Symmetric Comparative Advantage Research Articles

The EXPORT COMPETITIVENESS OF INDONESIAN SPICES TO EUROPEAN UNION-15

The spice commodity has long been a mainstay of Indonesian exports to the world. Therefore, export of spice commodities needs to be maintained and increased in value in order to balance Indonesia’s trade balance. The potential of the European Union 15 as a large export market for Indonesian spices, so the export of spice commodities must be increased. The current worsening situation (the Sino-United States trade war) has increased the urgency of Indonesia’s exports to other countries. Specifically, this study aims to see the comparative development of Indonesian spice exports to the European Union 15. Revealed Comparative Advantage (RCA), Revealed Symmetric Comparative Advantage (RSCA) and Trade Balance Index (TBI) are used to determine the position of export competitiveness of spices in the European Union 15. The results showed that the RCA value for nutmeg, pepper and cloves > 1 so that the commodity is a competitive spice commodity and is in the maturity stage because it has a TBI> 0.8. Ginger has no competitiveness and is still in the export growth stage. Based on the RSCA, the variations in the competitiveness of the spices of nutmeg, pepper, and cloves during the period 2008 - 2018 have a value of> 0 which means that it has comparative competitiveness, while for ginger the value is <0 so that ginger does not have comparative competitiveness. Efforts that can be taken to further increase export competitiveness in the global market are by developing production and productivity so that they can export to other potential markets such as the Americas and Asia.

Fitness and Research Complexity Among Research-Active Universities in the World

In addition to knowledge transfer through higher education, universities play an important role in exploring new concepts and innovation by research. While most research-active universities cover a wide range of academic disciplines, strategic research prioritisation becomes an important task of senior management and research leaders. This paper investigates research-active institutes in the world according to the Academic Ranking of World Universities. Revealed symmetric comparative advantage analysis is applied on the research publications extracted from the Microsoft Academic Graph data set, and the correlations between research institutes and research fields are analysed. This paper also investigates the fitness of research institutes and analyses the nicheness of research disciplines. The relationship between opportunity value, research complexity index and the fitness level are explored.

Analysis of the trade relations between the Republic of North Macedonia and Great Britain

This paper’s goal is to identify the sectors in which the Republic of North Macedonia has a comparative advantage in terms of its trade relations with Great Britain. Both Revealed Comparative Advantage and Revealed Symmetric Comparative Advantage methodologies had been used in the empirical analysis made during the time period of 2009-2019. The results of the analysis point to the fact that the Republic of North Macedonia had a continuous comparative advantage in the category of miscellaneous manufactured articles in the course of the analysed period, which was mainly resulting from the export of clothes and other linen things, and it was also present in the category of crude materials, except fuel owing to the export of metal ore including metal-containing residues. In 2010, it was evidenced a comparative advantage in the category of chemical products. According to Hinloopen and Marrewijk classifications, the calculated comparative advantage of the Macedonian export in the British market varies from weak to moderate whereas, in the course of two time periods (2010 and 2013), it was evidenced a strong comparative advantage in the category of crude materials, except fuel.

Competitive Dynamics of Peruvian Grapes in the United States and the Netherlands Markets

The growth of Peruvian fresh grapes exports encouraged the study of its competitive dynamics in the period 2010-2017. The two main world importers of the product, i.e. the United States and Netherlands were analyzed. The Relative Trade Balance, Tradability indices with the sub-indicators: Export Openness Degree and Import Penetration Degree, Symmetric Comparative Advantage and the Market Insertion Matrix, interlacing Positioning and Efficiency, were estimated. The research found that Peru and South Africa were fresh grapes competitive producers in both markets among 12 evaluated countries.

Impact of Trade Liberalisation Policies on the Coconut Export from India

The present study analysed the impact of trade policies on coconut economy of Kerala based on the secondary data from Coconut Development Board (CDB) and Export-Import data bank of Government of India. Exponential growth function, Cuddy- Della instability index and Revealed Symmetric Comparative Advantage (RSCA) were used to compute the growth rates, instability indices and comparative advantage, respectively. Though trade liberalization adversely affected the coconut farmers during the initial phase of liberalization, it subsequently increased the opportunities of the Indian coconut sector to compete in the world market. Compared to Period I (1980-81 to 1993-94), a significant improvement in the coconut export was observed during Period II (1994-95 to 2007-08) and Period III (2008-09 to 2016-17). The high growth rates of coconut products together with low instability indices in the export revealed the prospects for Indian coconut sector in the global market during the post liberalization period. The value of RSCA revealed that India lacked any comparative advantage of coconut export in Period I. While in Period II, the export of coconut and copra possessed a comparative advantage from 2002 and 2005, respectively, and maintained the comparative advantage throughout the Period III. The result indicated that India must give much effort to increase the export share of coconut, copra and other value-added coconut products to augment the foreign earnings.

DINAMIKA DAYA SAING EKSPOR FURNITURE ROTAN INDONESIA KE NEGARA TUJUAN EROPA

Indonesian rattan was one of the natural commodity which has been traded since long time ago. As one of the natural wealth, rattan has an important role in economic growth for Indonesia. The availability of rattan is abundant in the forests of Indonesia, especially in Kalimantan, Sulawesi and Sumatra, making Indonesia a major supplier of rattan world needs, but the export value of Indonesian rattan furniture in the last few years dropped. This research aims to analyze the competitiveness of Indonesian rattan furniture to the largest European importing countries and the determinant factors affecting the competitiveness of Indonesian rattan furniture. The data used in this study were annual time series data from 2007-2016. The methods used were the competitiveness test with the approach of Revealed Comparative Advantage (RCA) and Revealed Symmetric Comparative Advantage (RSCA) was used to analyze the competitiveness of Indonesian rattan furniture to the European importing countries. The results showed that Indonesia had strong competitiveness in 4 European importing countries, especially the United Kingdom and Italy rattan furniture market that had a higher point of competitiveness with 141,01 & 100,95 RCA’s point respectively. This made both as a major export option of Indonesian rattan furniture in the future.

ANALISIS KEUNGGULAN KOMPARATIF KOMODITAS INDUSTRI PERTAHANAN INDONESIA TERHADAP ASEAN 4 DAN CHINA

This study analyzes the comparative advantages of Indonesia's defense industry products against ASEAN-4 and China in the context of the ADIC (ASEAN Defense Industry Collaboration) collaboration. The data used is data from 10 defense industry products taken from UN COMTRADE using the 4 digit HS classification so that 248 commodities were analyzed. The measure of comparative advantage used is the Revealed Symmetric Comparative Advantage (RSCA), while to determine whether the country is a net-importer or net-exporter, the Trade Balance Index (TBI) is used. Finally, the authors combine the two indices of comparative advantage to draw a mapping of Indonesia's defense industry products for each ASEAN-4 country and China. The analysis shows that most of Indonesia's export commodities (net-exporters) and comparative advantage are still primary products. While some products that have advantages over one country are primary cells and primary batteries and electrical materials (8506), roter or spark-ignition internal combustion piston engines (8407), vending machines for goods (postage, food or beverage) including exchange machines. money (8476), Tubes, pipes and hollow profiles of cast iron (7303) .

REVEALED COMPARATIVE ADVANTAGE OF SELECTED AGRICULTURAL COMMODITIES OF PAKISTAN

Since, Pakistan is bound to follow the international agreement drafted by WTO (World Trade Organization) to formulate trade policy which should be based on comparative and competitive advantages in the international economy, therefore the present study was designed to examine the specialization and competitiveness of Pakistan’s major crops. For this purpose, Bela’ Balassa’s (1965) indexes of Revealed Comparative Advantage (RCA) and Revealed Symmetric Comparative Advantage (RSCA) were employed, and moreover, secondary data from reliable sources related to crops from 1980 to 2013 were extensively utilized. The major findings of this research study revealed that Pakistan has a strong comparative and competitive advantage in rice, onion, dates, mango, mangoes- teen and guava during the period ranging from 1980 to 2013. Similarly, Pakistan has higher competitiveness in rice and mango at international level. Results also indicated that Pakistan has been facing disadvantages in potatoes during 1980 to 1997, and banana during 1980 to 2009, however, it was maintained but these vegetables/fruits have no competitiveness in the international market. The present study concludes that Pakistan has an excellent capability (being and agriculturally based economy) of higher growth of these products; therefore, these agricultural items could prove themselves a good source for Pakistan to earn higher foreign exchange.

Analisis Keunggulan Komparatif Ekspor Lada Indonesia Tahun 2010 - 2016

This study aims to determine the comparative advantage of Indonesian pepper commodity exports to its trading partner countries, Vietnam and Malaysia by using the Revealed Symmetric Comparative Advantage (RSCA) analysis method. In addition, this study aims to look at intra-industry trade between the three countries using the Intra-Industry Trade Index (IIT Index) analysis technique using data in period 2010 - 2016. Based on the results of testing using the RSCA method, Indonesian, Vietnam and Malaysia pepper commodity exports has comparative advantages in the ASEAN market in the period 2010-2016. Based on the results of testing using IIT analysis techniques, intra-industry trade between Indonesia and Vietnam and Malaysia is not dominant in similar commodities. Key words : Comparative Competitiveness, Pepper Commodity Export, Revealed Symmetric Comparative Advantage, Intra-Industry Trade

COMPETITIVIDADE E INSERÇÃO DA SOJA BRASILEIRA NO MERCADO INTERNACIONAL

The objective of this paper is to analyze the degree of competitiveness and insertion of Brazilian soy in the foreign market, from 2008 to 2016, through the Symmetric Comparative Advantage Index (IVCRS), the Regional Orientation Index (IOR) and the Constant Market Share method (CMS). The results obtained through the IVCRS revealed that although the United States is the main exporter of the crop, the comparative advantage of Brazil and Argentina is greater today. The CMS model allowed us to identify the main sources of growth of Brazilian exports of the soy agroindustrial complex, where the competitiveness rates obtained significant values, increased from 20.38 to 63.67, indicating that the high rates of Brazilian exports are responsible for the competitiveness. Brazil to produce and export the product. The IOR revealed the main destinations of Brazilian exports of the soy complex. For soybeans, the strong trend of exports to China was remarkable. Soybean meal exports were pulverized and soybean oil exports decreased. It can be concluded that soy complex exports increased significantly due to the Brazilian competitiveness, but with the concentration in only one product, soybeans. Palavras-chave: IVCRS, IOR, Constant Market Share.

Analysis of Trade Competitiveness of Pakistan Cereal Products in Global Perspective

The present study has measured the cereal export competitiveness of Pakistan in global economy by utilizing different indices of Revealed comparative advantage (RCA): Balassa index (RCA), Vollrath index (RCA#), Revealed symmetric comparative advantage index (RSCA), Revealed import advantage index (RMA), Revealed trade advantage index (RTA) and Net export index (NEI). The data have been obtained from the International Trade Center UN-COMTRADE Statistics for cereal exports of Pakistan from 2003-2018. The findings of the analysis illustrate that Pakistan had a comparative and competitive advantage in the cereal sector. Further, the findings of the RTA index show that Pakistan’s cereal exports had also a net comparative advantage. Based on current findings, Pakistan needs to concentrate on production and exports of cereals. The brand name marketing of Pakistani rice with a special focus on better quality and improved market access can enhance the country’s share of the cereal sector in the global market.

Fisheries Exports of India: A Constant Market Share Analysis

The present study analyses the performance of fisheries exports of India using revealed comparative advantage (RCA), revealed symmetric comparative advantage (RSCA) and the constant market share (CMS) analysis for the period 1980–2016. Indian exports of fisheries have shown a positive trend of comparative advantage in all the markets under consideration revealed by RCA and RSCA. However, CMS results show that for most of the markets, competitiveness had been the utmost crucial driving factor of change in the market shares of Indian fish exports over the study period.

Export Specialization of India with Top Five Agricultural Economies: An Application of RCA and RSCA

The paper attempts to determine Revealed Comparative Advantage (RCA) and Revealed Symmetric Comparative Advantage (RSCA) of Indian agriculture sector with respect to top five agriculture exporting countries viz; USA, UK, UAE, Singapore and China. The study evaluates the structure of comparative advantage from 1995-2017. Data as per the Standard International Trade Classification (SITC-1) is used to compute RCA and RSCA index. The indices reveals the comparative advantage in case of majority of commodities like fish, fish preparations, fruits, vegetables, sugar, sugar preparations, miscellaneous food products, wood, lumber and cork. Increasing world demand for exports trailed by the competitiveness of Indian exports has played an important role in export performance..

Competitividade das exportações brasileiras e colombianas de café

O objetivo deste estudo foi o de analisar a competitividade das exportações brasileiras no mercado mundial do café, entre 2000 a 2018, em comparação ao terceiro produtor e exportador mundial, a Colômbia. Os dados foram coletados no site do USDA (United States Department of Agriculture), do UN COMTRADE (United Nations Comtrade), da FAO (Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations) e da WTO (World Trade Organization). A metodologia empregada baseou-se no Índice de Vantagem Comparativa Revelada Simétrica (VCRS), na Razão de Concentração (CR), e no Índice de Orientação Regional (IOR). Os resultados revelaram que tanto o Brasil quanto a Colômbia apresentaram vantagens comparativas para o café. Em relação à CR, o Brasil apresentou concentração e a Colômbia, desconcentração das exportações. O IOR indicou orientação das exportações de café do Brasil à Alemanha, à Itália, e aos Estados Unidos. Já o IOR da Colômbia apresentou orientação das exportações de café aos Estados Unidos, à Alemanha e ao Japão.
 Palavras-Chave: Café. Competitividade. Exportações. Comércio Internacional.

India’s Trade with Nigeria: A Competitive Analysis through RCA and RSCA Index

Nigeria attracts the largest trading partnership from India compared to other African countries which India is a leading trade partner. Nigeria having losing its crude oil export destination to the United States, India stood out as the largest destination of Nigerian crude oil. It was estimated that more than 135 corporations are either owned or operated by Indians in Nigeria. The Revealed Comparative Advantage index (RCA) approach has been used to check the competitiveness of India with Nigeria in all commodities and further with Revealed Symmetric Comparative Advantage (RSCA) the competitiveness has been calculated. India is having Comparative Advantage by exporting four commodities viz; Machinery, Pharmaceutical Products (30), Nuclear Reactors, Mechanical Appliances, Boilers; parts thereof (84), Vehicles other than Railway or Tramway Rolling Stock, and parts and accessories thereof (87), articles of Iron or Steel (73), and mainly with Pharmaceutical goods because of the average value of RCA from the period 2000-01 to 2017-18 is 50 and having a higher positive value of RSCA near to 0.9 so the study has analyzed the Bilateral Trade of India and Nigeria, India is having high Comparative advantage over Nigeria in this trade.

An Analysis of Trade Specialization in Bangladesh, 1996-2011

Trade specialization has been studied extensively, and many researchers try to explain the patterns of the specialization and different factors that determine it. By using the Revealed Symmetric Comparative Advantage Index and the Galtonian Regression Technique, this study tries to determine the industries with trade specialization and analyze the transformation of the pattern of trade specialization in Bangladesh in the period 1996-2011 to show how the export and import specialization of industries changed and to what extent the pattern of trade specialization in Bangladesh has been transformed during the last sixteen years. Empirical analysis showed that the export of Bangladesh consists mainly of the garment industry, and Bangladesh import products largely belong to the category of commodities for further production and the support of the exporting sector. From the Galtonian regression analysis of export and import specialization, it has been found that the level of export diversification is very low, relatively stable which is confirmed by the low mobility effect. Bangladesh’s export specialization pattern is highly concentrated only in apparel products over the whole study period, and all other sectors contribute with a significantly smaller amount in total export share, but import is more diversified. For the development of the country, it is necessary to diversify its export basket.

A Study on the Trade Patterns of Korea, China and Japan in the ASEAN Market

Purpose - The main purpose of the study was to analyze the trade patterns and comparative advantage of products in the ASEAN market as a result of the Korea-China-Japan FTA. Design/methodology/approach - In order to achieve the research objective, UNCTAD statistics were used and the current comparative advantage index and the current symmetric comparative advantage index were used to classify them into five factors that is the (basic, natural resource intensive, unskilled labor intensive, technical and human capital intensive sectors), according to factor intensity. The Markov Transition Probability Matrix was adopted in the analysis. Findings - Despite the increase in total exports to Korea, its competitiveness in the ASEAN market has gradually declined. China was the most competitive in all categories, and Japan remained competitive in all but the basic products. In China’s technology-intensive and human capital intensive areas, we found that Japan could not overtake China. Research implications or Originality - Compared to China and Japan, the competitiveness of products and product groups is weak in the ASEAN market, and it is expected that it will be hard to exceed the competitive performance China and Japan for a long time. Therefore, if we increase the competitiveness of products in the ASEAN market and more closely grasp the dependency structure of products among Korea, China and Japan, we can suggest a systematic export direction in the ASEAN market.

Comparative advantage and export performance of India’s rubber sector: an exploratory analysis

During the last 21 year period from 1996–2016, the total value of imports of rubber and rubber products grew at a rate of 17.66% compared to 14.18% growth rate in the value of exports. As a result of higher growth in imports and lower growth in exports, in the last 10 years, external trade in this segment had shown negative balance of trade consistently. In 2016–2017, the country had a negative balance of trade of US$ 414.76 million dollars. The broad objective of the present study is to identify products groups with comparative advantages in the global market. The study used methods such as Revealed Comparative Advantage, Revealed Symmetric Comparative Advantage and concentration ratio to analyse the comparative advantage of all the 17 rubber and rubber product groups (four digit level) under chapter 40 of the harmonised system nomenclature. Data from world integrated trade solution (WITS) during the period 1996–2016 are used for the analysis. Our results showed that despite a comparative disadvantage of the rubber sector at the aggregate level in the world market, the three product groups, viz, reclaimed rubber (HS 4003), inner tubes, of rubber (HS 4013), and hygienic or pharmaceutical articles (including teats) (HS 4014), exhibited comparative advantage consistently throughout the 21 year period. The two major product groups, viz., new pneumatic tyres of rubber (HS 4011) and other articles of vulcanised rubber other than hard rubber (HS 4016), which accounted for 68.68% of the total value of exports from the sector showed varied trends.

Evolution of the Processed Tomato Sector in Portugal and Spain: Comparative Analysis

World production of processed tomato has shifted from the traditional producing countries to others that were previously importers, thereby increasing competition between companies and slowing down agro-industrial and trade growth. Portugal, one of the world’s leading producers of processed tomato has not been immune to this trend, as witnessed by its decline in international competitiveness over the period from 1981 to 2013. The aim of the present study is thus twofold. On the one hand, using various standardized indicators, the determinants of the business competitiveness of processed tomato are analyzed, and, on the other, we perform a comparative analysis between Spain and Portugal. The standardized indicators used in this study are the Revealed Comparative Advantage (RCA), the Revealed Symmetric Comparative Advantage (RSCA) and the Grubel-Lloyd indicator (GL). The results show that price continues to be the primary determinant in processed tomato exports. Specifically, while trade in tomato paste in Portugal is inter-industry, trade in other tomato products is horizontal intra-industry in nature. In conclusion, the relationship between agro-industrial development and technological innovation in Portugal and Spain is key to reducing costs as a strategy to bring competitive and sustainable products to the market.

Competitiveness of Indonesian Eel (Anguilla sp) in International Market

This study aims to analyze the competitiveness of Indonesian eel in the international market both comparative and competitive advantage. This type of research data is secondary data sourced from the United Nations Nation Database. The data analysis method uses Revealed Symmetric Comparative Advantage (RSCA), Export Product Dynamics (EPD) and Hirschman Herfindahl Index (HHI). Eel is a fishery commodity that has a potential export market. China is the main exporter of eel in the world with a share of 64%. Some EU member countries are still carrying out international trade in eel although CITES has included it in Appendix II as a protected species. The export of Indonesian eel consists of life, fresh and frozen. The comparative competitiveness of live and frozen eel is quite good while fresh eel is still low. The competitive advantage of Indonesian eel in the international market is still in the falling star quadrant. The concentration of the global eel market is based on the Herfindahl index that frozen eel is unconcentrated, it is mean that frozen eel is the most potential to be developed as an export commodity.