Symmetric Relations Research Articles

Why Do Bystanders Report Intimate Partner Violence? Insights into Real-Life Reasoning from Those Who Actually Intervened.

As intimate partner violence (IPV) often remains unknown to police, bystanders can play a crucial role in prevention and further escalation of IPV. However, little is known about what brings them into action by reporting incidents of IPV to authorities. As such, we use statements of bystanders who filed reports about IPV incidents to an official domestic violence agency in the Netherlands (N = 78), to investigate the reasoning and motivations for reporting their suspicions. Results show that the reasons for bystanders to report IPV differ depending on the relational dynamics between partners. In situations perceived as intimate terrorism, involving a hierarchical abusive relationship between a man offender and a woman victim, bystanders primarily reported when previous helping initiatives proved inefficient, and they did so to prevent further harm, often particularly in relation to the woman victim. In situations perceived as situational couple violence, involving a symmetrical abusive relationship, bystanders primarily reported when escalation appeared, and they did so to prevent further harm to involved children. We conclude that bystanders report IPV incidents when the need for help is clear, and their motivation for acting concerns the well-being of victims. Our findings add to the growing body of evidence about real-life bystander intervention in emergencies and highlight the need for understanding intervention as context-specific in order to design effective intervention initiatives.

ASYMMETRIC EFFECTS OF EXCHANGE RATES ON MALAYSIAN PALM OIL EXPORTS TO CHINA

Fluctuations in exchange rates can induce uncertainty, significantly impacting on a country's exports. The unexpected appreciation or depreciation of a currency can also influence the flow of palm oil exports between Malaysia and China, as it affects the relative prices. The purpose of this study is to investigate whether the effects of exchange rate fluctuations on palm oil exports exhibit symmetric or asymmetric relationship. Additionally, this study endeavors to ascertain the presence of the J-curve phenomenon in explaining the connection between exchange rates and Malaysia's palm oil exports to China. This study employs a quarterly dataset spanning from January 2010 to June 2023 and utilizes the linear and non-linear Autoregressive Distributed Lag approaches. The study's results affirm the presence of asymmetric effects stemming from exchange rate movements on Malaysia's palm oil exports to China. This study found that ringgit depreciation has a positives impact on palm oil exports in the long run. These empirical findings hold significance for policymakers, shedding light on the positive repercussions of palm oil price changes on economic activity, ensuring that all stakeholders in the sector reap the benefits accordingly.

Антипедагогіка як постмодерністський проєкт

The article is devoted to revealing the essential characteristics of antipedagogy in the context of postmodern discourse. It has been shown that the representatives of this pedagogical movement called for the abandonment of education as a purposeful process of personality formation, considering it totalitarian and aimed at depersonalization. The ideas of postmodernism, which contributed to the formation and development of antipedagogy and alternative education, have been presented in the article as follows: changing the status of knowledge in society; extrastructural, non-linear way of organizing integrity, which excludes rigid centralization, orderliness, and symmetry; a special modernity model, in which life orientations and values are not imposed on a person. It has been proved that the spread of these ideas on education and pedagogical science helped to substantiate the basic provisions of antipedagogy. The provisions are related to the refusal of the purposeful personality formation according to a certain pattern, imposition of worldview schemes, life guidelines and values, the requirement to establish symmetrical relations, equal dialogue between a teacher and a student. It has been emphasized that antipedagogy was not narrowed to criticism of traditional school education and pedagogical science, but offered alternative pedagogical methods based on the principle of spontaneous autonomy of a child. The methods contribute to the self-development and self-determination of a student. The ideas of antipedagogy and its constructive potential are implemented in alternative educational institutions.

Evaluating the linear accelerator accuracy: Integrating Winston-Lutz measurement method and mathematical calculations

The Electronic Portal Image Device (EPID) is commonly used to evaluate the difference between the mechanical and radiation centers of a linear accelerator; however, the gantry and EPID are limited in some non-coplanar angles due to collisions with the treatment couch. This study aimed to compare the results of mathematical calculations and actual measurements to evaluate the feasibility of assessing the differences in the mechanical and radiation field isocenters. A 20 mm Stereotactic Circular Collimator was mounted on the head of the linear accelerator (LINAC), and an Elekta 8 mm ball-bearing (BB) was placed on the couch, following the Winston-Lutz (WL) measurement method. Measurements were taken with varying gantry and couch positions, and Image J software was used to analyze the images. Two regions with a difference of more than 0.1 mm were identified. The first region was between T270 and T330, with gantry angles ranging from G120 to G160. The second region was between T280 and T340, with gantry angles ranging from G290 to G330, and the two regions showed a symmetric diagonal relationship in terms of the gantry angles. The paired sample t-test showed no significant difference between the actual measurements and the calculated results (p-value = 0.11). The study concluded that mathematical calculations can complement the limitations imposed by equipment collisions, providing valuable insights for treatment planning.

Kinetic gases in static spherically symmetric modified dispersion relations

We study the dynamics of a collisionless kinetic gas in the most general static, spherically symmetric dispersion relation. For a static, spherically symmetric kinetic gas, we derive the most general solution to these dynamics, and find that any solution is given by a one-particle distribution function which depends on three variables. For two particular solutions, describing a shell of monoenergetic orbiting particles and a purely radial inflow, we calculate the particle density as a function of the radial coordinate. As a particular example, we study a κ-Poincaré modification of the Schwarzschild metric dispersion relation and derive its influence on the particle density. Our results provide a possible route towards quantum gravity phenomenology via the observation of matter dynamics in the vicinity of massive compact objects.

Extropy and Some of Its More Recent Related Measures for Concomitants of K-Record Values in an Extended FGM Family

This study uses an effective, recently extended Farlie–Gumbel–Morgenstern (EFGM) family to derive the distribution of concomitants of K-record upper values (CKRV). For this CKRV, the negative cumulative residual extropy (NCREX), weighted NCREX (WNCREX), negative cumulative extropy (NCEX), and weighted NCEX (WNCEX) are theoretically and numerically examined. This study presents several beautiful symmetrical and asymmetric relationships that these inaccuracy measurements satisfy. Additionally, empirical estimations are provided for these measures, and their visualizations enable users to verify their accuracy.

Banking regulation and bank credit delivery in selected Sub-Saharan African countries: Symmetric and asymmetric causal linkages

This study aimed to empirically determine the symmetric and asymmetric causal relationship between banking regulation and bank credit delivery using a context of 23 sub-Saharan African countries from 1995 to 2017. The estimated symmetric and asymmetric error correction-based multivariate panel Granger-causality models allowed for both long-run and short-run causal relationships. The results generally supported the existence of long-run symmetric and asymmetric causality between banking regulatory measures, bank credit delivery and two intermittent variables, namely, economic growth and inflation. In the short run, bidirectional symmetric causality existed between banking entry barriers and bank credit delivery, as well as a one-way symmetric causal flow running from bank credit delivery to banking capital regulations. Moreover, positive shocks to bank credit delivery Granger caused negative shocks to banking entry barriers, activity restrictions or capital regulations, while negative shocks to mixing of banking and commerce restrictions Granger caused positive or negative shocks to bank credit delivery. The findings highlight that policymakers should take into consideration not only the symmetric but also the asymmetric causal effects of reforms aimed at enhancing banking regulation and such reforms should be well-targeted and well-designed for them to stimulate bank credit delivery.

Tracing the Flow of Climate Change Frames: Intermedia Agenda Setting Between Twitter and News Media in the US and the UK

This study integrates agenda setting and framing theory to explore the transmission of climate change frames between newspapers and Twitter in the US and the UK. A set of computational methods was applied to identify five prevailing climate change frames—cause, impact, action, real, and hoax—in 230,000 tweets and 20,000 news articles from 2016 to 2021. At the cross-national level, a symmetrical relationship was found on Twitter between the US and the UK, which indicates their mutual influence on social-media discussions of climate change. Within each country, the US news media had a stronger agenda-setting influence on public climate change discussions on Twitter, whereas news coverage and social-media discussions in the UK were relatively isolated. The use of the cause frame in the US media coverage often led to the presence of the hoax, action, impact, and cause frames in Twitter conversations, whereas the action frame in the UK media coverage led to the presence of the hoax, real, and impact frames in Twitter discussions. The findings have implications for the dynamics of framing processes that shape public attention and the understanding of climate issues cross-nationally.

Türkiye'de Makroekonomik Faktörlerin Nominal Döviz Kuru Üzerindeki Doğrusal ve Doğrusal Olmayan Etkileri

This study examines the symmetrical and asymmetrical relationships between nominal exchange rates and some key macroeconomic indicators in Türkiye using ARDL and NARDL approaches. According to the findings, there is an asymmetric cointegration relationship between the variables, but this relationship is not symmetrical. Inflation is the most remarkable indicator of the exchange rate. While all variables have asymmetric effects in the long run, only exports have asymmetric effects in the short run. The effect of export increases on the exchange rate is more dominant than decreases. Positive shocks between Türkiye and the US interest rate decrease the nominal exchange rate. In general, the effects of positive shocks are more dominant than negative shocks.

The method of constant terms and k-colored generalized Frobenius partitions

In his 1984 AMS memoir, Andrews introduced the family of k-colored generalized Frobenius partition functions. For any positive integer k, let cϕk(n) denote the number of k-colored generalized Frobenius partitions of n. Among many other things, Andrews proved that for any n≥0, cϕ2(5n+3)≡0(mod5). Since then, many scholars subsequently considered congruence properties of various k-colored generalized Frobenius partition functions, typically with a small number of colors.In 2019, Chan, Wang and Yang systematically studied arithmetic properties of CΦk(q) with 2≤k≤17 by employing the theory of modular forms, where CΦk(q) denotes the generating function of cϕk(n). We notice that many coefficients in the expressions of CΦk(q) are not integers. In this paper, we first observe that CΦk(q) is related to the constant term of a family of bivariable functions, then establish a general symmetric and recurrence relation on the coefficients of these bivariable functions. Based on this relation, we next derive many bivariable identities. By extracting and computing the constant terms of these bivariable identities, we establish the expressions of CΦk(q) with integral coefficients. As an immediate consequence, we prove some infinite families of congruences satisfied by cϕk(n), where k is allowed to grow arbitrary large.

A New Approach on Bipolar Second Degree Perfect Fuzzy Matching for Bipolar Fuzzy Graphs Based on Vertices

Graph is a visual representation of data. In mathematics, graph is a structure which creates the pairwise relation between objects. The objects are known as nodes or vertices and the connection between two nodes are known as links or edges. A graph is a symmetric binary relation on a non-empty set whereas Fuzzy graph is a symmetric binary fuzzy relation on a fuzzy subset. Bipolar Fuzzy graph is a generalization of graph theory by using bipolar Fuzzy set. The bipolar Fuzzy sets are the extension of Fuzzy sets. Our main objective is to introduce Bipolar Second Degree Perfect Fuzzy Matching for Bipolar Fuzzy Graph based on vertices. Secondly, we proved the necessary conditions under which they are equivalent and also proved that for a particular condition a perfect second-degree fuzzy matching is not a regular bipolar fuzzy graph. Next, we discussed about perfect second-degree Fuzzy matching and second degree fuzzy matching number for bipolar fuzzy graph on the cycle.

Symmetric relations

Symmetric relations

Generalized cut trees for edge-connectivity

We present three cut trees of graphs, each of them giving insights into the edge-connectivity structure. All three cut trees have in common that they are defined with respect to a given binary symmetric relation R on the vertex set of the graph, which generalizes Gomory-Hu trees. Applying these cut trees, we prove the following:•A pair of vertices {v,w} of a graph G is pendant if λ(v,w)=min⁡{d(v),d(w)}. Mader showed in 1974 that every simple graph with minimum degree δ contains at least δ(δ+1)/2 pendant pairs. We improve this lower bound to δn/24 for every simple graph G on n vertices with δ≥5 or λ≥4 or vertex connectivity κ≥3, and show that this is optimal up to a constant factor with regard to every parameter.•Every simple graph G satisfying δ>0 has O(n/δ)δ-edge-connected components. Moreover, every simple graph G that satisfies 0<λ<δ has O((n/δ)2) cuts of size less than min⁡{32λ,δ}, and O((n/δ)⌊2α⌋) cuts of size at most min⁡{α⋅λ,δ−1} for any given real number α≥1.•A cut is trivial if it or its complement in V(G) is a singleton. We provide an alternative proof of the following recent result of Lo et al.: Given a simple graph G on n vertices that satisfies δ>0, we can compute vertex subsets of G in near-linear time such that contracting these vertex subsets separately preserves all non-trivial min-cuts of G and leaves a graph having O(n/δ) vertices and O(n) edges.

Children’s perspectives on the relations between home and school

The aim of the article is to shed light on children’s perspectives of the relations between home and school. The study is based on 52 interviews with children aged 12-13 years in Sweden about their knowledge and notions of the relations between their parents and teachers, and what they perceive their own role to be in this context. The study reveals that the children’s understandings are drawing on both ideas of connectedness and autonomy to different actors characterised by a vertical or horizontal frame and that generational and institutional power are important in their understanding of the relations. The results reveals the different ways in which children talk about home-school relations, namely as (1) an asymmetric vertical “keep-apart-relation” characterised by institutional power, generational power and children’s autonomy and power and (2) a horizontal relation that is characterised by a symmetric power relation between the actors, i.e. they think that the parties to some extent sometimes have an equal influence in the relation. In addition, the study indicates that children adopt different strategies in relation to the adults. The children’s accounts show that they reproduce and also resist the social order and structure.

A corpus study on the relationship between focus and accent in natural speech in Mandarin Chinese

This paper aims to explore the relationship between focus and accent, namely, whether the focus of a sentence possesses some acoustic features of accent. Previous studies suggest that focused words depict different patterns of acoustic prominence embedded in accent. According to previous evidence found in English, pitch and duration are two crucial factors contributing to differentiating focused and unfocused words. Therefore, pitch and duration are the main two factor considered in this study. Studies in aspect of the relationship between focus and accent and their realization in the phonetic level in natural speech are insufficient. Therefore, this study aims to provide support for the connection between focus and accent in natural speech in Mandarin. Based on 24 sentences from three native Mandarin speakers selected from a Chinese corpus, THCHS-30, published by Tsinghua University, this study extracts the narrow-focused words, broad-focused words, and the corresponding unfocused-words as the main subjects and analyses their mutual relationships. Results support the symmetric relationship between focus and accent. Focused words show phonetic features of accent and words with no obvious phonetic prominence of accent are unlikely to be considered as focus. Focus triggers a decrease in F0 values and an increase in duration of focused words. Linear mixed effects tests in R suggest that a major effect of narrow and broad focus in causing F0 and duration changes has not been deducted, but narrow focus conditions can result in duration proportion increase of narrow focused words compared to broad focused ones.

Museums, ethnographic collections and social identity: reflections on the curatorship shared with the sateré mawé in a university museum in the city of Manaus, Amazonas, Brazil

This work presents an experience carried out with the Sateré Mawé people in the identification and qualification of indigenous artifacts seized by the Brazilian Institute of the Environment and Renewable Resources, and which are under the custody of the Amazon Museum belonging to the Federal University of Amazonas. The dialogue between indigenous people and the museum is based on the idea of collaborative museology, centered on the symmetrical relationship in which the relationship between indigenous people and objects identified as belonging to their culture is described. As a methodological resource, six “memory workshops” were held, when the artifacts were presented to indigenous people who described the objects, their uses and names in their own language. We chose to initially outline some aspects and concepts that are mobilized in the research, such as ethnic identity, collaborative museology and the context of museums in Brazil with ethnographic collections. Secondly, we present details of the process for reflection on how identity manifests itself in the experience of collaborative museology with the Sateré-Mawé people in the aforementioned museum. The observation was carried out during the workshops, held within the scope of the Amazon Museum with sateré mawé coming from four communities located in the metropolitan region of Manaus.

IS THE ASSOCIATION BETWEEN FDI AND INFLATION SYMMETRIC OR ASYMMETRIC? EVIDENCE FROM ARDL AND NARDL TECHNIQUES

Based on the demand-pull and cost-push theory, this study examines the relationship between foreign direct investment (FDI) and inflation nexus by using time series technique of Autoregressive Distributed Lags (ARDL). Asymmetry assumption was investigated by employing relatively advanced Nonlinear Autoregressive Distributed Lag (NARDL) method. Annual data from 1973 to 2017 has been collected from the World Bank database and DataStream. The results revealed that Bangladesh’s FDI inflow has a significant impact on the inflation rate, which augurs well for the economy. In addition, we also discover an asymmetric relationship in the long run and symmetric relationship in the short run. Several policy recommendations of these findings are provided.

Knowledge graph embedding with inverse function representation for link prediction

Knowledge graphs, which contains billions of facts, have become a useful resource for many AI-related downstream tasks, such as knowledge inference, personalized search. However, although existing knowledge graphs contain billions of facts, most knowledge graphs are still incomplete due to the inability to manually access all the facts in the world. In order to automatically predict missing triples, researchers have proposed many knowledge graph embedding models for link prediction task. However, most existing models have flaws in handling symmetric relations, as they will get the same constant |r|=1 or r=0 for any symmetric relations. In order to address such flaws, we propose a novel model called InversEF, which can get different representations for symmetric relations by learning inverse function representation of triples. In InversEF, for the complex relations, we explicitly capture the structured information of each entity by using the interaction between entities and relations. Due to the symmetry between the function and its corresponding inverse function, InverseEF can work well on the symmetric and inverse relations. Experimental results show that, InversEF achieves new state-of-the-art performance.

Some Explanatory Issues with Woodward’s Notion of Intervention

ABSTRACT James Woodward’s manipulationist counterfactual theory of explanation offers strong tools for an adequate approach to explanation endeavours. One of these tools is the notion of intervention, which serves as a guiding principle for identifying explanations as causal, thus preserving the unidirectionality of explanatory praxis. Nevertheless, in this paper, I argue that in some cases of explanation, this notion has a rather redundant role since it is either impossible to define or it can be replaced by other types of manipulations or both. I shall show these shortcomings of intervention in two particularly detailed analyses of an economic example pertaining to Okun’s law and the pendulum explanation. In analysing the former example, I contend that given the complex causal situation of economic phenomena, the notion of intervention is inept at helping explain them. In the latter example, I show that the notion of intervention is readily replaceable by other types of variation—conceptual or mathematical. Finally, I shall end this article by examining the case of pendulum explanation in light of Woodward’s new approach to explanation direction. In the end, the conclusion is that the variables of the pendulum law are in a symmetrical relationship.

Mapping the Causal Connections among Exchange Rate Indicators and Exchange Rate: New Evidence from NARDL Econometric Approach

The aim of the study is to find out the symmetric or asymmetric relationship betweenthe macroeconomic fundamentals and exchange rate of Pakistani Rupee against the US Dollar which has never been analyzed briefly in previous literature. The NARDL approach hasbeen applied with the selected macroeconomic fundamentals i.e., GDP, foreign reserves, inflation rate, interest rate, oil price, gold price, trade balance, and money supply for thedata analysis. The data of exchange rate and selected macroeconomic fundamentals havebeen taken during the time period of 2011 to 2022 from the official IMF IFS database. Thefindings indicate that foreign reserves and inflation possess an asymmetric relationship withthe exchange rate in long run. The increase in productive inflation only helps to stabilize theexchange rate whereas all other significant variables weakens the Pakistani currency eitherin short -run or long run i.e., decrease in money supply, GDP, inflation and increase in interestrate. The findings will be helpful for the policymakers and economists to implement theirpolicies accordingly to prevent the further depreciation the of Pakistani Rupee against USDollar.