Symmetric Components Research Articles

Relationship between the hadley circulation and tropical SST meridional structures under different thermal conditions in the indo-pacific warm pool

The Hadley circulation (HC), as a thermally driven large-scale meridional circulation, acts a significant role in the changes of global climate. The modulation of Indo-Pacific warm pool (IPWP) thermal conditions on the relationship between the HC and different tropical sea surface temperature (SST) meridional structures was investigated. Based on the two components of HC and SST, one equatorially asymmetric component (HEA for HC, SEA for SST) and one equatorially symmetric component (HES for HC, SES for SST), the connections of HC to different SST variations in the warm and cold IPWP are explored. The result demonstrates that the relationship of the HC to tropical SST is suppressed in the cold IPWP conditions, whereas it is equivalent to the climatology in the warm IPWP conditions. The plausible mechanism is that the cold (warm) IPWP events are in concordance with the La Niña (El Niño) decay phase. The La Niña decay phase are associated with significant equatorially asymmetric SST anomalies within the IPWP, generating an anomalous meridional circulation and favoring a strengthened equatorially asymmetric anomalous meridional circulation. By contrast, the SST anomalies associated with El Niño decay phase are insignificant. The role of La Niña decay conditions in determining the suppressed connection between SST and HC is further verified by exploring the result after 1979. A similar suppressed response contrast has been detected. Therefore, the results demonstrate that warm and cold ENSO events have impacts on the interannual thermal conditions of IPWP, whereby it plays considerable role in impacting the relationship between the HC and tropical SST. Particularly, with the rapid warming, the interconnection between ENSO events and thermal conditions of IPWP under different timescales could be altered, the influence of which on the responses of the HC to tropical SST remains uncertain and is worthy further researching.

LOCATING THE DAMAGE IN ELECTRICAL GRIDS 10 KV WITH TWO-SIDED MEASUREMENT

Locating the damage in distribution electrical grids of 6-10-35 kilovolts is an urgent problem. These grids are operated with an isolated neutral and therefore it is difficult to establish emergency modes with ground faults and breaks in them. Remote and topographic methods are used for this purpose. Topographic methods require traversing the line. There are remote methods and devices for locating the damage for high-voltage networks 110 kilovolts and higher. The problem of locating the damage in these grids has been solved, because they are operated with a grounded neutral, and all phase-to-phase and ground faults are short circuits, which makes it easier to find the distance to the accident along the length of the line. (Research purpose) The research purpose is studying the influence of empirical criteria in phase coordinates, coordinates of three symmetrical components and generalized criteria on the accuracy of locating the damage in electrical grids 10 kilovolts with two-way measurement. (Materials and methods) Studies were performed using phase coordinates and coordinates of three symmetrical components. (Results and discussion) We considered the case of installing measuring instruments simultaneously at the beginning and at the end of the line, that is, two-way measurement. It was found that the percentage errors at phase coordinates do not exceed 0.38 percent, at the coordinates of three symmetrical components - 1.31 percent, at generalized - 0.18 percent. It was shown that the error of the generalized criteria in comparison with the phase coordinates and in comparison with the coordinates of the three symmetric components is much smaller. (Conclusions) It was established that the developed criteria in phase coordinates, criteria in the coordinates of three symmetrical components and generalized criteria for two-way measurement are effective for 10 kilovolt grids.

ДВУХСТОРОННИЙ МЕТОД ОПРЕДЕЛЕНИЯ МЕСТА ОДНОФАЗНОГО ЗАМЫКАНИЯ НА ЗЕМЛЮ В СЕТЯХ С ИЗОЛИРОВАННОЙ НЕЙТРАЛЬЮ

Relevance Currently, on the part of enterprises operating 6–35 kV distribution networks, there is a request for a deep modernization of networks and the transformation of existing, outdated networks into digital ones. A separate aspect of modernization is the introduction of high-precision measuring devices and new principles of data transmission. At the same time, the probability of damage for various reasons remains. Single-phase earth faults in networks with isolated neutral are still the most common problem in distribution networks that do not have universal solutions. The problem is particularly acute with determining the location of single-phase earth faults. The opportunities provided by the introduction of digital networks can become the basis for the implementation of new algorithms for relay protection and determining the location of damage. Aim of research The article considers, developed by the authors, a two-way method for determining the location of damage in single-phase earth faults according to the parameters of the emergency mode when installing current transformers in all three phases. The two-way method of determining the location of damage is based on the use of zero-sequence currents and voltages, which are determined by calculation for phase current and voltage differences at the beginning and end of the line. The algorithm is focused on digital electrical networks equipped with high-precision measuring transformers and a communication channel. To calculate the parameters of the zero sequence, the differences of the phase emergency parameters at the beginning and at the end of the line are used. Research methods To develop and study a two-way method for determining the location of damage in single-phase earth faults, the principle of superposition in combination with the method of symmetrical components was used. Decomposition of three-phase currents and voltages into symmetrical components is a linear procedure. Therefore, the zero-sequence current in a three-phase line, in accordance with the superposition principle, can be represented as the sum of three zero-sequence currents, each of which is determined by one of the phase currents at zero values of phase currents in the other two phases. This application of the method of symmetric components is valid only for purely emergency values of phase currents. Therefore, in advance, the load current must be excluded from the phase currents of the emergency mode. Results It is shown that the use of the method of symmetric components for single-phase earth faults separately for the damaged phase and undamaged phases makes it possible to determine the zero-sequence current at the site of damage and the intrinsic zero sequence current of the damaged line. It is shown that this separation of the zero-sequence current makes it possible to distinguish two components of the zero sequence in the voltage difference at the ends of the line. Based on the allocation of two components in the current and voltage of the zero sequence, an algorithm for two-way determination of the damage location has been developed, which allows determining the distance to a single-phase earth fault in networks with an isolated neutral. To study the two-way method of determining the location of damage, a network model and a device for determining the location of damage were implemented in the MATLAB Simulink software package. A functional diagram of a two - way damage location detection device is presented. The performed studies on the model of the electrical network have shown the high accuracy of the proposed algorithm for determining the location of damage.

A robust heterodimeric bis-Rh(III)-porphyrin macrocycle for the self-assembly of a kinetically stable [2]-rotaxane.

We report the self-assembly of a robust di-nuclear tetralactam macrocyle based on two symmetric components: a Rh(III) bis-porphyrin and a bis-pyridyl ligand. We probe the binding properties of the tetralactam macrocycle with adipamide derivatives using 1H NMR spectroscopy. On the one hand, we show that the binding of the adipamide having linear alkyl chains that can thread through the intact macrocycle's cavity produces a weakly bound 1 : 1 complex stabilized by four intermolecular hydrogen bonds and featuring a preferred binding geometry of [2]pseudorotaxane topology. On the other hand, we detect the formation of two different complexes in the binding of an analogous adipamide possessing bulky stoppers (dumb-bell axle). The initial addition of the dumb-bell guest induces the formation of a 1 : 1 complex featuring fast exchange kinetics on the 1H chemical shift timescale and exo-cyclic (non-threaded) binding geometry. Notably, in the presence of a large excess of the dumb-bell guest and at suitable concentrations of the macrocycle (>5 mM) we observe the emergence of a second species displaying slow exchange kinetics. This observation allows the undisputed assignment of a [2]rotaxane topology to the second complex. The significant increase in kinetic stability featured by the di-nuclear Rh(III) [2]rotaxane complex contrasts with its reduction in thermodynamic stability (more than one order of magnitude) compared to the previously described di-nuclear Zn(II) counterpart.

An Approach To Symbolic n-Plithogenic Square Real Matrices For 9≤ n ≤12

The concept of symbolic n-plithogenic algebraic matrices as symmetric structures with n+1 symmetric classical components with the special definition of the multiplication operation. This paper is dedicated to studying the properties of symbolic 10, and 9-plithogenic real square matrices and 11, 12-plithogenic real matrices from algebraic point of view, where algorithms for computing the eigenvalues and determinants will be proved. Also, the inverse of a symbolic n-plithogenic matrix for the special values n=10, n=9, n=11, and n=12 will be presented.

The effect of the accuracy of determining the angular ratios of the vectors of a three-phase system on the error of estimating symmetric components

The effect of the accuracy of determining the angular ratios of the vectors of a three-phase system on the error of estimating symmetric components

Investigation on Subsurface Damage Patterns in Ultrashort Pulse Laser Machining of Glass using Optical Coherence Tomography

Ultrashort pulse (USP) laser ablation is gaining popularity as a novel manufacturing technique for brittle materials, enabling the creation of complex freeform shapes that are challenging to produce with conventional optics manufacturing techniques. Freeforms have revolutionized optics manufacturing by providing designers with increased degrees of freedom using non-rotational symmetric components. However, this evolution presents new challenges for manufacturing processes, calling for innovative solutions such as USP ablation. To ensure the industrial viability of areal USP laser machining, it is crucial to not only consider material removal rates but also surface quality and subsurface damage (SSD). Especially for optical applications, harsh quality requirements must be met. This study investigates the SSD patterns of fused silica (FS) and borosilicate glass N-BK7 (BK) processed under different laser wavelengths, beam geometries and processing parameters using high-resolution optical coherence tomography (OCT). It is shown that OCT as non-destructive and 3D evaluation method is well-suited for analysing USP processes. The discovered differences in defect morphology between FS and BK emphasize the importance of selecting appropriate processes and process parameters when working with different materials. Compared to previous studies, for the parameter sets analysed here using OCT, much higher defects depths of up to 441 µm were revealed.

Identification of the characteristics of helicoidally filament wound tubes using vision systems

As the novel technologies regarding the new generation of fuel transportation and stocking are emerging, the filament winding process appears to be a promising fabrication technique for creating reliable pressure vessels that incorporate a pre-impregnated reinforcing structure. The same method can be applied to any axial symmetric component such as tubes, tow bars and generally tubular composite structures. While the composite filaments are being wound, many factors may influence several parameters that are directly related to the overall mechanical performance of the structure, such as voids in resin-reach areas, variation of the filament angle in values outside of the ones desired, and gaps between subsequent filaments placed together. In the present work, an experimental study is presented in which the potential of a vision system is exploited for detecting such kind of defects that are formed in filament winded tubes. This kind of systems may be used for optical inspection and quality control, as well as for monitoring the component during the process. Gaps between filaments and the winding angle are retrieved after scanning the tubes and several observations are presented about the variation of them throughout the length of the tube.

Topology of Magnetic and Velocity Fields at Kinetic Scales in Incompressible Plasma Turbulence

AbstractThe topology of the magnetic and velocity fields at the kinetic scales are investigated in the context of nearly incompressible magnetosheath plasma turbulence. Using the unprecedented high‐resolution data from the Magnetospheric MultiScale mission, the joint probability distribution functions of geometrical invariants characterizing the magnetic and velocity fields gradient tensor at the kinetic scales are computed. The topological features of the magnetic and velocity field gradient tensors and their symmetric component tensors present axisymmetric distribution patterns, indicating that the structure of the plasma turbulence at the kinetic scales are different from those in hydrodynamic and magnetohydrodynamic turbulence. Moreover, a strong correlation between the straining and rotational parts of the magnetic and velocity field gradient tensors was found, which manifests the dominance of sheet‐like structures at the kinetic‐scales dissipation in incompressible plasma turbulence.

Interpretation of magnetic anomaly profiles using a decomposition in Hilbert transform pairs

ABSTRACT. We propose a simple transformation to aid the interpretation of magnetic anomalies generated by linear structures. The profile of such anomalies perpendicular to the strike can be decomposed into two signals, one symmetric and the other antisymmetric concerning the center of the source. The symmetric component serves as input data to various depth estimation techniques that often assume the anomaly is reduced to the pole. We use the fact that these components form a Hilbert transform pair to transform a skewed anomaly profile into a symmetric one. Unlike in previous works that rely on the decomposition into even and odd functions, the profile does not need to be shifted to the source's center of symmetry or limited to one isolated anomaly. Multiple effective magnetization directions presented by different dikes are modeled by a function representing the different local effective dip angles. We validate the method with synthetic data and ground magnetic survey data from a dike swarm at Ponta Grossa Arch, southern Brazil. We also illustrate the usefulness of reconstructed anomalies for depth estimation methods. The results also show that the method can handle interfering sources with distinct effective magnetization directions.

The Equation of Electron Diffusion in the Momentum Space in Graphene

Small fluctuations of the electron system from the equilibrium state due to electronacoustic phonon intraband, intravalley random scatterings in graphene have been analyzed. In the linearization approximation of the Boltzmann transport equation a second-order linear partial differential equation for the time and energy dependences of the symmetric component of the fluctuations of the electron distribution function has been obtained. This equation can be considered as the Fokker-Planck equation in the momentum space, which describes the chaotic movement of the electron along the energy axis, i.e. the electron diffusion in the momentum space.

Linking Large-Scale Double-ITCZ Bias to Local-Scale Drizzling Bias in Climate Models

Abstract Tropical precipitation in climate models presents significant biases in both the large-scale pattern (i.e., double intertropical convergence zone bias) and local-scale characteristics (i.e., drizzling bias with too frequent drizzle/convection and reduced occurrences of no and heavy precipitation). By untangling the coupled system and analyzing the biases in precipitation, cloud, and radiation, this study shows that local-scale drizzling bias in atmospheric models can lead to large-scale double-ITCZ bias in coupled models by inducing convective-regime-dependent biases in precipitation and cloud radiative effects (CRE). The double-ITCZ bias consists of a hemispherically asymmetric component that arises from the asymmetric SST bias and a nearly symmetric component that exists in atmospheric models without the SST bias. By increasing light rain but reducing heavy rain, local-scale drizzling bias induces positive (negative) precipitation bias in the moderate (strong) convective regime, leading to the nearly symmetric wet bias in atmospheric models. By affecting the cloud profile, local-scale drizzling bias induces positive (negative) CRE bias in the stratocumulus (convective) regime in atmospheric models. Because the stratocumulus (convective) region is climatologically more pronounced in the southern (northern) tropics, the CRE bias is deemed to be hemispherically asymmetric and drives warm and wet (cold and dry) biases in the southern (northern) tropics when coupled to ocean. Our results suggest that correcting local-scale drizzling bias is critical for fixing large-scale double-ITCZ bias. The drizzling and double-ITCZ biases are not alleviated in models with mesoscale (0.25°–0.5°) or even storm-resolving (∼3 km) resolution, implying that either large-eddy simulation or fundamental improvement in small-scale subgrid parameterizations is needed.

Modern and Lightweight Component-based Symmetric Cipher Algorithms

Information security, being one of the corner stones of network and communication technology, has been evolving tremendously to cope with the parallel evolution of network security threats. Hence, cipher algorithms in the core of the information security process have more crucial role to play here, with continuous need for new and unorthodox designs to meet the increasing complexity of the applications environment that keep offering challenges to the current existing cipher algorithms. The aim of this review is to present symmetric cipher main components, the modern and lightweight symmetric cipher algorithms design based on the components that utilized in cipher design, highlighting the effect of each component and the essential component among them, how the modern cipher has modified to lightweight cipher by reducing the number and size of these components, clarify how these components give the strength for symmetric cipher versus asymmetric of cipher. Moreover, a new classification of cryptography algorithms to four categories based on four factors is presented. Finally, some modern and lightweight symmetric cipher algorithms are selected, presented with a comparison between them according to their components by taking into considerations the components impact on security, performance, and resource requirements.

Asymmetric self-interacting dark matter via Dirac leptogenesis

The nature of neutrinos, whether Dirac or Majorana, is hitherto not known. Assuming that the neutrinos are Dirac, which needs $B-L$ to be an exact symmetry, we make an attempt to explain the observed proportionality between the relic densities of dark matter (DM) and baryonic matter in the present Universe ${\it i.e.,}\,\, \Omega_{\rm DM} \approx 5\, \Omega_{\rm B}$. Assuming the existence of heavy $SU(2)_L$ scalar doublet $(X= (X^0, X^-)^T)$ in the early Universe, an equal and opposite $B-L$ asymmetry can be generated in left and right-handed sectors by the CP-violating out-of-equilibrium decay $X^0 \to \nu_L \nu_R$ since $B-L$ is an exact symmetry. We ensure that $\nu_L-\nu_R$ equilibration does not occur until below the electroweak (EW) phase transition during which a part of the lepton asymmetry gets converted to dark matter asymmetry through a dimension eight operator, which conserves $B-L$ symmetry and is in thermal equilibrium. The remaining $B-L$ asymmetry then gets converted to a net B-asymmetry through EW-sphalerons which are active at a temperature above 100 GeV. To alleviate the small-scale anomalies of $\Lambda$CDM, we assume the DM to be self-interacting via a light mediator, which not only depletes the symmetric component of the DM, but also paves a way to detect the DM at terrestrial laboratories through scalar portal mixing.

Photonic Weyl semimetals in pseudochiral metamaterials

We investigate the photonic topological phases in pseudochiral metamaterials characterized by the magnetoelectric tensors with symmetric off-diagonal chirality components. The underlying medium is considered a photonic analogue of the type-II Weyl semimetal featured with two pairs of tilted Weyl cones in the frequency-wave vector space. As the ’spin’-degenerate condition is satisfied, the photonic system consists of two hybrid modes that are completely decoupled. By introducing the pseudospin states as the basis for the hybrid modes, the photonic system is described by two subsystems in terms of the spin-orbit Hamiltonians with spin 1, which result in nonzero spin Chern numbers that determine the topological properties. Surface modes at the interface between vacuum and the pseudochiral metamaterial exist in their common gap in the wave vector space, which are analytically formulated by algebraic equations. In particular, the surface modes are tangent to both the vacuum light cone and the Weyl cones, which form two pairs of crossing surface sheets that are symmetric about the transverse axes. At the Weyl frequency, the surface modes that connect the Weyl points form four Fermi arc-like states as line segments. Topological features of the pseudochiral metamaterials are further illustrated with the robust transport of surface modes at an irregular boundary.

Method of calculation of electromagnetic torque and energy losses of three-phase induction motors when powered by a regulated single-phase voltage

Introduction. Single-phase power supply of induction motors is used in public utilities, in microclimate control systems for remote agricultural consumers, in water supply and pipeline transport systems, etc. In practice, there is the use of induction motors with three-phase stator winding in the conditions of single-phase power supply. Starting and operating capacitors are used to enable their operation when powered by a single-phase network. Problem. There are many fairly accurate methods for calculating the characteristics of an induction motor in asymmetric, including single-phase, modes of operation, but they are based on differential equations, which does not allow to obtain analytical expressions for preliminary analysis and synthesis of such systems. Goal. The purpose of this article is to develop the analytical method of definition of electromagnetic torque and energy losses of voltage-regulated three-phase induction motors working according to the scheme of single-phase inclusion with the phase-shifting capacitor. Methodology. The method is based on the theory of symmetric components and analysis of replacement schemes of induction machine in motor and generator modes. Results. The analysis of the obtained data shows that at a constant value of the phase-shifting capacitor capacity induction motor working according to the scheme of single-phase inclusion has a minimum of losses at one value of slip at different values of supply voltage. Therefore, if you keep this slip constant when the load changes, you can achieve a mode of minimizing losses at a constant value of the capacity, optimal for this slip. This shows that the thyristor voltage regulator can be used as an energy-saving element under variable load, while the capacitance of the phase-shifting capacitor can remain constant when changing the load in a wide range provided that this slip is stabilized. Originality. The developed method allows to obtain analytical expressions for comparative analysis of electromagnetic torque and energy losses of three-phase induction motors powered by a single-phase network at different values of the capacity of the phase-shifting capacitor, supply voltage for different variants of schemes for including three-phase induction motors in a single-phase network. Practical value. Based on the developed analytical method, the optimal parameters of phase-shifting capacitors and rational schemes for including three-phase induction motors in a single-phase network can be determined.

Fast short-circuit current calculation of unbalanced distribution networks with inverter-interfaced distributed generators

This study proposes an approach for the fast calculation of short-circuit currents in unbalanced distribution networks with inverter-interfaced distributed generators (IIDG). It is capable of estimating the short-circuit current in unbalanced distribution networks with several IIDGs based on the symmetric component without calculating the system bus impedance matrix. Furthermore, the effect of the load on the short-circuit current was considered. Because the IIDG fault characteristic is determined by its fault ride-through control models, the short-circuit current calculation process is formulated as an iterative linear system calculation and can be solved using the simple generalized minimal residual (SGMRES) method. Finally, the analytical results were verified by comparisons with the time-domain simulation results of several test systems in PSCAD.

Symmetric and Antisymmetric Components of Polar-Amplified Warming

Abstract CO2-forced surface warming in general circulation models (GCMs) is initially polar amplified in the Arctic but not in the Antarctic—a largely hemispherically antisymmetric signal. Nevertheless, we show in CESM1 and 11 LongRunMIP GCMs that the hemispherically symmetric component of global-mean-normalized, zonal-mean warming () under 4 × CO2 changes weakly or becomes modestly more polar amplified from the first decade to near-equilibrium. Conversely, the antisymmetric warming component () weakens with time in all models, modestly in some including FAMOUS, but effectively vanishing in others including CESM1. We explore mechanisms underlying the robust behavior with a diffusive moist energy balance model (MEBM), which given radiative feedback parameter (λ) and ocean heat uptake () fields diagnosed from CESM1 adequately reproduces the CESM1 and fields. In further MEBM simulations perturbing λ and , is sensitive to their symmetric components only, and more to that of λ. A three-box, two-time-scale model fitted to FAMOUS and CESM1 reveals a curiously short Antarctic fast-response time scale in FAMOUS. In additional CESM1 simulations spanning a broader range of forcings, changes modestly across 2–16 × CO2, and in a Pliocene-like simulation is more polar amplified but likewise approximately time invariant. Determining the real-world relevance of these behaviors—which imply that a surprising amount of information about near-equilibrium polar amplification emerges within decades—merits further study.

Multi-component dark sectors: symmetries, asymmetries and conversions

We study the relic abundance of several stable particles from a generic dark sector, including the possible presence of dark asymmetries. After discussing the different possibilities for stabilising multi-component dark matter, we analyse the final relic abundance of the symmetric and asymmetric dark matter components, paying special attention to the role of the unavoidable conversions between dark matter states. We find an exponential dependence of the asymmetries of the heavier components on annihilations and conversions. We conclude that having similar symmetric and asymmetric components is a natural outcome in many scenarios of multi-component dark matter. This has novel phenomenological implications, which we briefly discuss.

Electrodeposition of Ni-W Alloy from Citric Acid Free Aqueous Electrolyte As a Substitute for Hard Chrome Coating and the Effect of Tungsten Content on Coating Hardness

In the industry, chrome coating is an important player in the functional layer application. Due to its high corrosion and wear resistance as well as high hardness [1], hard chrome plating is a popular choice in the automotive and aerospace industry. However, since September 2017, the application of chrome (VI) in surface treatment is banned by the European Chemical Agency (ECHA) due to chrome (VI) being toxic and environmentally hazardous [2]. Chrome (III) compound is a popular substitute for chrome (VI) due to it being less toxic compared to chrome (VI). However, chrome (III) coating has a lower corrosion resistance, and the electroplating process is more sensitive to metallic impurities.Many new innovations have since been developed such as the plasma electrolytic oxidation (PEO), extreme highspeed laser deposition (EHLA). Even established technologies such as physical vapour deposition (PVD), thermal spraying and case hardening process have tried to replace hard chrome coating with a degree of success. Admittedly, the above-mentioned technologies have their fair share of disadvantages. PEO, a green procedure [3], causes a metal substrate to develop a highly resistant oxide which is extremely strong and corrosion as well as wear resistant. The process however needs a high temperature and pressure, continuous replacement of electrolytes and consumes a great amount of power which made the process not feasible for a wide industrial application [4-6]. EHLA and thermal spraying on the other hand are restricted to rotational symmetric components. PVD is restricted to substrates that can handle high processing temperature like nitrable ferrous base materials. Lastly, case hardening processes requires long heat treatments which contribute to a higher process cost. [7]In our presentation, another alternative for chrome coating based on electrodeposition will be introduced. The element tungsten is considered in our experiments because tungsten not only has an excellent corrosion properties and high tensile strength at high temperature, but it also has a microhardness of 650 Vickers. However, it is not possible to deposit tungsten from an aqueous solution because tungstate cannot be directly reduced to metallic tungsten due to a very low overvoltage for hydrogen evolution on tungsten. Thus, an induced co-deposition mechanism is needed, and it is known that tungsten can be easily codeposited with iron group metal. [8-9]In this study a modified Watt’s bath is used as electrolyte to deposit NiW alloy. Our preliminary tests have shown that tungsten can also be deposited with nickel without the help of citric acid as complexing agent. The usage of citric acid does indeed inhibit the deposition of nickel but show no influence in the deposition of tungsten. Hence, in our study, experiments with the rotating disc electrode (RDE) will be done to see if tungsten content in the coating could be increased when the hydrodynamic and coating parameters are manipulated. The chemical composition of the layer is measured using SEM/EDX and the surface morphology is pictured using SEM. Metallographic cross-sections are made to see if there are any fissures in the layer and the hardness of the layer is measured using the microhardness test. The dependency of hardness on the tungsten content in the layer and the annealing parameter will also be shown in the presentation. XRD measurement is conducted for phase analysis and grain size calculation. Figure 1