (ORR), thoria samples were prepared with Eu3+ doping and Nb5+ codoping. The positron annihilation lifetime spectroscpy (PALS) showed the increase in the oxygen vacancies in thoria upon trivalent Eu3+ doping and their removal upon codoping with Nb5+. This is in concordance with increase in nearest oxygen neighbours to Eu3+ and Th4+ upon Nb5+ codoping as revealed by Extended X-ray Absorption Fine Structure (EXAFS). Oxygen vacancy removal on Nb5+ codoping manifested in restoration of symmetry around Eu3+ and enhanced photoluminescence (PL) intensities giving very bright red emission while the oxygen vacancy rich thoria samples aided the electrochemical ORR. The studies showed that the concentration of the oxygen vacancies can be tuned upon the judicious choice and concentration of the aliovalent dopant and codopant depending on the envisaged functionality of the material.

Experimental Study of In-medium Spectral Change of Vector Mesons at J-PARC

Chiral symmetry and its spontaneous breaking is an essential property of the QCD vacuum and is closely related to the generation of hadron mass. J-PARC E16 experiment measures dielectron spectra in p+A collisions at 30 GeV to study the in-medium spectral change of vector mesons that signals the partial restoration of the broken symmetry. The experiment uses the primary proton beam available at the high-momentum beam line of the J-PARC hadron experimental facility. We performed three proton-beam runs intended for beamline and detector commissioning. We are preparing for the next commissioning run in 2023 and the first physics run. We present the experimental setup, some of the expected results, preparation status, and some findings in the commissioning runs.

Application of Surgery-First Approach in Treating Skeletal Dentofacial Asymmetry with Orthognathic Surgery.

Skeletal dentofacial asymmetry decreases patient's attractiveness by deteriorating symmetry of facial appearance which is of great significance to individuals. Surgery-first orthognathic approach manifests its advantages of shortening treatment time and improving patient's quality of life. However, current literature on surgery-first approach mainly focuses on treating prognathism, overlooking its efficacy in improving facial symmetry of skeletal dentofacial asymmetry patients. This study aimed to assess SFA's efficacy in improving facial appearance by analyzing morphological features of asymmetric bone and facial soft tissue in a three-dimensional manner. Thirty-four patients who received orthognathic surgery in a surgery-first fashion were included. Based on three-dimensional CT reconstruction, bilateral preoperative morphological features and postoperative symmetry of hard tissue were compared respectively. Efficacy of facial soft tissue symmetry restoration was evaluated using root mean square deviation (RMSD). Asymmetric features mainly located in menton, mandibular body length, angulation between ramus and midsagittal plane (MSP), distance between gonion and MSP and so on, which were significantly restored after the whole treatment. RMSD of facial soft tissue surface were significantly declined after the treatment and prognathism was corrected simultaneously if existed. Surgery-first orthognathic approach is proved to be capable of treating skeletal dentofacial asymmetry effectively and efficiently.

Ferrorotational domain walls revealed by electric quadrupole second harmonic generation microscopy

Domain walls are ubiquitous in materials that undergo phase transitions driven by spontaneous symmetry breaking. Domain walls in ferroics and multiferroics have received tremendous attention recently due to their emergent properties distinct from their domain counterparts, for example, their high mobility and controllability, as well as their potential applications in nanoelectronics. However, it is extremely challenging to detect, visualize and study the ferro-rotational (FR) domain walls because the FR order, in contrast to ferromagnetism (FM) and ferroelectricity (FE), is invariant under both the spatial-inversion and the time-reversal operations and thus hardly couple with conventional experimental probes. Here, an FR candidate $\mathrm{NiTiO_{3}}$ is investigated by ultrasensitive electric quadrupole (EQ) second harmonic generation rotational anisotropy (SHG RA) to probe the point symmetries of the two degenerate FR domain states, showing their relation by the vertical mirror operations that are broken below the FR critical temperature. We then visualize the real-space FR domains by scanning EQ SHG microscopy, and further resolve the FR domain walls by revealing a suppressed SHG intensity at domain walls. By taking local EQ SHG RA measurements, we show the restoration of the mirror symmetry at FR domain walls and prove their unconventional nonpolar nature. Our findings not only provide a comprehensive insight into FR domain walls, but also demonstrate a unique and powerful tool for future studies on domain walls of unconventional ferroics, both of which pave the way towards future manipulations and applications of FR domain walls.

Conformal renormalization of scalar-tensor theories

We study a conformally coupled scalar-tensor theory with a quartic potential possessing local conformal symmetry up to a boundary term. We show that requiring the restoration of the full local conformal symmetry fixes the counterterms that render the on-shell action finite. The building block of the resulting action is a conformally covariant tensor which is constructed out of the metric and the scalar field and it has the same conformal weight as the Weyl tensor. This allows us to obtain the counterterms for the scalar-tensor sector in a closed form. The finiteness of the conformally complete version of the action is suggestive on the validity of the conformal renormalization prescription. We extend this theory by adding the conformal gravity action and also the Einstein-AdS action written in MacDowell-Mansouri form. Even though the latter breaks the conformal symmetry, we find that the action is still renormalized provided a suitable falloff of the scalar field when considering asymptotically locally anti-de Sitter solutions. Black hole solutions in these theories are studied, for which the Hawking temperature and the partition function to first order in the saddle-point approximation are calculated, providing a concrete example of this renormalization scheme.

The V-QCD baryon: numerical solution and baryon spectrum

The single baryon solution of V-QCD is numerically computed. The spectrum of spin and isospin modes is also computed by quantizing the light fluctuations around the baryon. It is shown that there is a partial restoration of chiral symmetry at the baryon center.

Mass Measurement of Upper fp-Shell N=Z-2 and N=Z-1 Nuclei and the Importance of Three-Nucleon Force along the N=Z Line.

Using a novel method of isochronous mass spectrometry, the masses of ^{62}Ge, ^{64}As, ^{66}Se, and ^{70}Kr are measured for the first time, and the masses of ^{58}Zn, ^{61}Ga, ^{63}Ge, ^{65}As, ^{67}Se, ^{71}Kr, and ^{75}Sr are redetermined with improved accuracy. The new masses allow us to derive residual proton-neutron interactions (δV_{pn}) in the N=Z nuclei, which are found to decrease (increase) with increasing mass A for even-even (odd-odd) nuclei beyond Z=28. This bifurcation of δV_{pn} cannot be reproduced by the available mass models, nor is it consistent with expectations of a pseudo-SU(4) symmetry restoration in the fp shell. We performed abinitio calculations with a chiral three-nucleon force (3NF) included, which indicate the enhancement of the T=1 pn pairing over the T=0 pn pairing in this mass region, leading to the opposite evolving trends of δV_{pn} in even-even and odd-odd nuclei.

State Preparation of Antisymmetrized Geminal Power on a Quantum Computer without Number Projection

The antisymmetrized geminal power (AGP) is equivalent to the number projected Bardeen-Cooper-Schrieffer (PBCS) wave function. It is also an elementary symmetric polynomial (ESP) state. We generalize previous research on deterministically implementing the Dicke state to a state preparation algorithm for an ESP state, or equivalently AGP, on a quantum computer. Our method is deterministic and has polynomial cost, and it does not rely on number symmetry breaking and restoration. We also show that our circuit is equivalent to a disentangled unitary paired coupled cluster operator and a layer of unitary Jastrow operator acting on a single Slater determinant. The method presented herein highlights the ability of disentangled unitary coupled cluster to capture nontrivial entanglement properties that are hardly accessible with traditional Hartree-Fock based electronic structure methods.

CERAMIC HIP RESURFACING ARTHROPLASTY SHOWS SIMILAR FUNCTIONAL GAIN TO METAL HIP RESURFACING ARTHROPLASTY

Reports of improved functional outcome of Metal on Metal Hip Resurfacing Arthroplasty (mHRA) to Total Hip Replacement needs to be balanced with concerns of metal ion release. By removing cobalt-chrome, cHRA reduces these risks. To the author's knowledge, there is no data available on functional outcomes of cHRA, therefore the aim of the study was to compare the function between cHRA patients and mHRA patients.24 patients received a unilateral cHRA (H1, Embody) and was compared to 24 age and gender matched patients with a unilateral mHRA (BHR, Smith and Nephew). All patients completed the Oxford Hip Score (OHS)[T2] and underwent gait analysis on an instrumented treadmill before and at a mean of 74wks (+/− 10) for mHRA and 53wks (+/− 2) for cHRA post op. Walking trials started at 4km/h and increased in 0.5km/h increments until a top walking speed (TWS) was achieved. Vertical ground reaction forces (GRF) were recorded along with the symmetry index (SI). Spatiotemporal measures of gait were also recorded. Vertical GRF were captured for the entire normalised stance phase using statistical parametric mapping (SPM; CI = 95%).The gain in OHS was similar: H1 (25-46), BHR(27-47). TWS increased by 19% with H1 (6.02 – 8.0km/hr), and 20% with BHR (6.02 – 7.37km/hr). SPM of the entire gait cycle illustrated the restoration of symmetry in both groups with no difference in GRF across the stance phase between groups at 5km/hr pre-op and post-op. At faster speeds (6.5km/hr), H1 patients had a mid-support GRF slightly closer to normal compared to BHR. Both groups increased step length similar from pre to post op (H1:0.76 – 0.85cm, BHR:0.77-0.86cm).In this study, subjective and objective functional outcome measures suggest that short term functional outcomes of ceramic resurfacing is not inferior to metal resurfacing.

Strong decays of singly heavy baryons from a chiral effective theory of diquarks

A chiral effective theory of scalar and vector diquarks is formulated, which is based on $SU(3)_R\times SU(3)_L$ chiral symmetry and includes interactions between scalar and vector diquarks with one or two mesons. We find that the diquark interaction term with two mesons breaks the $U(1)_A$ and flavor $SU(3)$ symmetries. To determine the coupling constants of the interaction Lagrangians, we investigate one-pion emission decays of singly heavy baryons $Qqq$ ($Q=c, b$ and $q=u,d,s$), where baryons are regarded as diquark--heavy-quark two-body systems. Using this model, we present predictions of the unobserved decay widths of singly heavy baryons. We also study the change of masses and strong decay widths of singly heavy baryons under partial restoration of chiral symmetry.

Anatomy of octupole correlations in 96Zr with a symmetry-restored multidimensionally-constrained covariant density functional theory

A recent analysis based on the STAR measurement in relativistic heavy-ion collision experiments provides evidence of octupole correlation in the ground state of 96Zr, the description of which presents a challenge to nuclear structure models. In this work, we perform projection-after-variation calculations for 96Zr based on a multidimensionally-constrained relativistic Hartree-Bogoliubov model. Our results show that an octupole deformed shape is favored in energy after symmetry restoration, and this phenomenon cannot be reproduced in the pure mean-field calculations. These complex structures originate from the competition among various shell structures in this mass region. Our results suggest that the allowance of symmetry breaking at the mean-field level and the restoration of broken symmetries are essential elements for understanding the structure of 96Zr in density functional theories.

Surgical techniques for medial clavicular tumors: A report of 3 cases

Introduction and importanceClavicular tumors are rare, consisting of <1 % of all skeletal tumors. In this series, we described our experience of treating medial clavicular tumors. Case presentationWe treated three patients with medial clavicle tumors at a national tertiary referral hospital in Jakarta, Indonesia. The patients were treated with wide excision following bony reconstruction from fibular bone and one patient was treated by marginal excision. Each patient was treated by surgery and one patient underwent reconstruction using non-vascularized fibular graft and composite using bone cement. Clinical discussionAll patients resulted in restoration of symmetry of the lower neck and upper chest and no post-surgical complication. Based on these cases above and the extension of tumor, we recommend medial clavicle tumor resection classification divided into three type to decide which type of surgical procedure that should be performed. In our report, all patients resulted in restoration of symmetry of the lower neck and upper chest and no post-surgical complication. ConclusionClavicle resection in management of medial third clavicle tumor is technically demanding. We proposed three types of clavicular resection based on tumor extension. The surgical technique of medial end clavicle in this patient resulted in tumor free margin of medial clavicular, medial scapula, and lateral scapular incision. Reconstruction surgery following clavicle resection can be done in order to restore symmetry of the lower neck and upper chest, protect nearby neurovascular bundle, and rarely associated with significant shoulder function loss.

Defect induced nonequilibrium quantum dynamics in an interacting Bose–Hubbard flux ladder

The interacting Bose–Hubbard flux ladder provides an ideal model to probe novel quantum phenomena of many-body systems. Here, we report on the first direct observation of dynamical quantum phase transition (DQPT) in interacting Bose–Hubbard flux ladder induced by defect perturbation, which provides a new scheme for experimental design and manipulation of the DQPT in ultracold atomic system. Under the mean-field approximation, DQPT is identified by resolving the order parameter and the temporal evolution of patterns of atomic density distributions and local current configurations of the system. The threshold for occurrence of DQPT is obtained analytical and the physical mechanism of DQPT is revealed explicitly. Periodic appearance and annihilation of dynamical vortex and the manifestation of symmetry restoration after perturbation from broken-symmetry phase are observed. A thorough connection among the order parameter dynamics, the underlying ground state phase transition and nonequilibrium dynamics is established in real time and real space for the first time. Interestingly, by quenching the defect, the underlying ground state phases are captured, which provides a feasible dynamical measurement scheme for the observation of the underlying ground state phase which is challenging to reach experimentally.

Finite size effects in the phase transition patterns of coupled scalar field systems

It is considered in this work the phase transition patterns for a coupled two-scalar field system model under the combined effects of finite sizes and temperature. The scalar fields are taken as propagating in a $D=4$ Euclidean space with the usual periodic compactification in the Euclidean time direction (with dimension given by the inverse of the temperature) and also under a compact dimension in the space direction, which is restricted to size $L$. In the latter case, a Dirichlet boundary condition is considered. Finite-size variation of the critical temperature for the cases of symmetry restoration and inverse symmetry breaking are studied. At fixed finite-temperature values, the variation of the inverse correlation lengths with the size $L$ might display a behavior analogous to reentrant phase transitions. Possible applications of our results to physical systems of interest are also discussed.

Emergence of pseudo-time during optimal Monte Carlo sampling and temporal aspects of symmetry breaking and restoration.

We argue that one can associate a pseudo-time with sequences of configurations generated in the course of classical Monte Carlo simulations for a single-minimum bound state if the sampling is optimal. Hereby, the sampling rates can be, under special circumstances, calibrated against the relaxation rate and frequency of motion of an actual physical system. The latter possibility is linked to the optimal sampling regime being a universal crossover separating two distinct suboptimal sampling regimes analogous to the physical phenomena of diffusion and effusion, respectively. Bound states break symmetry; one may thus regard the pseudo-time as a quantity emerging together with the bound state. Conversely, when transport among distinct bound states takes place-thus restoring symmetry-a pseudo-time can no longer be defined. One can still quantify activation barriers if the latter barriers are smooth, but simulation becomes impractically slow and pertains to overdamped transport only. Specially designed Monte Carlo moves that bypass activation barriers-so as to accelerate sampling of the thermodynamics-amount to effusive transport and lead to severe under-sampling of transition-state configurations that separate distinct bound states while destroying the said universality. Implications of the present findings for simulations of glassy liquids are discussed.