Symmetric Algorithm Research Articles

A Technique for Image Encryption Using the Modular Multiplicative Inverse Property of Mersenne Primes

Mersenne prime numbers, expressed in the form (2n − 1), have long captivated researchers due to their unique properties. The presented work aims to develop a symmetric cryptographic algorithm using a novel technique based on the logical properties of Mersenne primes. Existing encryption algorithms exhibit certain challenges, such as scalability and design complexity. The proposed novel modular multiplicative inverse property over Mersenne primes simplifies the encryption/decryption process. The simplification is achieved by computing the multiplicative inverse using cyclic bit shift operation. The proposed image encryption/decryption scheme involves a series of exor, complement, bit shift, and modular multiplicative inversion operations. The image is segmented into blocks of 521 bits. Each of these blocks is encrypted using a 521-bit key, ensuring high entropy and low predictability. The inclusion of cyclic bit shifting and XOR operations in the encryption/decryption process enhances the diffusion properties and resistance against attacks. This approach was experimentally proven to secure the image data while preserving the image structure. The experimental results demonstrate significant improvements in security metrics, including key sensitivity and correlation coefficients, confirming the technique’s effectiveness against cryptographic attacks. Overall, this method offers a scalable and secure solution for encrypting high-resolution digital images without compromising computational efficiency.

Study on the Identification of Terminal Area Traffic Congestion Situation Based on Symmetrical Random Forest

As the demand for air transport continues to increase, air traffic congestion in the terminal area is becoming more and more serious. In order to assist the controller in efficiently handling the symmetrical activities of aircraft take-off or landing and alleviate traffic congestion, this paper proposes a method for identifying traffic congestion situations based on complex networks and a multiclass random forest algorithm with symmetrical characteristics. First, the approach points, departure points, waypoints, and navigation stations are used as nodes, the flight paths as edges, and the busyness of the paths as edge weights to construct a traffic network model for the terminal area. On this basis, five congestion situation recognition indicators are selected from the perspective of network topology, and a symmetric multiclass random forest algorithm is proposed to recognize the congestion situation. Finally, this method is compared with the situation recognition method based on the traditional random forest algorithm. The results of the simulation experiment show that compared with the traditional random forest algorithm, the proposed recognition model improves the recognition accuracy by 17.5%, can better handle symmetry information, and can accurately determine the traffic congestion situation in the terminal area.

AES 암호화를 이용한 파일 보호 기법

In an increasingly diverse work environment and increasingly intelligent cyber-attacks, the existing perimeter-based data security is no longer effective. In particular, sensitive information such as personal information should be encrypted and stored or transmitted so that only authorized users can access it. In this paper, we use the most secure AES symmetric key encryption algorithm and SHA-512-based hash algorithm to generate a unique key for the encryption and decryption process of important files stored in a computer system to provide confidentiality. Based on this, we implement an AES encryption file technique that ensures that only authorized users can safely access files by comparing the generated unique key with the system key.

Advances in Cryptographic Algorithms: The Mathematics behind Secure Communication

This research discusses the mathematical aspects and evolution of cryptographic algorithms and underlines the importance of these principles for current digital communication protection. Cryptography uses algorithms from mathematical areas like modular arithmetic, finite field and elliptic curve to ensure that data being transferred is coded and decoded. Consequently, the contexts of symmetric algorithms such as AES or asymptotic systems like RSA and ECC are analyzed with reference to their mathematical components and usage. It also assesses the time complexity, security in general, and weak points of these algorithms using the backdrop of current and future risks such as those posed by quantum computing. Quantum technologies produce great difficulties for original cryptographic systems, which leads to the need to create quantum-secure ones. The project discusses selected post-quantum cryptographic techniques like lattice based, code based, and hash based cryptographic technique and evaluates if these can provide security in post-quantum world. Furthermore, the importance of cryptographic algorithm used in various sectors like business finance, healthcare units, blockchain technology, and other security-based sectors are discussed including how it has revolutionized the field of secured communication systems. Consequently, the results highlighted the role of mathematical creativity in enhancing cryptographic defense, repairing the flaws, and preparing for the subsequent technology change. In this light, this project enriches the comprehension of the dynamics of utilizing cryptography in securing digital systems from theoretical research to implementation.

МЕТОД КРИПТОГРАФІЧНОГО ЗАХИСТУ МОВНОЇ ІНФОРМАЦІЇ НА ОСНОВІ ДИФЕРЕНЦІАЛЬНИХ ПЕРЕТВОРЕНЬ

The problem of information security that circulates in communication channels is constantly being updated. It is especially acute for military VoIP telephony or dual use. This relates to the growth of the value of confidential information, which is of interest to cybercriminals, and with the increase in the technological complexity of cyberattacks at the same time as the productivity of technical means of obtaining unauthorized information increases. Cryptographic methods of information protection occupy one of the key places among the well-known mechanisms for ensuring the cyber security of speech information circulating in communication channels. SRTP security protocols, which implement the symmetric cryptographic encryption algorithm AES, are most often used to organize secure VoIP traffic. At the same time, the potential compromise of the best symmetric cryptographic algorithm AES-256 requires the search for new non-trivial approaches to improving cyber security mechanisms. One of these approaches developed in the article is an approach based on the use of the Fredholm cryptosystem model. The mentioned cryptographic system belongs to the class of symmetric cryptographic systems, but to date, due to the lack of scientifically based cryptographic algorithms, it has not yet gained practical implementation. To resolve this contradiction, the article, based on the principle of O. Kerckhoffs, developed a method of cryptographic protection of speech information based on differential transformations developed by Academician of the National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine H. Pukhov. The developed method makes it possible to obtain a cipher in the form of a differential spectrum, which is resistant to known methods of cryptanalysis. The article developed an algorithm for implementing the method. The results of encryption and decryption of speech information are given. The convergence of simulation results with other known methods confirms the workability of the developed method.

Mail Encryption using ChaCha20

—Email communication plays a vital role in modern society, facilitating both personal and professional interactions. However, ensuring the security and confidentiality of sensitive information exchanged via email remains a significant concern. This project presents the development and implementation of an email filter utilizing the ChaCha20 encryption algorithm. ChaCha20 is a symmetric stream cipher algorithm designed by Daniel J. Bernstein. It's often used in encryption protocols and applications, particularly in the context of securing internet traffic. It's known for its speed and security, and it's part of the TLS (Transport Layer Security) protocol suite, among other applications. ChaCha20 operates on 64-byte blocks and uses a key size of 256 bits. It's considered to be quite secure and has seen widespread adoption in various security-sensitive applications. Before encryption can occur, a cryptographic key needs to be generated. For ChaCha20, a secure random key is typically generated. The key should be kept secret and shared only between the sender and the intended recipient(s). For maximum security, ChaCha20 encryption in email is often implemented as part of an end-to-end encryption scheme. This means that the content of the email is encrypted on the sender's device and can only be decrypted by the intended recipient, with no intermediary (including email service providers) having access to the plaintext. Overall, ChaCha20 plays a crucial role in ensuring the confidentiality of email communication by encrypting the content of messages, thereby protecting it from unauthorized access or interception.

Security Risks in the Encryption of Database Connection Strings

ABSTRACTBackgroundThere exists an important and open problem with the encrypting of database connection strings in that related connection strings start with well known identical initial sub‐strings. When these initial sub‐strings are longer than the encrypting algorithm's block size, the resulting encrypted text for related database connection strings will have identical initial sub‐strings which could increase the chance of breaking the encryption key used to encrypt the connection strings.AimsThe objective of our work was to find a simple, easy to implement, well known algorithm that would eliminate the identical initial sub‐strings in the encrypted text of related database connection strings.MethodsOur methodology was to apply an obfuscation function to the database connection strings before encrypting them with the 3DES and AES encryption algorithms. The obfuscation functions we chose for our tests were the Roman Keyword cipher or the Greek Scytale cipher.DiscussionThe results of applying the two obfuscation functions to the related database connection strings before encrypting them with the symmetric encryption algorithms. This process effectively eliminated the commonality in the encrypted text of the database connection strings.ConclusionWhile both the Keyword and Scytale obfuscation functions were able to eliminate the commonality in the encrypted text. We found that the Scytale function was superior to the Keyword function due to some minor limitations of the Keyword functions and the fact that the Scytale function geometrically increased the number of possible known strings within the plain text connection string before encryption.

Symmetric normalization algorithm for estimating physiological strain in bones

Symmetric normalization algorithm for estimating physiological strain in bones

Secured Data Storage on the Cloud Using Hybrid Cryptography

With the growing reliance on cloud computing for data storage, ensuring the security and confidentiality of sensitive data has become paramount. Despite its advantages, cloud storage is susceptible to various security threats such as data breaches, unauthorized access, and insider threats. Traditional cryptographic techniques like symmetric and asymmetric cryptography offer a measure of security but have limitations when used independently. This paper proposes a hybrid cryptographic approach that combines the strengths of both symmetric and asymmetric cryptography, ensuring a robust solution for secured data storage in the cloud. The hybrid approach leverages the speed and efficiency of symmetric algorithms and the strong security features of asymmetric algorithms, making them both secure and efficient. This research explores various hybrid encryption techniques, discusses their security features, and demonstrates how they enhance data protection on cloud platforms

Securing healthcare data: A federated learning framework with hybrid encryption in cluster environments

The study's novel contribution is the development and evaluation of a hybrid encryption scheme combining Elliptic Curve Cryptography (ECC) with the Serpent symmetric encryption algorithm, demonstrating enhanced security and performance for safeguarding healthcare data in cluster environments while ensuring scalability, interoperability, and compliance with HIPAA regulations. The primary objectives include assessing the suitability of the ECC-Serpent hybrid encryption for safeguarding healthcare data, ensuring the scalability and interoperability of this encryption solution with existing healthcare systems, and implementing secure communication channels within cluster environments. The combination of Elliptic Curve Cryptography (ECC) and the Serpent algorithm leverages ECC's efficient key management and Serpent's robust symmetric encryption to provide enhanced security and performance, ensuring scalable and resilient data protection in cluster environments. This hybrid approach addresses both key distribution efficiency and high encryption strength, which are critical for securing sensitive healthcare data. This hybrid approach addresses key distribution efficiency and high encryption strength, which are critical for securing sensitive healthcare data. The study employs a hierarchical key management strategy, utilizing ECC for secure key exchange and distribution, paired with regular key rotation and storage practices to maintain compliance with HIPAA regulations and ensure the ongoing protection of sensitive healthcare data. Overall, the research underscores the critical need for healthcare organizations to adhere to HIPAA regulations and implement robust encryption measures to protect patient privacy and secure sensitive medical information. The study concludes that the ECC-Serpent hybrid encryption scheme is a viable and effective solution for enhancing healthcare data security in cluster environments, ensuring both data integrity and regulatory compliance. The implemented Python framework yielded promising results, the key finding is that the ECC-Serpent hybrid encryption scheme is a viable and effective solution for enhancing healthcare data security in cluster environments, achieving an accuracy rate of 97.5% in safeguarding patient data.

Comparative Study on Encryption Algorithms for Autism MRI Scan Images

Healthcare centre is the most susceptible sctor. Cyber-attack on medical institutions, such as hospitals and health care centre have increased year after year. Autism health care centre is one of the victims. Autism MRI scan images include sensitive and confidential information about a patient's health and other personal information. Therefore, image encryption is a fundamental aspect of information security, especially in today's digital era where the proliferation of images and the need to protect sensitive visual content are of paramount importance. In order to protect the confidentiality and integrity of images, image encryption techniques work to make sure that only authorised users can view and understand the visual data while prohibiting unauthorised access and modification. The pixel values and spatial properties of the image are hidden using a variety of cryptographic methods and key-based actions. Symmetric encryption algorithm, like Advanced Encryption Standard (AES), which use the same key for encryption and decryption operations, are among the famous image encryption techniques. After that, asymmetric encryption algorithm like Rivest-Shamir-Adleman (RSA), which employ two distinct keys for both encryption and decryption. Next, the research includes a hybridization method of Elliptic Curve Cryptography (ECC) with the Hill Cypher (HC) for image encryption and decryption. There are five different Autism MRI Scan images selected to be used as the input image for encryption process. Then, each image will have two different file format which is PNG and BMP and two different file size which is 256*256px and 512*512px. This research's goal is to compare how well symmetric encryption, asymmetric encryption and hybrid encryption work as three separate image encryption techniques. This can help users rapidly and efficiently speed up the encryption and decryption of images and enhance the security of MRI scan images. By applying differential analysis parameters like Number of Pixel Change Rate (NPCR), Unified Average Changing Intensity (UACI) and statistical analysis parameters like Histogram Analysis (HA), the characteristics of the image encryption approach are examined. At the end of the experiment, AES encryption proves to be the best among the three types of encryption with better performance in terms of security with NPCR percentage of 99.72%, UACI percentage of 32.68% and has a higher speed of encryption which only takes 0.0238s but has the second-best distribution in HA of pixel value to frequency compares to ECC with HC.

Design and Performance of Privacy Protection Model for Big Data Transmission Based on Mixed Encryption

With the advent of the big data era, data security and privacy protection have become particularly important. Big data has advantages such as large scale and diverse types, but it also brings risks of personal privacy leakage and data abuse. However, the symmetric or asymmetric encryption techniques alone have limitations in big data security and privacy protection. Therefore, a privacy protection model for big data transmission based on mixed encryption is proposed and experimentally validated. The research results indicated that the asymmetric encryption algorithm used had an encryption time of less than 20 ms, and the key space occupation was only 0.031 Kb to 0.063 Kb. After improving the symmetric encryption algorithm, it achieved a lower correlation of 0.16 within 18 ms and increased the number of ciphertext transformations to an average of 82 bits. In the performance verification of mixed encryption technology for 60 MB data packets, the proposed mixed encryption technology took 273.1 ms, the decryption took 254.7 ms, the correlation was as low as 0.12, and the average resistance time in resisting violent attacks exceeded 100 s. The model proposed in the study improves the encryption and decryption speed while ensuring data security, which has important practical application value and theoretical significance for data privacy protection in big data environments.

IMPLEMENTATION OF THE SYMMETRIC CRYPTOGRAPHIC ALGORITHMS RC2 AND TRIPLE DES IN ECB MODE USING CRYPTOGRAPHIC SOFTWARE PROGRAM CRYPTOOL

This paper presents an in-depth analysis of symmetric key cryptographic algorithms, focusing on RC2 and Triple DES (ECB) as implemented in CrypTool. It is widely used educational software that demonstrates various cryptographic algorithms and methods. This paper aims to provide a foundational understanding of CrypTool, explain the functionalities of RC2 and Triple DES in Electronic Codebook (ECB) mode and evaluate their performance and security.

QUESTION BANK SECURITY USING RIVEST SHAMIR ADLEMAN ALGORITHM AND ADVANCED ENCRYPTION STANDARD

Data security is essential. Educational question banks at vocational high schools (SMK) contain confidential information that could be misused if not properly secured. This research aims to ensure students question bank data and develop a responsive web platform for Pusdikhubad Cimahi Vocational School by implementing the integration of the Advanced Encryption Standard (AES) and Rivest Shamir Adleman (RSA) cryptographic algorithms through the encryption and decryption process. AES is a symmetric key cryptography algorithm, while RSA is an encryption algorithm based on using public keys to encrypt the keys required by AES-256. The integration of these two algorithms aims to ensure data confidentiality, prevent manipulation, and facilitate access to exam materials by authorized parties. This research shows that the process of encrypting and decrypting question data using a combination of RSA and AES was successfully carried out on the question bank system. Avalanche Effect testing shows that the RSA and AES 256-bit encryption has an Avalanche Effect level of 49.99%. Apart from that, the system feasibility test using black box testing results shows that the SIFILE system has a percentage level of 100%. It is hoped that the results of this research can serve as a data security system at Pusdikhubad Cimahi Vocational School and other educational institutions to secure the question bank from unauthorized access

Enhanced Data Security Using 5x5 Hill Cipher with Modular 53

This research presents an optimized approach to the Hill Cipher encryption and decryption algorithm using a 5x5 matrix and modular 53 arithmetic. The traditional Hill Cipher, a well-known symmetric key algorithm, typically utilizes smaller matrices and modular arithmetic, which may not provide sufficient security for contemporary applications. By expanding the key matrix to a 5x5 structure and adopting a larger modulus of 53, the complexity and security of the cipher are significantly enhanced. The study details the methodology for constructing and implementing the 5x5 key matrix, as well as the processes for encryption and decryption under the modular 53 system. The computational efficiency and security improvements achieved through this optimization are analyzed. Comparative assessments with the conventional Hill Cipher demonstrate that the enhanced approach offers superior resistance against cryptographic attacks while maintaining manageable computational requirements. The results of this research indicate that the proposed optimized Hill Cipher can serve as a robust encryption method suitable for securing sensitive data in various modern applications. This study contributes to the field of cryptography by providing a more secure and efficient variant of the classical Hill Cipher algorithm

Super Encryption Feal Algorithm and Base64 Algorithm Image File Security

In the rapidly advancing digital era, image file security has become a critical issue, especially with the increasing risks of data breaches and attacks on digital files. This study aims to enhance the security of image files by implementing a combination of two cryptographic algorithms: Fast Data Encipherment Algorithm- 4 (FEAL-4) and Base64. FEAL-4 is a symmetric encryption algorithm known for its high speed and processing efficiency, while Base64 is used for encoding binary data into ASCII format to ensure safer transmission. This research develops a super encryption system that integrates these two algorithms to protect the integrity and confidentiality of image files, particularly for BMP, JPEG, and PNG formats. The implementation was carried out using the Visual Basic programming language. The results of the study show that the combination of FEAL-4 and Base64 algorithms significantly enhances the security of image files, with a high success rate in the encryption and decryption processes.

DLSEA-64: dynamic lightweight symmetric encryption algorithm for secure data transmission in IoT based pervasive sensing applications

ABSTRACT Remote patient monitoring, particularly for the elderly, is gaining popularity due to the Internet of Medical Things (IoMT). However, IoMT devices are highly vulnerable to cyber attacks related to data confidentiality. Hence, lightweight cryptographic algorithms are found to be highly necessary to ensure safe data transfer in such devices. This paper introduces a Dynamic Lightweight Symmetric Encryption Algorithm (DLSEA) in order to challenge issues related to real-time data security and privacy. DLSEA is executed on Arduino Uno (ATmega328P) and Arduino Mega (ATmega2560) microcontrollers by using the Proteus simulation tool that employs a 64-bit temporal secret key and a 64-bit block cipher for encryption of data. Several experiments were conducted using payloads of varying sizes to record execution time, energy consumption, RAM usage, ROM usage and avalanche effect. The experiments demonstrated that for data sizes between 128-512 bytes, DLSEA requires 2.49-3.27 ms on the ATmega2560, which is 47% faster than a similar algorithm known as PRESENT. Additionally, DLSEA is 46% more energy-efficient, with RAM usage decreased by 41.81% and ROM usage decreased by 57.19% compared to PRESENT. Experimental results also show that DLSEA satisfies the plaintext sensitivity test, the key sensitivity test, and the rigorous avalanche criteria test (i.e., ~50%).

Distributed Ledger-Based Authentication and Authorization of IoT Devices in Federated Environments

One of the main security challenges when federating separate Internet of Things (IoT) administrative domains is effective Identity and Access Management, which is required to establish trust and secure communication between federated IoT devices. The primary goal of the work is to develop a “lightweight” protocol to enable authentication and authorization of IoT devices in federated environments and ensure the secure communication of IoT devices. We propose a novel Lightweight Authentication and Authorization Framework for Federated IoT (LAAFFI) which takes advantage of the unique fingerprint of IoT devices based on their configuration and additional hardware modules, such as Physical Unclonable Function, to provide flexible authentication and authorization based on Distributed Ledger technology. Moreover, LAAFFI supports IoT devices with limited computing resources and devices not equipped with secure storage space. We implemented a prototype of LAAFFI and evaluated its performance in the Hyperledger Fabric-based IoT framework. Three main metrics were evaluated: latency, throughput (number of operations or transactions per second), and network resource utilization rate (transmission overhead introduced by the LAAFFI protocol). The performance tests conducted confirmed the high efficiency and suitability of the protocol for federated IoT environments. Also, all LAAFFI components are scalable as confirmed by tests. We formally evaluated LAAFFI security using Verifpal as a formal verification tool. Based on the models developed for Verifpal, we validated their security properties, such as message secrecy, authenticity, and freshness. Our results show that the proposed solution can improve the security of federated IoT environments while providing zero-day interoperability and high scalability. Compared to existing solutions, LAAFFI is more efficient due to the use of symmetric cryptography and algorithms adapted for operations involving IoT devices. LAAFFI supports multiple authorization mechanisms, and since it also offers authentication and accountability, it meets the requirements of Authentication, Authorization and Accounting (AAA). It uses Distributed Ledger (DL) and smart contracts to ensure that the request complies with the policies agreed between the organizations. LAAFFI offers authentication of devices belonging to a single organization and different organizations, with the assurance that the encryption key will be shared with another device only if the appropriate security policy is met. The proposed protocol is particularly useful for ensuring the security of federated IoT environments created ad hoc for special missions, e.g., operations conducted by NATO countries and disaster relief operations Humanitarian Assistance and Disaster Relief (HADR) involving military forces and civilian services, where immediate interoperability is required.

Applying Polynomials for Developing Post Quantum Cryptography Algorithms to Secure Online Information - An Initial Hypothesis

In the contemporary era, a vast array of applications employs encryption techniques to ensure the safeguarding and privacy of data. Quantum computers are expected to threaten conventional security methods and two existing approaches, namely Shor's and Grover's algorithms, are expediting the process of breaking both asymmetric and symmetric key classical algorithms. The objective of this article is to explore the possibilities of creating a new polynomial based encryption algorithm that can be both classically and quantum safe. Polynomial reconstruction problem is considered as a nondeterministic polynomial time hard problem (NP hard), and the degree of the polynomials provide the usage of scalable key lengths. The primary contribution of this study is the proposal of a novel encryption and decryption technique that employs polynomials and various polynomial interpolations, specifically designed for optimal performance in the context of a block cipher. This study also explores various root convergence techniques and provides algorithmic insights, working principles and the implementation of these techniques, which can potentially be utilized in the design of a proposed block-cipher symmetric cryptography algorithm. From the implementation, comparison and analysis of Durand Kernal, Laguerre and Aberth Ehrlich methods, it is evident that Laguerre method is performing better than other root finding approaches. The present study introduces a novel approach in the field of polynomial-based cryptography algorithms within the floating-point domain, thereby offering a promising solution for enhancing the security of future communication systems.

Performance Analysis of symmetric and asymmetric Encryption Algorithms Based on File, Image and Video

The rapid evolution of digital technology has exponentially amplified the generation and sharing of diverse digital data, notably files, images, and videos, over the internet, intensifying the critical need for enhanced security measures to safeguard these prevalent data types. This research presents a comprehensive analysis of various encryption algorithms applied to different data types - files, images, and videos. The study categorizes encryption algorithms into symmetric and asymmetric types, with examples including AES, DES, Triple DES, RSA, Diffie-Hellman, and ECC. The paper further explores specific algorithms used for file, image, and video encryption. The objective is to identify the most efficient encryption algorithm for each data type, thereby enhancing data security in the digital age. The paper emphasizes that while encryption is a crucial tool for data security, it should be used in conjunction with other security measures for comprehensive protection.