Symmetric Bridge Research Articles

Structural and Spectral Properties of Photochromic Diarylethenes: Size Effect of the Ethene Bridge.

The effect of the size of the ethene bridge on the structural and spectral properties of photochromic diarylethenes, which remains a poorly understood phenomenon, was studied as applied to diarylethenes containing unsymmetrical (cyclohexenone and cyclopentenone) and symmetrical (cyclohexene and cyclopentene) ethene bridges. Thiophene, oxazole, and imidazole derivatives were used as aryl moieties. An increase in the size of the ethene bridge in the cycloalkenone series was found to be accompanied by a hypsochromic shift of the absorption maximum of the photoinduced form, whereas no difference was found for cycloalkenes. A detailed analysis of the NMR spectra (including 2D experiments) revealed previously unknown effects associated with the existence of an intramolecular hydrogen bond (CH···N) between the six-membered ethene bridge and the azole substituents. The NMR experimental data obtained were confirmed by DFT quantum chemical calculations and X-ray analysis. It was found that an intramolecular hydrogen bond favors an increase of the quantum yield of the photocyclization reaction.

Photoinduced Energy and Electron-Transfer Reactions by Polypyridine Ruthenium(II) Complexes Containing a Derivatized Perylene Diimide

The [Ru(II) (phen)2(pPDIp)]2+ complex, where pPDIp is the symmetric bridging ligand phenanthroline–perylene–phenanthroline, shows strong electronic absorption bands attributed to the pPDIp and {Ru(phen)2}2+ moieties in acetonitrile. The charge-separated intermediate {Ru(III) (phen)2(pPDIp–•)} was detected by transient absorption spectroscopy upon electronic excitation in either the pPDIp or the complex moieties. The charge-separated intermediate species decays to generate the triplet state 3*pPDIp-Ru(II) (τP = 1.8 μs) that sensitizes the formation of singlet molecular oxygen with quantum yield ϕΔ = 0.57. The dyad in deaerated acetonitrile solutions is reduced by triethylamine (NEt3) to the [Ru(II) (phen)2(pPDIp•–)] radical anion in the dark. The electron-transfer reaction is accelerated by light absorption. By photolysis of the radical anion, a second electron transfer reaction occurs to generate the [Ru(II) (phen)2(pPDIp2–)] dianion. The changes of the color of solution indicate the redox states of compl...

CHARACTERISTICS OF A 4-PHASE VALVE RELUCTANCE MOTOR WHEN POWERED BY UNCAPACITOR SWITCHBOARD

Purpose. Nowadays more and more in a variety of machines and mechanisms applied switched reluctance motor. When designing these engines solve the problem selection switch. While the switch scheme comprises symmetrical bridge and eight transistors, eight diodes; Miller switch comprises six transistors and six diodes; in company Graseby Controls Ltd switch circuit but four transistors and four diodes includes two capacitors. The aim is to develop a mathematical model, calculation program, a numerical analysis of the characteristics and parameters of the WFD and the characteristics of their work. Methodology. It is assumed that the resistance in the open state transistors and diodes for direct current is zero and the resistance of the transistors in the closed state, and diode reverse voltage is infinity. When feeding a single-phase motor and power at the same time two adjacent phases determined by the flow through the tooth. Results. The motor powered by a switch on the circuit symmetrical bridge power, which provides a maximum permissible winding temperature is 1.665 kW. But at the same time the surge up to 38.8%, resulting in high levels of noise and vibration. Through the installation of switching angles, ensuring reduction of torque ripple and reduce engine power to a level below which there is a decrease in the value of torque ripple, received power of 1,066 kW and a torque ripple value of 21.18 %. For engines with improved vibration acoustic characteristics necessary to use a switch of four transistors and four diodes. Practical value. For motors with improved vibration acoustic characteristics appropriate to apply uncapacitor switch on four transistors and four diodes, which allows you to receive half the value of torque ripple than the lowest value of the motor torque ripple, eating from a switch on the circuit asymmetric bridge. The cost of reluctance motor with uncapacitor switch on the circuit with four transistors and four diodes is more than two times less than the motor with the switch on the circuit asymmetric bridge.

Azide, water and adipate as bridging ligands for Cu(II): Synthesis, structure and magnetism of (μ4-adipato-κ-O)(μ-aqua)(μ-azido-κN1,N1)copper(II) monohydrate

The synthesis, characterization, single crystal structure and magnetic properties of the compound [(CuN3(OH2))2(adp)]n (1) are presented, in which adp stands for the adipate(2−) anion. This compound consists of layers containing chains of six-coordinated Cu(II) ions; the chains are connected by μ4-adipate anions. The magnetically interesting part of the compound is the Cu(II) chain, built from 3 bridging ligands, i.e. a water ligand, an azide anionic ligand bridging by using a terminal N atom to connect 2 Cu(II) ions, and one symmetrically bridging carboxylato group of adipate; the other end of the tetradentate adipate anions symmetrically connect the chains, forming the layers.From the magnetic point of view the compound is considered as a Cu(II) chain with a quite unusual, symmetrical water bridge, the μ-syn-syn carboxylate and the μ-N3 bridge. The bridging water also hydrogen bonds to a terminal N of a nearby azido ligand. Magnetic susceptibility measurements show that 1 presents moderate ferromagnetic intrachain interactions (Jchain=+38.4cm−1) with a metamagnetic behaviour for the inter-chain interaction with a critical field of 0.7T.

Dynamic Behavior and Seismic Fragility Analysis of Shallow Foundation Bridge Considering Scour

If scour is occurred at shallow foundation of bridge, seismic performance of the bridge will be reduced. In order to evaluate accurate seismic response of bridge according to scour depths, modeling of foundation reflecting scour effect is important. In this study, taking into account the effect of the reduction in embedment depth of the shallow foundation by scouring, the soil around the foundation is modelled as an equivalent soil spring with various stiffness. Seismic fragility analyses for 3 types of bridges subjected to 4 types of ground motions classified into Site Class A, B, C, D are evaluated according to several scour depths. From the fragility analysis results, it can be observed that the deeper the scour depth, the higher probability of exceeding damage states. Also, seismic failure probability of asymmetric bridge is higher than that of symmetric bridge.

Niobium tetrahalide complexes with neutral diphosphine ligands.

The reactions of NbCl4 with diphosphine ligands o-C6H4(PMe2)2, Me2PCH2CH2PMe2 or Et2PCH2CH2PEt2 in a 1 : 2 molar ratio in MeCN solution produced eight-coordinate [NbCl4(diphosphine)2]. [NbBr4(diphosphine)2] (diphosphine = o-C6H4(PMe2)2 or Me2PCH2CH2PMe2) were made similarly from NbBr4. X-ray crystal structures show that [NbCl4{o-C6H4(PMe2)2}2] has a dodecahedral geometry, but the complexes with dimethylene-backboned diphosphines are distorted square antiprisms. The Nb-P distances and <P-Nb-P angles are very similar in the two types, but Nb-Cl distances are ∼0.1 Å longer in the square antiprismatic complexes. These paramagnetic (d(1)) complexes were also characterised by microanalysis, magnetic measurements, IR and UV-visible spectroscopy. Using a 1 : 1 molar ratio of NbCl4 : diphosphine (diphosphine = Me2PCH2CH2PMe2, Et2PCH2CH2PEt2, Cy2PCH2CH2PCy2 and Ph2PCH2CH2CH2PPh2) afforded [NbCl4(diphosphine)], and [NbBr4(Me2PCH2CH2PMe2)] was obtained similarly. These 1 : 1 complexes are unstable in solution, preventing X-ray crystallographic study, but based upon their diamagnetism, IR, UV-visible and (31)P{(1)H} NMR spectra, they are formulated as halide-bridged dimers [(diphosphine)X2Nb(μ-X)4NbX2(diphosphine)], with single Nb-Nb bonds and chelating diphosphines. The Nb(iv) complexes are prone to hydrolysis and oxidation in solution and the structures of the Nb(v) complexes [NbBr4(Me2PCH2CH2PMe2)2][NbOBr4(MeCN)] with a dodecahedral cation, and [{NbOCl3{Et2P(CH2)2PEt2}}2{μ-Et2P(CH2)2PEt2}] which contains seven-coordinate Nb(v) centres with a symmetrical diphosphine bridge, are reported. The structure of niobium tetrabromide, conveniently made from NbCl4 and BBr3, is a chain polymer with edge-linked NbBr6 octahedra and alternating long and short Nb-Nb distances, the latter ascribed to Nb-Nb bonds.

How pinning and contact angle hysteresis govern quasi-static liquid drop transfer

This paper presents both experimental and numerical simulations of liquid transfer between two solid surfaces with contact angle hysteresis (CAH). Systematic studies on the role of the advancing contact angle (θa), receding contact angle (θr) and CAH in determining the transfer ratio (volume of the liquid transferred onto the acceptor surface over the total liquid volume) and the maximum adhesion force (Fmax) were performed. The transfer ratio was found to be governed by contact line pinning at the end of the transfer process caused by CAH of surfaces. A map based on θr of the two surfaces was generated to identify the three regimes for liquid transfer: (I) contact line pinning occurs only on the donor surface, (II) contact line pinning occurs on both surfaces, and (III) contact line pinning occurs only on the acceptor surface. With this map, an empirical equation is provided which is able to estimate the transfer ratio by only knowing θr of the two surfaces. The value of Fmax is found to be strongly influenced by the contact line pinning in the early stretching stage. For symmetric liquid bridges between two identical surfaces, Fmax may be determined only by θa, only by θr, or by both θa and θr, depending on the magnitude of the contact angles. For asymmetric bridges, Fmax is found to be affected by the period when contact lines are pinned on both surfaces.

Synthesis and photophysical properties of Ir(iii)/Re(i) dyads: control of Ir→Re photoinduced energy transfer.

A series of dinuclear Ir(iii)/Re(i) complexes has been prepared based on a family of symmetrical bridging ligands containing two bidentate N,N'-chelating pyrazolyl-pyridine termini, connected by a central aromatic or aliphatic spacer. The Ir(iii) termini are based on {Ir(F2ppy)2}(+) units (where F2ppy is the cyclometallating anion of a fluorinated phenylpyridine) and the Re(i) termini are based on {Re(CO)3Cl} units. Both types of terminus are luminescent, with the Ir-based unit showing characteristic strong, structured phosphorescence in the blue region (maximum 452 nm) with a triplet excited state energy of 22 200 cm(-1) and the Re-based unit showing much weaker and lower-energy phosphorescence (maximum 530 nm) with a triplet excited state energy of 21 300 cm(-1). The energy gradient between the two excited states allows for partial Ir→Re photoinduced energy-transfer, with substantial (but incomplete) quenching of the higher-energy Ir-based emission component and sensitised emission - evidenced by an obvious grow-in component - on the lower-energy Re-based emission. The Ir→Re energy-transfer rate constants vary over the range 1-8 × 10(7) s(-1) depending on the bridging ligand: there is no simple correlation between bridging ligand structure and energy-transfer rate, possibly because this will depend substantially on the conformation of these flexible molecules in solution. To test the role of ligand conformation further, we investigated a complex in which the bridging chain is a (CH2CH2O)6 unit whose conformation is known to be solvent-polarity dependent, with such chains adopting an open, elongated conformation in water and more compact, folded conformations in organic solvents. There was a clear link between the rate and extent of Ir→Re energy-transfer which reduced in polar solvents as the chain became elongated and the Ir/Re separation was larger; and increased in less polar solvents as the chain adopted a more compact conformation and the Ir/Re separation was reduced.

Numerical simulations and experimental validations of force coefficients and flutter derivatives of a bridge deck

This paper presents the results of the application of the large eddy simulation (LES) numerical method with the aim of investigating static coefficients and nonstationary flutter derivatives for a common symmetric bridge deck section. The results are compared with those of the unsteady Reynolds-averaged Navier–Stokes (URANS) study. The results of the investigated numerical simulations are validated by force and pressure measurements from wind tunnel experiments. In addition to the commonly used representation of flutter derivatives based on the integrated forces, the paper uses cross-sectional representation by tracking the contributions of nonstationary coefficients around the bridge deck section. Besides providing a better insight into the physical mechanism, the cross-sectional representation seems to be a powerful tool for identifying deficiencies in visualizing the impact of flow separations on flutter derivatives.

Uplift of deck or footings in bridges with distributed mass subjected to transverse earthquake

SummaryThe eigenvalue problem is analytically formulated in symmetric bridges with distributed mass and moment of inertia under transverse earthquake. The piers are elastically supported on the ground. The deck is monolithically connected to one or two piers for all degrees of freedom and restrained or transversely free at the abutments. The characteristic equation, symmetric normal modes, modal participation factors, and participating mass ratios are given analytically. The problem is expressed in terms of few dimensionless parameters: (i) the radius of gyration of the deck mass divided by the pier height; (ii) the ratio of the rotational stiffness of a footing to that of the pier at the base; (iii) the ratio of flexural stiffness of the outer spans to those of the pier; (iv) the ratio of torsional stiffness of side spans to the rotational stiffness of the pier top; (v) for two piers, the side‐to‐central‐span ratio. Modal response spectrum analysis gives the moment at the base of the footings and the torque in the deck at its supports on the abutments as ratios to the values at incipient uplifting from the ground or the bearings. The peak ground acceleration of the motion at the onset of either one of these two types of nonlinearity is depicted as a function of the dimensionless parameters and the fundamental period of an elastic deck supported only at the abutments, or of a rigid deck on piers fixed against rotation at top and bottom. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley &amp; Sons, Ltd.

Pyrene and imidazole functionalized luminescent bimetallic Ru(II) terpyridine complexes as efficient optical chemosensors for cyanide in aqueous, organic and solid media.

We report in this work the anion recognition and sensing aspect of a new family of bimetallic Ru(ii) complexes derived from a symmetrical bridging 5,11-bis(4-([2,2':6',2''-terpyridine]-4'-yl)phenyl)-4,12-dihydropyreno[4,5-d:9,10-d']diimidazole (tpy-H2PhImzPy-tpy) terpyridine ligand in solution as well as in the solid sate through different channels such as absorption, steady state and time-resolved emission, and (1)H NMR spectroscopic techniques. Interestingly, the complexes exhibit luminescence in the red region with moderately long lifetimes compared with the related terpyridine complexes of Ru(ii). In DMSO, complexes 1 and 2 act as sensors for F(-) and to a lesser extent for AcO(-), CN(-) and H2PO4(-), whereas 3 acts as a sensor for F(-), AcO(-), CN(-) and to some extent for H2PO4(-). In contrast to DMSO, all the complexes exhibit very high selectivity towards cyanide ions in the presence of an excess of other anions in aqueous medium. The complexes display visual detection of cyanide with the detection limit lying in the range of 1.01 × 10(-7) to 9.79 × 10(-8) M. Equilibrium constants for the interaction of the complexes with the anions were evaluated from absorption and emission titration profiles and were found to lie in six orders of magnitude. It is observed that the excited-state lifetimes of the complexes were modulated to a significant extent by the selected anions in all the three media proving the utility of such complexes to act as lifetime-based sensors for anions. The fact that all the complexes can selectively sense cyanide in the presence of other anions with their detection limits lying in the range of 10(-7) M-10(-8) M in aqueous solution is particularly important for their practical applicability. Density functional theory (DFT) and time-dependent density functional theory (TD-DFT) studies were performed to understand the nature of the ground and excited states of the complexes with detailed assignments of the orbitals involved in absorption transitions. In particular, the red-shifts of the absorption and emission bands in the presence of selective anions have been well reproduced by computations.

The structure of trimethyltin fluoride.

The solid-state structure of (CH3)3SnF was reinvestigated by X-ray diffraction techniques as well as by multi-nuclear solid-state NMR spectroscopy. Trimethyltin fluoride crystallizes from hot ethanol in the orthorhombic space group Pnma at room temperature and changes to a low-temperature orthorhombic phase (space group: Cmcm) below -70 °C. In both modifications, trimethyltin fluoride adopts a linear chain structure with symmetric fluorine bridges, in contrast to previous reports. During its synthesis, (CH3)3SnF precipitates in another, poorly crystalline modification, as shown by powder X-ray diffraction. Solid-state MAS NMR experiments of both room-temperature phases of (CH3)3SnF (non-recrystallized and recrystallized) were carried out for the (1)H, (13)C, (19)F, and (119)Sn nuclei. The (119)Sn{(19)F, (1)H} and (19)F{(1)H} NMR spectra offer unambiguous determination for the (19)F and (119)Sn shielding tensors. The (119)Sn{(1)H} solid-state NMR spectra are in agreement with pentacoordination of Sn in this compound for the non-recrystallized and the recrystallized modifications. Based on the solid-state NMR results, the non-recrystallized modification of (CH3)3SnF also consists of linear, symmetrically fluorine-bridged chains, and differs from the recrystallized orthorhombic phase only in packing of the chains.

The issues on site surveying during the construction of a bridge span with the cantilever method.

Construction of new road engineering structures or modernization of the existing ones is not possible without comprehensive site surveying. Technical problems encountered during the implementation of transport investments can pose a challenge for engineers in these cases, among others, where advanced building techniques are applied. This article presents the implementation process of site surveying during the construction of a bridge structure erected using the cantilever method. An example of surveys carried out during the construction of a bridge across the Wisloka River in Łabuzie, in the traffi c route of the national road No. 4 between Machowa and Łancut, at 538+256.00 km was used. The cantilever method applied during the construction of the bridge span required specialized skills and continuous presence of surveyors, as well as their special commitment. As part of the modernization of the national road No. 4 Jedrzychowice – Korczowa, at the section between Machowa and Łancut, in Łabuzie (the municipality of Pilsen, Podkarpackie Province), the old structure was replaced by a new one, meeting the current technical and traffi c requirements. At 538+256.00 km, two symmetrical road bridges of prestressed concrete were designed, to be implemented using the cantilever technique (Fig. 1). The three-span load-bearing structure was situated on a straight section of the road. The structure has a static scheme of a continuous beam. The length of the external spans is 41.5 m and of the central span – 84.0 m. The box-section span of the height of 4.60 m to 1.90 m was made of prestressed concrete. The support was executed on massive concrete abutments with suspended wings.

Calsyntenin-3 Molecular Architecture and Interaction with Neurexin 1α

Calsyntenin 3 (Cstn3 or Clstn3), a recently identified synaptic organizer, promotes the development of synapses. Cstn3 localizes to the postsynaptic membrane and triggers presynaptic differentiation. Calsyntenin members play an evolutionarily conserved role in memory and learning. Cstn3 was recently shown in cell-based assays to interact with neurexin 1α (n1α), a synaptic organizer that is implicated in neuropsychiatric disease. Interaction would permit Cstn3 and n1α to form a trans-synaptic complex and promote synaptic differentiation. However, it is contentious whether Cstn3 binds n1α directly. To understand the structure and function of Cstn3, we determined its architecture by electron microscopy and delineated the interaction between Cstn3 and n1α biochemically and biophysically. We show that Cstn3 ectodomains form monomers as well as tetramers that are stabilized by disulfide bonds and Ca(2+), and both are probably flexible in solution. We show further that the extracellular domains of Cstn3 and n1α interact directly and that both Cstn3 monomers and tetramers bind n1α with nanomolar affinity. The interaction is promoted by Ca(2+) and requires minimally the LNS domain of Cstn3. Furthermore, Cstn3 uses a fundamentally different mechanism to bind n1α compared with other neurexin partners, such as the synaptic organizer neuroligin 2, because Cstn3 does not strictly require the sixth LNS domain of n1α. Our structural data suggest how Cstn3 as a synaptic organizer on the postsynaptic membrane, particularly in tetrameric form, may assemble radially symmetric trans-synaptic bridges with the presynaptic synaptic organizer n1α to recruit and spatially organize proteins into networks essential for synaptic function.

Multichromophoric bimetallic Ru(II) terpyridine complexes based on pyrenyl-bis-phenylimidazole spacer: synthesis, photophysics, spectroelectrochemistry, and TD-DFT calculations.

A symmetrical bridging ligand, 5,11-bis(4-([2,2':6',2″-terpyridine]-4'-yl)phenyl)-4,12-dihydropyreno[4,5-d:9,10-d']diimidazole (tpy-H2PhImzPy-tpy), containing terpyridyl coordinating units connected via a pyrenyl-bis-phenylimidazole spacer have been designed to synthesize a new class of light harvesting bimetallic Ru(II) complexes. The electronic properties of this complexes can be fine-tuned by varying tridentate terminal ligands. Full characterization of the compounds has been done with the help of (1)H NMR spectroscopy, high-resolution mass spectrometry, and elemental analysis. Geometry optimization of the complexes was also carried out with density functional theory (DFT). Electronic absorption spectra exhibit a number of very intense π-π* and n-π* transitions in the UV and moderately intense MLCT and ILCT transitions in the visible region. Interestingly, the present bimetallic complexes exhibit moderately strong luminescence in the range between 657 and 703 nm and lifetimes (long component) between 5.8 and 67.0 ns at room temperature showing the dependence of the emission characteristics upon the type of terminal ligand and solvent. Detailed temperature-dependent emission measurements showed that an overall enhancement of photoluminescence intensity and lifetime occur in all three cases upon lowering of temperature. The redox behavior of the compounds is characterized by a single reversible anodic wave corresponding to two closely spaced one-electron processes. The appearance of intervalence charge transfer transition (IVCT) bands in the NIR region on electrochemical generation of Ru(II)Ru(II)/Ru(II)Ru(III) species indicates the presence of substantial electronic communication among the two ruthenium centers in the bimetallic complexes. DFT and TDDFT calculations were also done for better understanding of the absorption and emission spectral characteristics of the complexes.

Strain rate effects on symmetric diblock copolymer liquid bridges: order-induced stability of polymer fibres.

Optical microscopy is used to study the effect of lamellar order on the evolution of polymer-melt bridges. Measurements are performed on symmetric diblock copolymers and linear homopolymers in the melt state. Diblock copolymer bridges measured in the disordered phase are shown to exhibit the same strain rate response as their homopolymer counterparts: shear thinning at low strain rates and shear thickening at high strain rates. However, when measured in the ordered phase, copolymer-melt bridges demonstrate an increased effective viscosity due to the lamellar order and a shear thinning response over the entire range of strain rates probed. The increased viscosity demonstrates an enhanced stability in lamellae forming diblock liquid bridges, presumed to be caused by the isotropic orientational order of lamellar domains that provide energy barriers to flow within the bridge. The shear thinning can be understood as an alignment of lamellae along the axis of the bridge due to flow, facilitating unimpeded diffusion of polymer out of the liquid bridge along lamellar boundaries.

Computational investigation of [FeFe]-hydrogenase models: characterization of singly and doubly protonated intermediates and mechanistic insights.

The [FeFe]-hydrogenase enzymes catalyze hydrogen oxidation and production efficiently with binuclear Fe metal centers. Recently the bioinspired H2-producing model system Fe2(adt)(CO)2(dppv)2 (adt=azadithiolate and dppv=diphosphine) was synthesized and studied experimentally. In this system, the azadithiolate bridge facilitates the formation of a doubly protonated ammonium-hydride species through a proton relay. Herein computational methods are utilized to examine this system in the various oxidation states and protonation states along proposed mechanistic pathways for H2 production. The calculated results agree well with the experimental data for the geometries, CO vibrational stretching frequencies, and reduction potentials. The calculations illustrate that the NH···HFe dihydrogen bonding distance in the doubly protonated species is highly sensitive to the effects of ion-pairing between the ammonium and BF4– counterions, which are present in the crystal structure, in that the inclusion of BF4– counterions leads to a significantly longer dihydrogen bond. The non-hydride Fe center was found to be the site of reduction for terminal hydride species and unsymmetric bridging hydride species, whereas the reduced symmetric bridging hydride species exhibited spin delocalization between the Fe centers. According to both experimental measurements and theoretical calculations of the relative pKa values, the Fed center of the neutral species is more basic than the amine, and the bridging hydride species is more thermodynamically stable than the terminal hydride species. The calculations implicate a possible pathway for H2 evolution that involves an intermediate with H2 weakly bonded to one Fe, a short H2 distance similar to the molecular bond length, the spin density delocalized over the two Fe centers, and a nearly symmetrically bridged CO ligand. Overall, this study illustrates the mechanistic roles of the ammonium-hydride interaction, flexibility of the bridging CO ligand, and intramolecular electron transfer between the Fe centers in the catalytic cycle. Such insights will assist in the design of more effective bioinspired catalysts for H2 production.

Room Temperature Synthesis, Crystal Structure and Magnetic Property of a Two-Dimensional Copper(II) Polymer Bridged by End-On and End-to-End Azide Bridges

A novel two dimensional (2D) copper(II) polymer [Cu3(N3)6(DMF)2] n (1) has been synthesized and characterized by elemental analysis, IR, X-ray single crystal diffraction and magnetic susceptibility measurements. Complex 1 was formed by a [Cu3(N3)6(DMF)2] trimeric unit through two double symmetric end-on (EO) azide bridges which further constructed 2-D network through asymmetric EO and end–end azide bridges. The magnetic study shows that the compound 1 exhibits ferromagnetic interactions through symmetric EO azide bridges and antiferromagnetic interactions via asymmetric EO azide bridges.

The role of computed tomography in the assessment of dental disease in 66 guinea pigs

Sixty-six guinea pigs with dental disease were presented to the University of Veterinary Medicine, Vienna, Austria, from 2006 to 2010. Almost all patients had a history of eating difficulties (95...

Liquid Bridges Between Contacting Balls

The problem studied is that of a rotationally symmetric liquid bridge between two contacting balls of equal radius, with the same contact angle with both balls, and in the absence of gravity. The bridge surface must be of constant mean curvature, hence a Delaunay surface. If the contact angle is less than \({\frac{\pi}{2}}\), existence of a rotationally symmetric bridge is shown for a large range of the relevant parameter, giving unduloidal, catenoidal, and nodoidal bridges. If the contact angle is greater than or equal to \({\frac{\pi}{2}}\), it is shown that no stable rotationally symmetric bridge which is symmetric across the perpendicular bisector of the line segment between the two centers of the balls exists. Existence therefore depends discontinuously on contact angle.