Symmetric Pumping Research Articles

OIL CONTAMINATION PROPAGATION PATTERNS IN SOILS AND EFFICIENCY EVALUATION OF PUMPING IN-SITU REMEDIATION METHOD

In recent decades, attention to contamination propagation into soils and underground water has increased, which has led to a rise in the studies on soil contamination problems and methods of in-situ remediation. In this research, effective parameters on oil contamination propagation in soils and underground water have been investigated using FEM in order to determine propagation patterns. The main parameters are soil permeability, relative density of contamination and ground water table depth. Furthermore, the efficiency of pumping method as an in-situ remediation approach for contaminated soils has been examined. The results show there are different propagation patterns in coarse and fine grain soils and the higher efficiency of dual symmetric pumping approach for in-situ remediation.

Optical Amplifier With Rotationally Symmetrical Pump Modes for Enhanced Mode Multiplexing

Multimode erbium-doped fiber amplifiers are promising candidates for the realization of cost- and energy-efficient long-haul transmission for mode-division multiplexing. Mode-dependent gain in such amplifiers is a potential source of signal quality degradation and should be avoided. We show by numerical simulations that gain values and noise figures for the signal modes exhibit an angular dependence if the amplifier is pumped with the LP21 mode. In order to avoid this angular dependence, we propose to use pump modes with a rotationally symmetric intensity distribution, such as the TE01 mode. Our simulation results show that pumping with this mode completely removes the angular dependence and optimizes gain and noise figure values for the signal modes.

Reduction of Multipole Fields in Photocathode RF Gun

Photocathode rf gun, the high-brightness electron source with extremely low emittance is highly required for future light sources such as X-ray free electron lasers (XFEL). The coupling hole between the waveguide and the cavity of a photocathode rf gun causes asymmetries in the rf fields at the coupler cell. The dipole and quadruple fields are the dominant sources of the transverse rf emittance growth. In the BNL Gun-III, the dipole field is reduced by adding a symmetric pumping hole at the opposite side of the waveguide coupling hole. The dipole field can be reduced further by adjusting the size of the pumping hole. However, the quadruple field cannot be suppressed by the single pumping hole. We have designed new rf cavity in which the quadruple field as well as the dipole one are suppressed. In this design, two additional pumping ports are placed at the 90° positions with respect to the coupling hole and the pumping holes. Beam dynamics simulation for newly designed rf gun shows that the vertical transverse emittance is reduced by about 60% compared to the old one.

Design and Characterization of Valveless Impedance Pumps

ABSTRACTThis study designs, fabricates and characterizes three valveless impedance pumps, namely a symmetrical pump with a circular cross-section, an asymmetrical pump with a circular cross-section, and an asymmetrical pump with a rectangular cross-section. The pressure head and flow rate characteristics of the three pumps are investigated as a function of the compression location, the compression frequency and the compression amplitude. The experimental results show that the flow is reversible in every case. Moreover, the pressure head is found to be significantly dependent on the actuating frequency, the compression location and the compression amplitude. However, no pressure head is produced when the pinching effect is applied at the center of channel configuration for the symmetrical pump. In the symmetrical pump, a maximum pressure head of 590mm is obtained at a frequency of 26Hz, and results in a flow rate of 0.581/min in the positive direction (i.e. from the left-hand reservoir of the pump to the righthand reservoir). Meanwhile, in the asymmetrical pumps with circular and rectangular cross-sections, respectively, maximum pressure heads of −620mm and −570mm are developed at frequencies of 36Hz and 32Hz, respectively. The corresponding flow rates are determined to be 0.641/min and 0.531/min, respectively. In both cases, the fluid moves in the negative direction (i.e. from the right-hand reservoir of the pump to the left-hand reservoir). Overall, the valveless impedance pumps developed in this study generate a high pumping rate, are easily fabricated and have no moving mechanical valves. As a result, they are eminently suitable for pumping applications in such diverse systems as biomedical devices, fuel cells, PC cooling systems, and so forth.

Effect of Internal Flow in Symmetric and Asymmetric Micro Regenerative Pump Impellers on Their Pressure Performance

The effect of symmetric and asymmetric micro regenerative pump impellers on their pressure performance was studied. The shut off head of the pump with the symmetric impeller was about 2.5 times as that with the asymmetric impeller. The computation of the internal flow was performed to clarify the cause of the increase of the head. It was found that the contribution of the angular momentum supply was larger than that of shear stress for the head development in both cases. The larger head and momentum supply in the case of the symmetric impeller were caused by larger recirculated flow rate and larger angular momentum difference between the inlet and outlet to the impeller. The larger recirculated flow rate was caused by smaller pressure gradient in the direction of recirculated flow. The decrease of the circumferential velocity in the casing was attributed to the smaller local flow rate in the casing.

Parametric reflection upon cascade interaction of focused optical beams

The parametric reflection of a signal beam in the waist of the reference pump beam upon mismatched three-frequency interaction in a quadratically nonlinear medium is discussed. The critical angle of total internal reflection from the induced defocusing channel is found as a function of the beam waist parameters. It is shown that when the reference beam is focused, this angle increases and some distortions are introduced into the reflected wave due to a finite length of the waist. The modification of the cross section of a wave reflected from a convex parametric mirror is analysed. The optimal beam focusing geometry is found at which the distortions of the shape and divergence of the reflected wave are minimal. Under certain conditions, the signal wave also flows around a cylindrical inhomogeneity produced by the axially symmetric pump beam. The results of theoretical analysis and numerical simulation are in good agreement.

Thermally induced birefringence in nonsymmetrically pumped laser rods and its implications for attainment of good beam quality in high-power, radially polarized lasers

The ability to generate and then amplify radially polarized light opens up the possibility of achieving very high-power, near diffraction-limited beams from rod-based solid-state lasers. Residual bifocusing rapidly degrades beam quality. Residual bifocusing results from nonradially symmetric pump distributions. We analyze how a nonradially symmetric pump distribution induces a nonradially symmetric stress map. This manifests itself as nonradially symmetric birefringence, and as depolarization to radially/azimuthally polarized beams (or as deterioration in birefringence compensated linearly polarized lasers). Here we analytically describe the birefringence terms of a nonradially symmetric strain map. The model results are supported by radial-depolarization measurements in our 2 kW Nd:YAG pump chambers. For the current level of depolarization, beam quality degradation per rod is DeltaM(2)=4 because of bifocusing alone. The degradation per rod can be reduced substantially by improving pump uniformity.

Synthesis, Biological Evaluation, and Modeling of Dimeric PPI Analogues as Novel DNA Minor Groove Binders

A series of symmetrical dimeric proton pump inhibitor (PPI) analogues, designed as novel type DNA minor groove binders, was synthesized and evaluated for anti-tumor activity. Some of these new compounds showed IC50 values below 10 μM in an in vitro anti-tumor test. A molecular modeling study was performed to confirm the sequence selectivity of these compounds towards AT base pairs in DNA. Two effective compounds were selected and docked into the minor groove of DNA. The snug binding may be responsible for their cytotoxic and anti-tumor effects.

Effect of Internal Flow in Symmetric and Asymmetric Micro Regenerative Pump Impellers on Their Pressure Performance

The effect of internal flow in symmetric and asymmetric micro regenerative pump impellers on their pressure performance was studied. It was found that the shut off head of the pump with the symmetric impeller was about 2.5 times as that with the asymmetric impeller. The computation of the internal flow was performed to clarify the cause of the increase of the head. It was found that the contribution of the angular momentum supply was larger than that of shear stress for the head development for both cases. The larger head and momentum supply with the symmetric impeller were caused by larger recirculated flow rate and larger angular momentum difference between the inlet and outlet to the impeller. The larger recirculated flow rate was caused by smaller pressure gradient in the direction of recirculated flow. The decrease of the circumferential velocity in the casing was attributed to the smaller local flow rate in the casing.

Phase Regeneration of NRZ-DPSK Signals Based on Symmetric-Pump Phase-Sensitive Amplification

Symmetric-pump phase-sensitive amplification (SP-PSA) is investigated experimentally. Symmetric pump waves are derived using carrier-suppressed return-to-zero modulation. The SP-PSA is used for phase regeneration of a phase-noise degraded nonreturn-to-zero differential phase-shift keying signal, significantly improving signal quality

Simulation of mixing effects in a VVER-1000 reactor

This work has been performed in the framework of the OECD/NEA thermalhydraulic benchmark V1000CT-2. This benchmark is related to fluid mixing in the reactor vessel during a MSLB accident scenario in a VVER-1000 reactor. Coolant mixing in a VVER-1000 V320 reactor was investigated in plant experiments during the commissioning of the Unit 6 of the Kozloduy nuclear power plant. Non-uniform and asymmetric loop flow mixing in the reactor vessel has been observed in the event of symmetric main coolant pump operation. For certain flow conditions, the experimental evidence of an azimuthal shift of the main loop flows with respect to the cold leg axes (swirl) was found. Such asymmetric flow distribution was analyzed with the Trio_U code. Trio_U is a CFD code developed by the CEA Grenoble, aimed to supply an efficient computational tool to simulate transient thermalhydraulic turbulent flows encountered in nuclear systems. For the presented study, a LES approach was used to simulate turbulent mixing. Therefore, a very precise tetrahedral mesh with more than 10 million control volumes has been created. The Trio_U calculation has correctly reproduced the measured rotation of the flow when the CAD data of the constructed reactor pressure vessel where used. This is also true for the comparison of cold leg to assembly mixing coefficients. Using the design data, the calculated swirl was significantly underestimated. Due to this result, it might be possible to improve with CFD calculations the lower plenum flow mixing matrices which are usually used in system codes.

Modes of a plano – spherical laser resonator with the Gaussian gain distribution of the active medium

Modes of a laser with plano–spherical degenerate and nondegenerate resonators are calculated upon diode pumping producing the Gaussian gain distribution in the active medium. Axially symmetric and off-axis pumpings are considered. It is shown that in the first case the lowest Hermite–Gaussian mode is excited with the largest weight both in the degenerate and nondegenerate resonator if the pump level is sufficiently high or the characteristic size wg of the amplifying region greatly exceeds the mode radius w0. The high-order Ince–Gaussian modes are excited upon weak off-axis pumping in the nondegenerate resonator both in the absence and presence of the symmetry of the gain distribution with respect to the resonator axis. It is found that when the level of off-axis symmetric pumping of the resonator is high enough, modes with the parameters of the TEM00 mode periodically propagating over a closed path in the resonator can exist. The explanation of this effect is given.

Laser diode beam shaping with GRIN lenses using the twisted beam approach and its application in pumping of a solid-state laser

We report a novel beam shaping method for laser diodes based on the concept of twisted Gaussian Schell-model beams using GRIN lenses. This method enables a more symmetric pump as well as a compact setup for pumping of solid-state lasers. In the experiment with a standard 2 W diode, the beam quality factors in the two orthogonal directions were equalized to M x 2 ≈ 24 and M y 2 ≈ 18 , respectively, which pumped an intra-cavity frequency-doubled Nd:YAG laser at 946 nm with an output of 28 mW at 473 nm.

Diode pumping of a solid-state laser rod by a two-dimensional CPC–elliptical cavity with intervening optics

The pump radiation from a large area two-dimensional diode stack is concentrated into a cylindrical intervening optics by a first-stage 2D-CPC concentrator. The compressed radiation from the intervening optics is then efficiently coupled into a laser rod by a second-stage 2D-elliptical pump cavity. Depending on the width of the pump source, optimized rod mounting position is found through a non-sequential ray-tracing analysis. By comparing with the performance of a 2D-CPC–CPC cavity, significant improvements in both absorption efficiency and absorption distribution are achieved by a 2D-CPC–EL cavity. This asymmetric pumping scheme constitutes also an effective alternative to conventional symmetric pumping approaches.

Peculiarities of the fundamental mode structure in stable-resonator lasers upon spatially inhomogeneous amplification

The structure of the fundamental mode of a laser is calculated by the iteration Fox–Li method in the case of inhomogeneous unsaturated amplification produced by axially symmetric longitudinal pumping. The calculation is performed for different parameters g1 and g2 of the resonator within the entire stability region. It is shown that in the case of inhomogeneous amplification, the fundamental mode considerably deviates from the Gaussian mode of an empty resonator only in the so-called critical configurations of the resonator, when the quantity [arccos(g1g2)1/2]/π is zero or takes a number of values expressed by irreducible fractions m/n. For the Fresnel number NF = 9, configurations with m/n = 1/2, 2/5, 3/8, 1/3, 3/10, 1/4, 1/5, 1/6, 1/8, and 1/10 are pronounced. As NF increases, the number of critical configurations increases. The expansion in a system of Laguerre–Gaussian beams shows that the fundamental mode in critical configurations is formed by a set of beams with certain radial indices p phased in the active medium.

OEDGE modeling of the DIII-D H-mode 13CH4 puffing experiment

Use of carbon in tokamaks leads to a serious tritium retention issue due to co-deposition. To further investigate the processes involved, a detached ELMy H-mode (6.5MW NBI) experiment was performed on DIII-D in which 13CH4 was puffed into the main vessel through the toroidaly symmetric pumping plenum at the top of lower single-null discharges. Subsequently, the 13C content of tiles taken from the vessel wall was measured. The interpretive OEDGE code was used to model the results. The 13C deposition pattern could be reproduced, in general shape and magnitude, by assuming in the code the existence of a parallel flow and a radial pinch in the scrape-off layer. Parallel flows of Mach ∼0.3 toward the inner divertor and a radial pinch ∼10–20m/s (+R-direction) were found to yield 13C deposition comparable to the experiment.

Efficient Yb:KGW lasers end-pumped by high-power diode bars

The laser performance of Yb:KGW under end-pumping with high-power diode bars has been investigated. In one configuration, the pump is delivered through an optical fiber yielding a symmetric but unpolarized pump spot. In the second configuration, the pump is delivered through an optical lens system yielding a polarized but asymmetric pump spot. Both configurations resulted in a maximum optical to optical efficiency of 47% and a maximum power of 12.4 W has been generated with the fiber coupled pump source. The output power was limited by crystal fracture, which occurred at an estimated temperature gradient of 1.2×105 K/m. Thermal lensing and laser tuning characteristics are also investigated.

Axially symmetric fiber side pumping

A method for axially symmetric fiber side pumping is proposed. The method is based on a coupling structure and a pump source that both utilize the axially symmetric geometry of a typical optical fiber. The coupling structure can be manufactured by adding material to and/or by removing material from the fiber. In principle, the method enables the launch of kilowatt-level pump power into the fiber through a single coupling structure. The conditions for successful coupling and a simple experimental verification of the method are presented. In the experiments over 90 % of the launched light fell inside the coupling area and the potential for efficient coupling into a double clad fiber was demonstrated.

Optimal design of distributed Raman amplifiers employed in long-haul optical transmission systems

The optimization of pumping schemes of distributed Raman amplifiers employed in long-haul optical transmission systems is investigated in detail. Considering the received optical signal to noise ratio (OSNR) as well as nonlinear distortion and the optimal signal power distribution, i.e. uniform distribution, is achieved by using variational method. But the analytical optimal distribution does not exist when taking double Rayleigh backscattering (DRB) into account. Comparison between three Raman amplification schemes, i.e. bidirectional dual-order, first-order pumping and Raman-plus-Erbium doped fiber amplifier hybrid amplification, is carried out at identical nonlinear phase shifts. The results show that symmetric bidirectional dual-order pumping can achieve the best OSNR performance through appropriate choice of the second-order pump wavelength and second-to-first-order pump power ratio in most cases for both short- and long-span applications. However, hybrid amplification will be a better choice when the DRnoise is dominant. These results will be helpful for designing long-haul transmission systems.

Analysis and Design of Power Factor Pre-Regulator Based on a Symmetrical Charge Pump Circuit Applied to Electronic Ballast

This paper presents the analysis and design of a power factor pre-regulator based on a symmetrical charge pump circuit applied to electronic ballast. The operation stages of the circuit are analyzed and its main design equations are obtained. Simulation and experimental results are presented in order to show the design methodology feasibility.