Symmetric Magnetic Field Research Articles

Timelike geodesics of a modified gravity black hole immersed in an axially symmetric magnetic field

We investigate the dynamics of a neutral and a charged particle around a black hole in modified gravity immersed in magnetic field. Our focus is on the scalar-tensor-vector theory as modified gravity. We are interested to explore the conditions on the energy of the particle under which it can escape to infinity after collision with another neutral particle in the vicinity of the black hole. We calculate escape velocity of particle orbiting in the innermost stable circular orbit (ISCO) after the collision. We study the effects of modified gravity on the dynamics of particles. Further we discuss how the presence of magnetic field in the vicinity of black hole, effects the motion of the orbiting particle. We show that the stability of ISCO increases due to presence of magnetic field. It is observed that a particle can go arbitrary close to the black hole due to presence of magnetic field. Furthermore ISCO for black hole is more stable as compared with Schwarzschild black hole. We also discuss the Lyapunov exponent and the effective force acting on the particle in the presence of magnetic field.

In-plane gradient-magnetic-field-induced vortex lattices in spin-orbit-coupled Bose-Einstein condensations

We consider the ground-state properties of the two-component spin-orbit coupled ultracold bosons subject to a rotationally symmetric in-plane gradient magnetic field. In the non-interacting case, the ground state supports giant-vortices carrying large angular momenta without rotating the trap. The vorticity is highly tunable by varying the amplitudes and orientations of the magnetic field. Interactions drive the system from a giant-vortex state to various configurations of vortex lattice states along a ring. Vortices exhibit ellipse-shaped envelops with the major and minor axes determined by the spin-orbit coupling and healing lengths, respectively. Phase diagrams of vortex lattice configurations are constructed and their stabilities are analyzed.

A ferromagnetic disk in a constant axially symmetric inhomogeneous magnetic field

The distorting effect of a ferromagnetic disk of finite dimensions on the constant field of a magnetic dipole is considered. It is shown that, depending on the mutual arrangement of the dipole and disk, the dipole field may be both intensified and attenuated. It was proposed for the first time to use an additional ferromagnetic disk in order to attenuate the shielding effect of a ferromagnetic disk on a dipole field. The theoretical considerations were confirmed by the experimental results. The presented information can be useful when organizing testing of the magnetic fields of objects that are placed behind a ferromagnetic obstacle.

Stud arc welding in a magnetic field – Investigation of the influences on the arc motion

Stud arc welding is widely used in the construction industry. For welding of studs with a diameter larger than 14 mm a ceramic ferrule is usually necessary in order to protect the weld pool. Disadvantages of using such a ferrule are that more metal is molten than necessary for a high quality welded joint and that the ferrule is a consumable generally thrown away after the welding operation. Investigations show that the ferrule can be omitted when the welding is carried out in a radially symmetric magnetic field within a shielding gas atmosphere. Due to the Lorentz force the arc is laterally shifted so that a very uniform and controlled melting of the stud contact surface as well as of the work piece can be achieved. In this paper a simplified physical model is presented describing how the parameters welding current, flux density of the magnetic field, radius of the arc and mass density of the shielding gas influence the velocity of the arc motion. The resulting equation is subsequently verified by comparing it to optical measurements of the arc motion. The proposed model can be used to optimize the required field distribution for the magnetic field stud welding process.

Model dynamo may solve Mercury mystery

Simulations suggest that the planet’s top-heavy magnetic field derives from the unusual chemistry of its core.

Modulating the magnetosphere of magnetars by internal magneto-elastic oscillations

We couple internal torsional, magneto-elastic oscillations of highly magnetized neutron stars (magnetars) to their magnetospheres. The corresponding axisymmetric perturbations of the external magnetic field configuration evolve as a sequence of linear, force-free equilibria that are completely determined by the background magnetic field configuration and by the perturbations of the magnetic field at the surface. The perturbations are obtained from simulations of magneto-elastic oscillations in the interior of the magnetar. While such oscillations can excite travelling Alfv\'en waves in the exterior of the star only in a very limited region close to the poles, they still modulate the near magnetosphere by inducing a time-dependent twist between the foot-points of closed magnetic field lines that exit the star at a polar angle $\gtrsim 0.19\,$rad. Moreover, we find that for a dipole-like background magnetic field configuration the magnetic field modulations in the magnetosphere, driven by internal oscillations, can only be symmetric with respect to the equator. This is in agreement with our previous findings, where we interpreted the observed quasi-periodic oscillations in the X-ray tail of magnetar bursts as driven by the family of internal magneto-elastic oscillations with symmetric magnetic field perturbations.

Hall attractor in axially symmetric magnetic fields in neutron star crusts.

We find an attractor for an axially symmetric magnetic field evolving under the Hall effect and subdominant Ohmic dissipation, resolving the question of the long-term fate of the magnetic field in neutron star crusts. The electron fluid is in isorotation, analogous to Ferraro's law, with its angular velocity being approximately proportional to the poloidal magnetic flux, Ω∝Ψ. This equilibrium is the long-term configuration of a magnetic field evolving because of the Hall effect and Ohmic dissipation. For an initial dipole-dominated field, the attractor consists mainly of a dipole and an octupole component accompanied by an energetically negligible quadrupole toroidal field. The field dissipates in a self-similar way: Although higher multipoles should decay faster, the toroidal field mediates transfer of energy into them from the lower ones, leading to an advection diffusion equilibrium and keeping the ratio of the poloidal multipoles almost constant. This has implications for the structure of the intermediate-age neutron stars, suggesting that their poloidal field should consist of a dipole and an octupole component accompanied by a very weak toroidal quadrupole. For initial conditions that have a higher multipole ℓ structure, the attractor consists mainly of ℓ and ℓ+2 poloidal components.

Hall effect in neutron star crusts: evolution, endpoint and dependence on initial conditions

We present new simulations of the evolution of axially symmetric magnetic fields in neutron star crusts under the influence of the Hall effect and subdominant Ohmic dissipation. In the Hall effect, differential rotation of the electron fluid generates toroidal field by winding of the poloidal field. For this reason, we focus on the influence of the initial choice of the electron angular velocity profile on the subsequent and long term magnetic evolution. Whereas previous simulations have generally chosen angular velocities increasing outwards, corresponding to the lowest order Ohmic mode in the crust, a more realistic choice is an angular velocity decreasing outwards, corresponding to the MHD equilibrium field that is likely present at the time of crust formation. We find that the evolution passes through three basic phases. The early evolution is a response to the initial conditions. During the second phase the field consists of poloidal and toroidal components which eventually relax to an isorotation state in which the angular velocity of the electrons becomes constant along poloidal magnetic field lines, causing Hall evolution to saturate. In the third phase the field dissipates slowly while maintaining isorotation. We discuss the implications for the long term field structure and observable properties of isolated neutron stars.

Temporal Evolution of Sunspot Areas and Estimation of Related Plasma Flows

The increased amount of information provided by ongoing missions such as the Solar Dynamics Observatory (SDO) represents a great challenge for the understanding of basic questions such as the internal structure of sunspots and how they evolve with time. Here, we contribute with the exploitation of new data, to provide a better understanding of the separate growth and decay of sunspots, umbra, and penumbra. Using fuzzy sets to compute separately the areas of sunspot umbra and penumbra, the growth and decay rates for active regions NOAA 11117, NOAA 11428, NOAA 11429, and NOAA 11430 are computed from the analysis of intensitygrams obtained by the Helioseismic and Magnetic Imager onboard SDO. A simplified numerical model is proposed for the decay phase, whereby an empirical irrotational and uniformly convergent horizontal velocity field interacting with an axially symmetric and height-invariant magnetic field reproduces the large-scale features of the much more complex convection observed inside sunspots.

Experiment Research of Polishing Capability of Magnetorheological Finishing with a Small Permanent Magnet Ball-End Tool

In order to resolve the difficulty in polishing work of complex shape, a new magnetorheological finishing (MRF) technology with a small permanent magnet ball-end tool is developed. Rotary symmetrical magnetic field generated by the small permanent ball-end tool, stiffen a magnetic fluid which is delivered by a slender needle tubing, in contact with a workpiece. The permanent magnet tool is hold by a slender cylindrical shank, so it won’t interfere with workpiece when polishing deep concave cavity. A prototype apparatus is established to study the processing characteristics of this polishing method. MRF spots are taken on stationary workpiece to study the influence of several processing parameters on the material removal function, such as, spindle speed, included angle and minimum gap between polishing tool and finishing-surface. A 3×3mm square on a fused quartz (FS) is polished and the surface roughness decrease from 81nm Ra to 1.5nm Ra after polishing for 100min.

Rapid Learning of Magnetic Compass Direction by C57BL/6 Mice in a 4-Armed ‘Plus’ Water Maze

Magnetoreception has been demonstrated in all five vertebrate classes. In rodents, nest building experiments have shown the use of magnetic cues by two families of molerats, Siberian hamsters and C57BL/6 mice. However, assays widely used to study rodent spatial cognition (e.g. water maze, radial arm maze) have failed to provide evidence for the use of magnetic cues. Here we show that C57BL/6 mice can learn the magnetic direction of a submerged platform in a 4-armed (plus) water maze. Naïve mice were given two brief training trials. In each trial, a mouse was confined to one arm of the maze with the submerged platform at the outer end in a predetermined alignment relative to magnetic north. Between trials, the training arm and magnetic field were rotated by 180° so that the mouse had to swim in the same magnetic direction to reach the submerged platform. The directional preference of each mouse was tested once in one of four magnetic field alignments by releasing it at the center of the maze with access to all four arms. Equal numbers of responses were obtained from mice tested in the four symmetrical magnetic field alignments. Findings show that two training trials are sufficient for mice to learn the magnetic direction of the submerged platform in a plus water maze. The success of these experiments may be explained by: (1) absence of alternative directional cues (2), rotation of magnetic field alignment, and (3) electromagnetic shielding to minimize radio frequency interference that has been shown to interfere with magnetic compass orientation of birds. These findings confirm that mice have a well-developed magnetic compass, and give further impetus to the question of whether epigeic rodents (e.g., mice and rats) have a photoreceptor-based magnetic compass similar to that found in amphibians and migratory birds.

Note: Spectral motional Stark effect diagnostic for measurement of magnetic fields below 0.3 T

The paper reports on development of the spectral motional Stark effect (MSE) diagnostic in the midplane of the gas dynamic trap (GDT) linear system for magnetic confinement of anisotropic hot-ion plasma. The axially symmetric GDT vacuum magnetic field has a minimum value in the midplane, which varies from 0.2 to 0.35 T in different regimes of operation. Buildup of 15 keV ion population generates a diamagnetic reduction of magnetic field in the plasma core of up to 30% in the maximum density region, as measured by the existing eight-line MSE diagnostic. Commissioning of the midplane MSE provided first direct measurements of diamagnetic modifications in the minimum magnetic field GDT section, a necessary complement to the understanding of equilibrium and self-organization of high-β plasmas in GDT. Making use of the stable short-pulse diagnostic beam and calibration of the apparent spectral width of beam emission lines allow for the measurement of the plasma magnetic field of 0.29 ± 0.007 T with the integration time of 200 μs.

Stability of magnetic fields in non-barotropic stars: an analytic treatment

Magnetic fields in upper main-sequence stars, white dwarfs, and neutron stars are known to persist for timescales comparable to their lifetimes. From a theoretical perspective this is problematic, as it can be shown that simple magnetic field configurations are always unstable. In non-barotropic stars, stable stratification allows for a much wider range of magnetic field structures than in barotropic stars, and helps stabilize them by making it harder to induce radial displacements. Recent simulations by Braithwaite and collaborators have shown that, in stably stratified stars, random initial magnetic fields evolve into nearly axisymmetric configurations with both poloidal and toroidal components, which then remain stable for some time. It is desirable to provide an analytic study of the stability of such fields. We write an explicit expression for a plausible equilibrium structure of an axially symmetric magnetic field with both poloidal and toroidal components of adjustable strengths, in a non-barotropic static fluid star, and study its stability using the energy principle. We construct a displacement field that should be a reasonable approximation to the most unstable mode of a toroidal field, and confirm Braithwaite's result that a given toroidal field can be stabilized by a poloidal field containing much less energy than the former. This is consistent with the speculation that the toroidal field is the main reservoir powering magnetar activity. The deformation of a neutron star caused by the hidden toroidal field can also cause emission of gravitational waves.

Position Recognition System for Autonomous Vehicle Using the Symmetric Magnetic Field

The autonomous driving method using magnetic sensors recognizes the position by measuring magnetic fields in autonomous robots or vehicles after installing magnetic markers in a moving path. The Position estimate method using magnetic sensors has an advantage of being affected less by variation of driving environment such as oil, water and dust due to the use of magnetic field. It also has the advantages that we can use the magnet as an indicator and there is no consideration for power and communication environment. In this paper, we propose an efficient sensor system for an autonomous driving vehicle supplemented for existing disadvantage. In order to efficiently eliminate geomagnetism, we analyze the components of the horizontal and vertical magnetic field. We propose an algorithm for position estimation and geomagnetic elimination to ease analysis, and also propose an initialization method for sensor applied in the vehicle. We measured and analyzed the developed system in various environments, and we verify the advantages of proposed methods.

Fano resonance in sliver circular gap embedded with a sliver nanorod

The transmittance property and steady-state magnetic field distribution of the sliver circular gap embedded with a sliver nanorod are investigated using the finite-difference time-domain method. Since the titled nanorod breaks the symmetric steady-state magnetic field distribution, Fano resonance occurs in the composite system. In addition, the transmittance spectrum depends strongly on the tilting angle and topologic shape of the nanorod. These results would be useful for designing filter for specific usage.

Ion pump using cylindrically symmetric spindle magnetic field

For all accelerators and many research and industries, excellent vacuum conditions are required and the highest possible pumping rates are necessary. For most applications the standard ion sputtering pump (ISP) meets these requirements and is optimal for financial point of view also. The physical principle of the ISP is well known and many companies manufacture variety of ISP. Most of them use dipole magnetic field produced by permanent magnet and electric dipole field between the electrodes in which tenuous plasma is created because of interaction of between the relatively fast electrons slow residual gas atoms. Performance of an ISP depends basically on the electron cloud density in between the titanium electrodes but in the available present configurations no consideration has been given to electron confinement which needs a mirror magnetic field. If this is incorporated it will make a robust ISP surely; furthermore, the requirement of constant feeding of high voltage to electrodes for supplying sufficient number of electrons will be reduced too. A study has been performed to create sufficient rotationally symmetric spindle magnetic field (SMF) with inherent presence of magnetic mirror effect to electron motion to confine them for longer time for enhancing the density of electron cloud between the electrodes. It will lessen the electric power feeding the electrodes and lengthen their life-time. Construction of further compact and robust ISP is envisaged herein. The field simulation using the commercially available permanent magnet together with simulation of electron motion in such field will be presented and discussed in the paper.

Voltage-controllable spin beam splitter based on realistic magnetic-barrier nanostructure

We report a theoretical investigation on the Goos–Hänchen (GH) effect of spin electron beams in realistic magnetic-barrier (MB) nanostructures under an applied voltage, which can be experimentally created by lithographic patterning of ferromagnetic (FM) or superconducting films. GH shifts of spin electron beams are calculated numerically for the InAs material system, with the help of the stationary phase method. It is shown that a significant spin polarization effect can be induced by such MB nanostructures with symmetric magnetic field profiles. It also is shown that both magnitude and sign of the spin polarization is closely relative to the electric barrier (EB) produced by a constant voltage applied to the metallic FM stripe of system. These interesting properties may provide an alternative way to spin injection into the semiconductor, and such nanostructures can serve as voltage-tunable spin beam splitters.

Method of synthesis of axially symmetric magnetic field sources with ferromagnetic elements

У роботі запропоновано метод ефективного проведення оптимального параметричного синтезу аксіально-симетричних джерел магнітного поля з феромагнітними елементами. Задача синтезу вирішується з урахуванням лінійних та нелінійних магнітних властивостей феромагнетику.

Stable magnetic universes revisited

A regular class of static, cylindrically symmetric pure magnetic field metrics is rederived in a different metric ansatz in all dimensions. Radial, time dependent perturbations show that for dimensions d>3 such spacetimes are stable at both near r\approx0 and large radius r\rightarrow\infty. In a different gauge these stability analysis and similar results were known beforehand. For d=3, however, simultaneous stability requirement at both, near and far radial distances can not be reconciled for time - dependent perturbations. Restricted, numerical geodesics for neutral particles reveal a confinement around the center in the polar plane. Charged, time-like geodesics for d=4 on the other hand are shown numerically to run toward infinity.

Antihydrogen atom formation in a CUSP trap towards spin polarized beams

The ASACUSA collaboration has been making a path to realize high precision microwave spectroscopy of ground-state hyperfine transitions of antihydrogen atom in flight for stringent test of the CPT symmetry. For this purpose, an efficient extraction of a spin polarized antihydrogen beam is essential. In 2010, we have succeeded in synthesizing our first cold antihydrogen atoms employing a CUSP trap. The CUSP trap confines antiprotons and positrons simultaneously with its axially symmetric magnetic field to form antihydrogen atoms. It is expected that antihydrogen atoms in the low-field-seeking states are preferentially focused along the cusp magnetic field axis whereas those in the high-field-seeking states are defocused, resulting in the formation of a spin-polarized antihydrogen beam.