Symmetric Encryption Techniques Research Articles

An Efficient Image Encryption Scheme for Medical Image Security

In the contemporary landscape of digital healthcare, the confidentiality and integrity of medical images have become paramount concerns, necessitating the development of robust security measures. This research endeavors to address these concerns by proposing an innovative image encryption scheme tailored specifically for enhancing medical image security. The proposed scheme integrates a sophisticated blend of symmetric and asymmetric encryption techniques, complemented by a novel key management system, to fortify the protection of medical image data against unauthorized access and malicious tampering. The proposed DNA-based encryption algorithm leverages the unique properties of DNA encoding to securely scramble image data, providing an added layer of protection. By utilizing DNA sequences in the encryption and decryption processes, the scheme achieves a high level of data confusion and diffusion, significantly enhancing security. The efficacy of the proposed encryption scheme is validated through comprehensive experimental evaluations, which demonstrate its proficiency in ensuring data security while maintaining computational efficiency. The scheme's compatibility with existing medical imaging systems is also examined, affirming its seamless integration into contemporary healthcare infrastructures. This research contributes to the advancement of medical image security by proposing an efficient encryption scheme that strikes a balance between stringent security requirements and practical implementation considerations. The primary contributions include the development of a DNA-based encryption algorithm and a novel key management system, both of which significantly enhance the security of medical images. This research contributes to the advancement of medical image security by proposing an efficient encryption scheme that strikes a balance between stringent security requirements and practical implementation considerations. By safeguarding the confidentiality and integrity of medical images, the proposed scheme empowers healthcare providers to uphold patient privacy and trust in the digital age. Experimental results show that this approach ensures robust encryption without compromising image quality, making it suitable for sensitive medical imaging applications.

Secured lightweight authentication for 6LoWPANs in machine-to-machine communications

The development of machine-to-machine (M2M) technologies is becoming increasingly important in the rapidly growing domain of wireless sensor networks (WSNs) and the Internet of Things (IoT). Adopting IPv6 over 6LoWPANs (Low-Power Wireless Personal Area Networks) is instrumental in communicating across diverse domains within WSNs, albeit with its challenges. Particularly, resource limitations and security vulnerabilities remain significant concerns. 6LoWPAN-based M2M protocols that rely on authentication and key establishment schemes (AKE) often fall short due to inadequate security issues and excessive resource requirements. This paper addresses these challenges by introducing a secure and resource-efficient framework—Lightweight AKE for 6LoWPAN Nodes (LAKE-6LN). LAKE-6LN capitalizes on the clustering architecture's merits and contrasts conventional router-centric approaches. To ensure lightweight and efficient operation, it uses hash functions, XOR functions, and symmetric encryption techniques. Pseudo-identity, sequence tracking numbers, and secure parameters ensure privacy and protection against attacks, including traceability, perfect forward secrecy, ephemeral secret leakage, and secure the session key. An informal analysis of LAKE-6LN's security confirms that compliance with all essential security properties has been achieved. In addition, the framework's logical robustness and security analysis are rigorously verified using BAN logic, AVISPA, and Scyther tools. LAKE-6LN has demonstrated superior performance over related schemes, demonstrating a reduction in storage costs (by 33.33 % to 85.71 %), computational overhead (by 14.28 % to 95.97 %), communication overhead (by 16.12 % to 51.85 %), and energy consumption (by 22.04 % to 99.40 %). In our comparative analysis, LAKE-6LN demonstrates its resilience against various security threats, demonstrating its potential to secure 6LoWPAN networks in M2M.

A privacy-preserving federated graph learning framework for threat detection in IoT trigger-action programming

Trigger-Action Programming (TAP) is a common user-programming paradigm in Internet of Things (IoT) smart home platforms, allowing users to create customized automation rules to match IoT devices and network services. However, the potential security threats associated with TAP rules are often overlooked or underestimated by users. To address this issue, we propose PFTAP, a novel federated graph learning framework for threat detection of TAP rules while simultaneously protecting user data and privacy. First, we propose a hierarchical graph attention network. This network comprises intra-rule attention and inter-rule attention modules, which enable the learning of comprehensive feature representations for triggers and actions. By capturing the intricate relationships between different rules, the network enhances the detection accuracy of risky TAP rules. Moreover, our framework is based on federated learning and integrates symmetric encryption and local differential privacy techniques, aiming to safeguard user privacy from unauthorized access or tampering. To evaluate the effectiveness of our framework, we conduct experiments using an extensive dataset of IFTTT rules. The experimental results convincingly demonstrate that PFTAP outperforms state-of-the-art methods in terms of threat detection performance.

Encryption techniques for financial data security in fintech applications

In the dynamic world of financial technology (Fintech), securing financial data is a key priority. Increasing digital connectivity, adoption of cloud-based services requiring complex measures to protect the integrity, privacy and availability of sensitive information. Encryption techniques are emerging as a key tool to achieve these goals about itself by converting plaintext into ciphertext, protected from unauthorized access and probability violations. This review paper examines the various encryption techniques required to secure financial information in fintech applications. The main methods described include symmetric encryption, asymmetric and hybrid encryption techniques. Additionally, the function of end-to-end encryption (E2EE) is discussed in terms of protecting data privacy while it is being sent, which is essential for safeguarding sensitive financial activities such as mobile banking and digital payments. With its sophisticated method of permitting calculations on encrypted data without the need for decryption, homomorphic encryption shows promise for facilitating safe data analysis in Fintech settings while preserving data confidentiality. Each encryption method is scrutinized in terms of its strengths, weaknesses and practical applications in Fintech. Considerations such as computing efficiency, scalability, and regulatory compliance are addressed to provide insights for optimizing data protection strategies while adhering to industry standards and regulatory frameworks. The future of Fintech security is expected to be shaped by new developments in encryption technology, including post-quantum cryptography, artificial intelligence integration for adaptive security measures, and privacy-preserving solutions. The goal of these advancements is to strengthen the robustness of financial data security techniques in an increasingly linked digital world while mitigating changing cyber risks.

Securing File Storage by Hybrid Cryptography

The proliferation of digital data in modern times necessitates robust security measures to safeguard confidentiality and integrity. This paper introduces a "File Storage System using Hybrid Cryptography," a pivotal solution addressing the pressing need for secure file storage and retrieval. Hybrid cryptography merges symmetric and asymmetric encryption techniques, ensuring a resilient and reliable data protection mechanism. This system leverages the strengths of symmetric encryption's speed and efficiency while integrating the key management advantages of asymmetric encryption. Through an exploration of historical cryptographic foundations, the emergence of hybrid cryptography, and contemporary file storage challenges, this paper highlights the importance of such an approach. The proposed system's phases, from encryption to decryption, elucidate its implementation and efficacy. Future research directions are outlined, focusing on enhanced key management, performance optimization, multi-platform integration, and user-centric solutions. Challenges such as quantum computing threats, scalability, and integration with emerging technologies are discussed. The conclusion emphasizes the significance of hybrid cryptography in addressing data security concerns amidst escalating digital data volumes, offering an efficient and secure framework for data storage and sharing. The research gaps identified prompt further exploration into quantum-resistant systems, scalability optimization, user-friendly interfaces, cross-cultural legal considerations, ethical implications, sustainability, and integration with emerging technologies.

Hybrid Encryption for Securing and Tracking Goods Delivery by Multipurpose Unmanned Aerial Vehicles in Rural Areas Using Cipher Block Chaining and Physical Layer Security

This paper investigated the use of unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) for the delivery of critical goods to remote areas in the absence of network connectivity. Under such conditions, it is important to track the delivery process and record the transactions in a delay-tolerant fashion so that this information can be recovered after the UAV’s return to base. We propose a novel framework that combines the strengths of cipher block chaining, physical layer security, and symmetric and asymmetric encryption techniques in order to safely encrypt the transaction logs of remote delivery operations. The proposed approach is shown to provide high security levels, making the keys undetectable, in addition to being robust to attacks. Thus, it is very useful in drone systems used for logistics and autonomous goods delivery to multiple destinations. This is particularly important in health applications, e.g., for vaccine transmissions, or in relief and rescue operations.

An Enhanced Authenticated Key Agreement Scheme for Cloud-Based IoT in Wireless Sensor Networks

Recent advancements in mobile and wireless technology have fundamentally impacted the underpinnings of cloud computing and IoEs. These changes have changed the way data is communicated across numerous channels, allowing for intelligent discovery and operation. The Internet of Things (IoT) is highly reliant on wireless sensor networks (WSNs), which have several applications in industries ranging from smart medicine to military operations to farming. The IoT's substantial reliance on these activities generates a large amount of data. All the above-specified data is transferred to a remote server for storage and processing. As a result, it is critical to enable safe data access in WSNs by authenticating individuals in altered states of awareness. Authenticating drug addicts in WSNs is still a topic that has not been fully addressed. This study describes a novel and improved authenticated key agreement mechanism for WSNs in cloud-based IoT applications. The technique suggested in this research provides a safe and effective solution for ensuring the confidentiality and integrity of the connection between sensor nodes and the cloud server. To enable a secure key exchange, the system implements a cryptographic method that combines symmetric and asymmetric encryption techniques. Furthermore, it employs a basic authentication approach to ensure that no data has been tampered with during transmission. In terms of security, communication overhead, and computing complexity, the simulation results show that the suggested solution outperforms the alternatives. The proposed methodology applies to a wide range of IoT application cases, including the previously described smart home, smart city, and industrial automation implementations. A comparison of related approaches supports the safety of our solution for WSNs.

Enhanced Authentication Scheme for Mobility Model in Medical Wireless Sensor Networks

The advent of wireless sensor networks has brought significant advancements in healthcare, enabling remote interactions between medical professionals and patients. However, ensuring the security of communication in Medical Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs) poses different challenges. To address this, this paper introduces a novel authentication framework designed for doctors and patients. The proposed mechanism incorporates essential features such as mutual authentication, anonymity, and data integrity, safeguarding the Medical Wireless Sensor Networks (MWSN). Symmetric encryption techniques are employed to maintain the overall security of the system.

Towards Efficient and Privacy-Preserving High-Dimensional Range Query in Cloud

The Internet of Things (IoT) boom has enabled Internet Service Providers (ISPs) to collect an enormous amount of high-dimensional data. Performing range queries on such data can effectively reuse them to help ISPs offer better services. Owing to the low cost and high resource utilization of cloud computing, an increasing number of ISPs are inclined to outsource data and services to it. However, as the cloud is not fully trusted, data need to be encrypted before being outsourced, which inevitably hinders many query services, e.g., range queries. Various schemes were proposed for privacy-preserving range queries, yet they struggled to extend to high-dimensional scenarios and did not support dimension selection. Aiming at this challenge, in this paper, we propose an efficient and privacy-preserving high-dimensional range query scheme (PHRQ) based on an iMinMax tree while supporting dimension selection. Specifically, we first build an iMinMax tree for high-dimensional data and utilize a symmetric homomorphic encryption technique to design a suite of privacy-preserving protocols to achieve secure high-dimensional range queries. Then, we design a sub-dimensional range determination protocol to support dimension selection. Further, based on the iMinMax tree and our privacy-preserving protocols, we propose our PHRQ scheme. Finally, security analysis shows that our scheme is privacy-preserving, and performance evaluation demonstrates that our scheme is efficient in high-dimensional range query processing.

Performance evaluation and design of B‐128 modified Blowfish algorithm

AbstractThe field of information security has many uses in the modern day and beyond. Encryption is a method used to secure information from unauthorized access. Since symmetric key algorithms can decrypt data much more quickly than asymmetric key algorithms, the former are more popular. Blowfish is an unpatented, freely useable, compact, quick, and efficient symmetric key encryption technique. Additionally, this method has a high level of security. The size of its blocks (64 bits) is limiting its use, though. The paper aims to propose a modified version of the Blowfish algorithm that performs high‐speed encryption with high throughput and supports 128‐bit block size, enhancing its applicability in various areas. The algorithm can be an alternative to the AES algorithm with limited power consumption. The proposed algorithm is compared with the original Blowfish algorithm based on execution speed, throughput, and the avalanche effect. The algorithm's performance is also evaluated on images based on diffusion properties, image histogram, entropy, and correlation coefficient.

Unique Video Encryption Technique Intended for Smart City Application

The internet has become an integral part of our modern life, and the protection of secret data over the internet of multimedia things is the fundamental concern for Smart City applications. Nowadays, the widely used internet of things (IoT) uses audio, image, video, and various mixed modes as well, where privacy, as well as security, are equally essential in real-time transmission. Substantial research has been reported on various encryption algorithms for text and image files, but a similar need for video encryption has been felt a little late. It may be noted that the absence of any standard encryption technique designed especially for any video file has compelled us to design a new but quite robust encryption algorithm for video input as secret. This article has primarily addressed the security needs for video content in IoT. Any video file can be considered as a collection of continuous images. In this research article, we have dealt with video encryption, fundamentally a multi-round key-based shuffling of a collection of images, components of the original video file to be encrypted. The proposed novel scheme follows the fundamental concept of the symmetric encryption technique, where the encryption key is common for both encryption and decryption in real-time video applications.

Modern symmetric searchable encryption technique for string classification in cloud technology

Modern symmetric searchable encryption technique for string classification in cloud technology

A Comparative Study of Twofish, Blowfish, and Advanced Encryption Standard for Secured Data Transmission

Now-a-days, network security is becoming an increasingly significant and demanding research area of interest. Threats and attacks on information and Internet security are getting increasingly difficult to detect. As a result, encryption has emerged as a solution and now plays a critical role in information security systems. Many techniques are required to safeguard shared data. In this work, the encryption, decryption times, and throughput (speed) of the three most commonly used block cipher algorithms: Twofish, Blowfish, and AES were investigated using different file types. Comparison of symmetric encryption techniques of experiments on these types of algorithms uses a lot of computer resources including CPU time, memory, and battery power. Previous research has yielded diverse results in terms of time complexity, speed, space complexity, power consumption, and security. However, this research evaluated the effectiveness of each algorithm based on the following parameters: process time and speed. An application was developed for data simulation to test different file formats and for the encryption process and speed using Python 3.10.

Symmetric Cryptographic Approaches

Abstract: In recent decades, information security has become a major concern. They have recently been intensively investigated and developed because they need more encryption and decryption and are tough to breach. These constraints need the use of encryption. In recent years, several academics have developed numerous encryption algorithms, such as AES, DES, 3DES, RC4 Algorithm, Blowfish Algorithm, and others. Data encryption techniques have advanced from relatively easy routes to quite hard mathematical calculations to guarantee excellent communication security. This study compares and contrasts symmetric encryption techniques, as well as attack vulnerabilities

A Hamiltonian Path-Based Enciphering Technique with the use of a Self-Invertible Key Matrix

Objective: The symmetric encryption technique is one of the most important fields for securing communications between people. In order to produce complex ciphertext, we are introducing the new enciphering technique with the help of the Hamiltonian path, a self-invertible key matrix for encryption and decryption. Methods: There are many kinds of symmetric enciphering methods, like the Caesar Cipher, Atbash Cipher, Hill Cipher, etc. All these methods use a common key for encryption, and while decrypting the inverse of that matrix should be found, it is also too hard to share the common key. To reduce this terminology, we proposed the novel enciphering method with the help of a self-invertible key matrix. Findings: We are using the generated selfinvertible key matrix as a key matrix; the degree of the self-invertible matrix is even. If our graph does not form an even-degree adjacency matrix, then we have to make it into an even-degree adjacency matrix by adding dummy edges. Novelty: As we are using a self-invertible matrix as a key matrix, we do not need to compute the inverse of the key matrix for the process of decryption. This helps us to reduce the complexity of finding the inverse while decrypting the original message. Keywords: Graph Theory Encryption; Hill Cipher; Hamiltonian Path; Adjacency Matrix; Self Invertible Matrix

A Modern mechanism for Generating 3DES Algorithm Keys Based on Rubik's Cube

Encryption makes a message incomprehensible to the reader and difficult for unauthorized individuals to access. One of the most serious issues we face is the key, which plays a crucial role in secure communication and is critical to the encryption process. To enhance the level of security, the key of any algorithm must be vital, and the secret key used must be a copy of it at both the sending and receiving ends. This type of encryption is known as symmetric encryption and must be secure. In this paper, the key of one of the symmetric encryption techniques, the 3DES Algorithm, will be reconfigured to make the algorithm more secure, faster, and more robust. The results obtained from this paper also have good resistance against brute force attacks, which makes the system more efficient by applying the improved algorithm where the message is encrypted and decrypted faster, making the attacker difficult to hack the encrypted message. The proposed method has been programmed in VisualBaic.Net 2015.

Data Encryption Using Morse Code

Cryptography in general means hiding, while in technical terms cryptography means protecting data from unauthorized access of someone, or cryptography can be considered as a method that ciphers the data so that the data can neither be read nor understood by humans. With the increasing level of internet consumption, the security of our data is the main concern. Due to increasing cyber-attacks, and over-relying on the internet, a lot of users’ data has been compromised. This has brought our attention to data security and cryptographic algorithms. Data security ensures the data of users is not being compromised and is present in such a format that an intruder won’t get access to our data, it ensures that the data is accessible to the intended user only, and anybody else can neither read nor change the data. To achieve such security, some algorithms or processes are needed. One such algorithm can be derived using Morse code since data in Morse code uses dots and dashes to represent alphabets and numbers. Even if such encryption is used directly, it may cause some threat to the user’s data as anyone with knowledge of Morse code can easily decrypt it, so to get more safety, the encrypted data is needed to be encrypted again with some other algorithm. Now, other than data safety, the safety of the algorithm is also required, as if someone gets to know about the algorithm, they can decrypt the data. The Python programming language provides a module named Cryptography in which Fernet can be used to encrypt the algorithm file as well as the data file again. Cryptography in python uses a symmetric encryption technique, i.e., it uses the same key to encrypt and decrypt the data. This technique is faster compared to asymmetric techniques. This paper demonstrates how Morse code, time & Python’s Cryptography module can be used together to provide maximum data safety.

Enhancement of 3-d pythocrypt using aes technique by generating the key using chitra kavya


 
 
 The research work describes an attempt to enhance the 3-D Pythocrypt algorithm using the AES Symmetric encryption technique by generating the key using an ancient approach of Chitra kavya. 3-D Pythocrypt is a new technique where we use the properties of 3-D geometric shapes to encrypt and decrypt plain text. AES encryption is a standard approach for encrypting and decrypting the message using a single key for both approaches. The ideology of this research is to first encrypt the plain text using the 3-D Pythocrypt technique and the cipher text obtained is fed as an input to the AES encryption technique along with the key generated using the Chitra kavya to carry out the encryption in two phases.
 
 

A Novel Hybrid Encryption Method to Secure Healthcare Data in IoT-enabled Healthcare Infrastructure

Nowadays, smart devices are playing a vital role to overtake the conventional healthcare management system. Here, the Internet of Things (IoT) leads the healthcare industry towards its expansion, where things can be connected anytime from anywhere, even in a heterogeneous environment. However, the security of healthcare data and preserving the privacy of users are major concerns in IoT-enabled healthcare infrastructure. This paper presents a novel encryption scheme using elliptic curve cryptography, Advanced Encryption Standard (AES), and Serpent to secure healthcare data in IoT-enabled healthcare infrastructure. This proposed hybrid encryption technique improves security measures of the healthcare data by incorporating both symmetric and asymmetric-based encryption techniques. Moreover, the proposed scheme also ensures data integrity by using the elliptic curve-based digital signature. To prove the efficiency of the proposed scheme, both formal security analysis and performance comparisons are presented in this paper. Results and discussion prove the effectiveness of the proposed scheme.

Analysis of Most Common Encryption Algorithms

As the things are settled down after the emergence of technology, and this is the decade of professionalism as far as technology is concerned, security of data is the major hurdle in this race. This is the era in which data is one click away from the users, so data needs to be more secured so that it can be avoided unauthorized access. For this purpose, different data security fields have also emerged to ensure data security and confidentiality. In this survey paper we will look up all the techniques used for data encryption and after that, we compare those techniques to provide the best algorithm to ensure that data is secured. We go categorically, as in most of the cases, symmetric encryption technique is applicable and, in a few cases, asymmetric is recommended. Firstly, in our study, we compare both the techniques with each other and then compare all the algorithms working under the above-mentioned categories concerning their time, efficiency, memory usage, latency, key size, and several rounds which will result in showing the best algorithm according to input data.