Formal Logic Research Articles

Может ли использование информационных технологий быть квалифицирующим признаком преступлений против интеллектуальной собственности?

Introduction. The present article is devoted to the issue of registration of the use of information technologies in committing offences against intellectual property. This issue is considered by the author in three aspects - the use of computer information in the committing offences; information and telecommunication networks, including the Internet; and the use of artificial intelligence technologies in committing offences. Methods. The methods of formal logic, system-structural analysis are applied in the research, the main attention is paid to the analysis of materials of judicial practice. Results. The author concludes that the use of information technology should lead to stricter liability in cases where it significantly simplifies crime committing, leads to an increased number of recipients of destructive information or illicit goods and substances, and has the potential to raise the number of offences committed. Based on the results of the research, the author formulates specific proposals to improve criminal legislation in the field of intellectual property. The author proposes to include in separate articles on offences against intellectual property the qualifying feature “an act committed with the use of information and telecommunication networks, including the Internet, or with the use of artificial intelligence systems”.

Legal Education Aspects Among the youth in the Republic of Kazakhstan

The main problem: The development of theoretical aspects of legal education, legal awareness. Organizational forms of legal education. Forms and methods of education of legal awareness, legal culture. Features of the formation of legal culture in the modern period. Problems of improving legal culture and legal education. Legal education forms a sense of confidence and independence in the legal sphere among the population of the state, thereby stimulating the legal activity of an individual, which presupposes voluntary, conscious, proactive, socially and morally responsible human behavior. Purpose: The article deals with the legal education of modern youth. The means of forming a legal culture are the promotion of law, the development of legal knowledge among citizens, the practical strengthening of the rule of law, the presence of a strong legal science, the improvement of the system of legal acts, which is achieved due to the presence in the state of a democratic, effective constitution and high legal and technical-legal quality of laws and by-laws. Methods: Methodology of the study. The methodological basis of the study was made up of: generally recognized methods of scientific research of the phenomena of reality in their interrelation and interdependence both at the theoretical level (systemic, comparative legal, formal legal, historical methods of analysis, etc.) and at the empirical level (statistical analysis, questionnaires, research of documents, printed publications); the main provisions of the theory of criminal law, ethics, philosophy, psychology; rules of formal logic. The results and their significance: In this regard, there is a need to create a Republican Center for Legal Education at the Institute of State and Law, which will provide scientific research on the problems of legal education and upbringing, the development of the content and methodology of legal education at all levels of continuing education of students.

Criminal Legal Characteristics of Subjects of Crimes Against Morality

The main problem is the relevance of the research topic. The history of the development of civilization shows that law and morality as components of the spiritual culture of society are organically linked to each other. The legal system of any state enshrines the moral requirements and moral principles that are vital for the whole society. When creating norms or improving them, the legislator must take into account the state of the public moral culture of the population so that the laws being developed are fair and perceived by members of society. Purpose: The purpose of the study is the further theoretical development of a set of criminal law issues related to determining the place of morality in the system of objects of criminal law protection, their role in the system of measures to combat crime, as well as the development on this basis of proposals and recommendations for improving criminal legislation regulating liability for attacks on public morality. Methods: Methodology and methodology of the study. The methodological basis of the study was made up of: generally recognized methods of scientific research of the phenomena of reality in their interrelation and interdependence both at the theoretical level (systemic, comparative legal, formal legal, historical methods of analysis, etc.) and at the empirical level (statistical analysis, questionnaires, research of documents, printed publications); the main provisions of the theory of criminal law, ethics, philosophy, psychology; rules of formal logic. The results and their significance: The stated circumstances, as well as the lack of elaboration and discussion of most of the provisions related to the modern legal regulation of crimes against public morality and their qualifications, determined the choice of the research topic. Crimes against morality are mostly committed intentionally. For example, involvement in prostitution, the organization of brothels for prostitution or maintenance, as well as other types of criminal acts directed against humanity (morality), are committed with direct intent. A person who organizes and maintains brothels for prostitution is aware that he is doing this for profit. Among the crimes committed against humanity (morality), animal abuse is committed mainly out of hooligan motives.

Spatial-Logic-Aware Weakly Supervised Learning for Flood Mapping on Earth Imagery

Flood mapping on Earth imagery is crucial for disaster management, but its efficacy is hampered by the lack of high-quality training labels. Given high-resolution Earth imagery with coarse and noisy training labels, a base deep neural network model, and a spatial knowledge base with label constraints, our problem is to infer the true high-resolution labels while training neural network parameters. Traditional methods are largely based on specific physical properties and thus fall short of capturing the rich domain constraints expressed by symbolic logic. Neural-symbolic models can capture rich domain knowledge, but existing methods do not address the unique spatial challenges inherent in flood mapping on high-resolution imagery. To fill this gap, we propose a spatial-logic-aware weakly supervised learning framework. Our framework integrates symbolic spatial logic inference into probabilistic learning in a weakly supervised setting. To reduce the time costs of logic inference on vast high-resolution pixels, we propose a multi-resolution spatial reasoning algorithm to infer true labels while training neural network parameters. Evaluations of real-world flood datasets show that our model outperforms several baselines in prediction accuracy. The code is available at https://github.com/spatialdatasciencegroup/SLWSL.

Code-Style In-Context Learning for Knowledge-Based Question Answering

Current methods for Knowledge-Based Question Answering (KBQA) usually rely on complex training techniques and model frameworks, leading to many limitations in practical applications. Recently, the emergence of In-Context Learning (ICL) capabilities in Large Language Models (LLMs) provides a simple and training-free semantic parsing paradigm for KBQA: Given a small number of questions and their labeled logical forms as demo examples, LLMs can understand the task intent and generate the logic form for a new question. However, current powerful LLMs have little exposure to logic forms during pre-training, resulting in a high format error rate. To solve this problem, we propose a code-style in-context learning method for KBQA, which converts the generation process of unfamiliar logical form into the more familiar code generation process for LLMs. Experimental results on three mainstream datasets show that our method dramatically mitigated the formatting error problem in generating logic forms while realizing a new SOTA on WebQSP, GrailQA, and GraphQ under the few-shot setting. The code and supplementary files are released at https://github.com/Arthurizijar/KB-Coder.

Unveiling Implicit Deceptive Patterns in Multi-Modal Fake News via Neuro-Symbolic Reasoning

In the current Internet landscape, the rampant spread of fake news, particularly in the form of multi-modal content, poses a great social threat. While automatic multi-modal fake news detection methods have shown promising results, the lack of explainability remains a significant challenge. Existing approaches provide superficial explainability by displaying learned important components or views from well-trained networks, but they often fail to uncover the implicit deceptive patterns that reveal how fake news is fabricated. To address this limitation, we begin by predefining three typical deceptive patterns, namely image manipulation, cross-modal inconsistency, and image repurposing, which shed light on the mechanisms underlying fake news fabrication. Then, we propose a novel Neuro-Symbolic Latent Model called NSLM, that not only derives accurate judgments on the veracity of news but also uncovers the implicit deceptive patterns as explanations. Specifically, the existence of each deceptive pattern is expressed as a two-valued learnable latent variable, which is acquired through amortized variational inference and weak supervision based on symbolic logic rules. Additionally, we devise pseudo-siamese networks to capture distinct deceptive patterns effectively. Experimental results on two real-world datasets demonstrate that our NSLM achieves the best performance in fake news detection while providing insightful explanations of deceptive patterns.

Generating Novel Leads for Drug Discovery Using LLMs with Logical Feedback

Large Language Models (LLMs) can be used as repositories of biological and chemical information to generate pharmacological lead compounds. However, for LLMs to focus on specific drug targets typically requires experimentation with progressively more refined prompts. Results thus become dependent not just on what is known about the target, but also on what is known about the prompt- engineering. In this paper, we separate the prompt into domain-constraints that can be written in a standard logical form and a simple text-based query. We investigate whether LLMs can be guided, not by refining prompts manually, but by refining the logical component automatically, keeping the query unchanged. We describe an iterative procedure LMLF (“Language Model with Logical Feedback”) in which the constraints are progressively refined using a logical notion of generalisation. On any iteration, newly generated instances are verified against the constraint, providing "logical-feedback" for the next iteration's refinement of the constraints. We evaluate LMLF using two well-known targets (inhibition of the Janus Kinase 2; and Dopamine Receptor D2); and two different LLMs (GPT-3 and PaLM). We show that LMLF, starting with the same logical constraints and query text, can be used to guide both LLMs to generate potential leads. We find: (a) Binding affinities of LMLF-generated molecules are skewed towards higher binding affinities than those from existing baselines; (b) LMLF results in generating molecules that are skewed towards higher binding affinities than without logical feedback; (c) Assessment by a computational chemist suggests that LMLF generated compounds may be novel inhibitors. These findings suggest that LLMs with logical feedback may provide a mechanism for generating new leads without requiring the domain-specialist to acquire sophisticated skills in prompt-engineering.

Dynamic map‐making technology and the application in geographic information science

AbstractThe dynamic map is applied instead of traditional static maps in the teaching of geographic information science (GIS)‐related majors so as to meet the need for teaching animations and teaching interaction in new teaching methods such as mobile personalized learning, massive open online course, and Flipped Classroom. The research introduces the concept and the making tools of dynamic maps, studies the making principles and key technologies of dynamic maps, and constructs the relevant theories such as the “frame” model based on time granularity, the dynamic interpolation algorithm based on spatial characteristics, dynamic symbolic logic model, and algorithm. Based on the above principles and theories, taking a dynamic map of the change in the population of each city in Shandong province as an example, the research demonstrates the making method and process of the dynamic maps for teaching with Flash MX. At last, it analyzes the role of dynamic map in GIS‐related courses teaching and evaluates the teaching effect of dynamic maps.

To the question of the feasibility of using legal propaganda as a form of legal nurturing

The article attempts to clarify the term "legal propaganda” on the basis of clarification the essence of propaganda and justify the inappropriateness of using this phrase in relation to the form of legal education in a modern democratic state.
 It was found that both in the legislation and at the doctrinal level, the term "propaganda” is given a mostly negative meaning and is considered as a tool for spreading mostly anti-social, harmful, socially dangerous and frankly illegal phenomena and processes.
 It has been shown that most definitions of propaganda contain the words "manipulation”, "pressure”, "deception”, which clearly demonstrate that any propaganda implicitly includes false or distorted information, a deliberate violation of the rules of formal logic and is a hidden manipulation. It is argued that propaganda is rightly opposed to pluralism, and this makes this term inconsistent with the general principles (fundamentals of the constitutional system) of a modern democratic legal state.
 The given "systematic signs of propaganda” prove the impracticality of using the term propaganda in relation to positive phenomena and processes, such as "legal propaganda”:
 It is assumed that the use of the term "legal propaganda” can be avoided due to the development of doctrinal thought regarding legal influence and the method of persuasion.
 The possibility of a limited application of legal propaganda as a special-legal aspect of the operation of law in society, for example, some legal and educational areas in the activities of the police ("propaganda for compliance with traffic rules”), is assumed.
 The opinion that any coercion, suggestion, manipulation, imposition in law is inappropriate in view of the prevailing anthropocentrism is defended. It was concluded that the method of action through the system of values is more relevant and effective.

Embedding justification theory in approximation fixpoint theory

Approximation Fixpoint Theory (AFT) and Justification Theory (JT) are two frameworks to unify logical formalisms. AFT studies semantics in terms of fixpoints of lattice operators, and JT in terms of so-called justifications, which are explanations of why certain facts do or do not hold in a model. While the approaches differ, the frameworks were designed with similar goals in mind, namely to study the different semantics that arise in (mainly) non-monotonic logics. The first contribution of our current paper is to provide a formal link between the two frameworks. To be precise, we show that every justification frame induces an approximator and that this mapping from JT to AFT preserves all major semantics. The second contribution exploits this correspondence to extend JT with a novel class of semantics, namely ultimate semantics: we formally show that ultimate semantics can be obtained in JT by a syntactic transformation on the justification frame, essentially performing a sort of resolution on the rules.

Morphology of V.N. Ilyin in the Context of World Philosophical Thought

The research is devoted to the morphology that V.N. Ilyin developed in the work Static and Dynamics of Pure Form and other archival texts. Morphology is central to the philosophy of V.N. Ilyin, but it remains an unexplored subject. The article’s author explores the morphology of the philosopher from a historical and philosophical point of view. In addition to apparent influences (G.W. Leibniz, E. Husserl, N. Lossky), the article’s author revealed the connection of V.N. Ilyin’s ideas with the history of Western European philosophy and his attitude to medieval thinkers. The author considered how V.N. Ilyin understood and assessed his modern philosophy and its results by the middle of the twentieth century. V.N. Ilyin especially paid attention to phenomenology and its connection with morphology, analyzing phenomenology's influence on existential philosophy. In addition to phenomenology, V.N. Ilyin highly appreciated the intuitism of H. Bergson and N. Lossky. The third main philosophical direction in the twentieth century for V.N. Ilyin was religious philosophy (Neo-Thomists and followers of H. Bergson), which aimed at creating axiology, a new system of values. V.N. Ilyin sought to combine various philosophical ideas in the project of morphology based on logic and scientific methodology. He stated the need to reform formal logic and create “metalogic” that would be more consistent with the philosophical tasks of the twentieth century. The morphology of V.N. Ilyin is based on the idea of synthesis and focuses on creating universal science. The comparison of various philosophical ideas of the twentieth century with morphology makes it possible to understand better his philosophical worldview, the course of his reflections, and the meaning of the morphological project.

The Limits of Legal Regulation of Military Relations

The paper deals with one of the key features of the regulation of legal relations in the military environment. Those are the detailed regulation of rights, responsibilities, the execution of assigned tasks and orders. The author sees the reasons for such legal expansion in the historical tradition, i.e. fostering obedience and discipline among military personnel, guidance assistance to inexperienced commanders for them to be able to fulfill the assigned duties, as well as controllability and the intention to unify military activities in various military formations. Dysfunctional manifestations of this management style are instilling the lack of independence in decision-making, the habit of relying on superior management for all matters, the loss of initiative by subordinates, the inability to work in a team, lack of immediate response to sudden changes in the situation or non-standard situations. During military operations, these shortcomings not only reduce the effectiveness of control but are also likely to result in prevailing enemy's will, defeat, and unjustified casualties. Using particular examples of excessive regulation, the author questions the need, limits and degree of detailed legal regulation in the military environment. The paper analyzes the cases of directive control of the German Army (Auftragstaktik) and the commander's model used in respect of the subordinates with no detailed orders, with the subordinates being free to choose means and methods to achieve their goals. As measures to improve the legal regulation of the domestic military administration, the paper proposes to eliminate the legal responsibility of military commanders for deviation from detailed orders in cases they take reasonable risk and do not violate legally protected interests. The study uses the methods of formal logic, i.e. comparison, description, classification, analysis, synthesis, etc., which made it possible to characterize the essence of the legal relations under consideration and compare them with the methods of legal regulation of the relevant labor relations.

Concepts, signs and classification of measures to ensure criminal proceedings

The paper analyzes modern scientific approaches to the definition of the concept, features of measures to ensure criminal proceedings and their classification. The relationship between this concept and the concept of procedural coercion is highlighted. It is emphasized that the signs of measures to ensure criminal proceedings should be divided into general and specific. General (generic) are those that are common to all types of procedural actions, i.e. inherent in other types of procedural actions. Specific or specific - those that are inherent exclusively to the means of ensuring criminal proceedings and allow to feed them from the range of procedural actions of other types. Methodology. During the research, a spectrum of both general scientific and special methods of cognition was applied, in particular, methods of dialectical and formal logic: analysis, synthesis, deduction, induction, comparative, and systemic-structural methods. Results. Emphasis is placed on the existing high degree of scientific development of the concept of measures to ensure criminal proceedings, which can become the foundation for further research of this institute of criminal proceedings, in particular, and in the direction of the peculiarities of their application in criminal proceedings regarding certain types of criminal offenses.

CONCEPTUALIZATION OF THE HISTORY OF THE JEWS IN THE HISTORIOGRAPHIC PROCESS OF SOUTHERN UKRAINE AT THE END OF THE 19TH - BEGINNING OF THE 20TH CENTURY

The purpose of this article is to study the process of conceptualizing the history of Jews in the historiographical process of southern Ukraine at the end of the 19th and the beginning of the 20th centuries. The use of these principles is complemented by a number of special historical methods, in particular: search-specific, cognitive, prosopographic, historical-geographical, problem-chronological, historical-statistical, historical-systemic, structural-functional, comparative and descriptive. Within the framework of the basic methodological principles, such scientific principles as analysis, synthesis, analogy, abstraction and others were applied in the work, which made it possible to fully disclose the chosen topic in a consistent, logical and complete form. To establish the peculiarities of historical views, the works of historians are traditionally an irreplaceable source. They have all the characteristics of a historiographical source: subjectivity, specificity of the author’s style, determined by the circumstances of the time and place of writing and publication, etc. Another group of sources are reviews of these works by contemporaries, which allow them to be included in the historiographical context. Memoir sources, and these are primarily the well-known memories of S. M. Dubnov, in which an introspection of his residence in Odessa is separately carried out, allow one to delve deeper into the circumstances that led to the genesis of the conceptual views of Jewish historians on the past of their people. At the end of the 19th – at the beginning of the 20th century, in the territory of southern Ukraine, the works of several Jewish historians were published. The purpose of these works was to outline the main conceptual foundations of Jewish history. Although these works were not perfect from the point of view of modern historiography, they laid the foundation for the formation of Judaism as a scientific discipline in Eastern Europe, and, in particular, in Ukraine. The appearance of these works was determined by the general development of national movements in the world at that time, in particular, the movement of the Jewish people for self-assertion in the unfavorable conditions of the Russian-imperial policy. The main merit of the authors was that they gave Jewish history and historiography a secular, analytical, and scientific context. The process of conceptualization led to a clearer formulation of the conceptual apparatus, goal and tasks of Jewish historiography and brought it to the level of Judaica as a scientific discipline.

Lower bounds on β ( α ) and other properties of α-register machines

This paper extends our paper (In Revolutions and Revelations in Computability. CiE 2022 (2022)) for the conference “Computability in Europe” 2022. After Infinite Time Turing Machines (ITTM) were introduced in Hamkins and Lewis (Journal of Symbolic Logic 65 (2000)), a number of machine models of computability have been generalized to the transfinite. While for some of these models the computational strength has been successfully determined, there are still several white spots on the map of transfinite computability. In this paper, we contribute to the understanding of the computational strength of transfinite machine models by (i) proving lower bounds on the computational strength of α-Infinite Time Register Machines (α-ITRMs) for certain values of α, refuting a conjecture about their strength made in (Annals of Pure and Applied Logic 173 (2022)), (ii) showing that the computational strength of cardinal-recognizing ITRMs is equal to that of ITRMs and (iii) showing that non-solvability of the bounded halting problem, existence of a universal machine and an increase of computational power by allowing machines to recognize cardinals are equivalent for α-ITRMs for all relevant values of α. Finally, we give some results indicating how the picture changes when the use of parameters is dropped or restricted.

Beating the Untrodden Paths: Computers, Artificial Intelligence and Quanta in Marxist Theory

Abstract The fulcrum of this work is knowledge: what it is and how it is generated within the context of a capitalist society. First, Marx’s analysis of the objective labour process is extended to the mental labour process. Then, objective and mental labour processes are defined in terms of objective and mental transformations, with consideration paid to which of the two types of transformation is determinant. This requires a discussion of dialectical logic and formal logic. Within dialectical logic, two types of processes are introduced: open ended and pre-determined. It is argued that computers (both traditional and quantum) and Artificial Intelligence cannot generate new knowledge, because they (a) rely on formal logic, i.e. they cannot engage in open-ended dialectical processes, and (b) are impervious to social determination. Connectedly, Artificial Intelligence systems such as ChatGPT cannot be a substitute for human thought or writing, because of the inevitability of ‘model collapse’. Next, focus is shifted to a specific form of knowledge: the ‘Copenhagen interpretation’ of quantum mechanics. It is shown that this interpretation is steeped in irrationalism and that it is a variant of pro-capitalist ideology. Finally, the social-historical roots of this ideology are revealed.

Analysis of inertia, damping, and synchronization characteristics in grid-connected photovoltaic systems with fuzzy logic control

The integration of renewable energy sources (RES) into DC-distributed power systems (DC-DPSS) is gaining traction as a sustainable energy solution. However, the inherent variability of RES output can introduce instability into the grid, posing challenges for maintaining system reliability and stability. Fuzzy logic controllers (FLCs) have emerged as a promising approach to mitigate these instability issues, offering a robust and adaptable control strategy that can effectively handle the complexities of DC-DPSS. This paper examines the application of FLCs in DC-DPSS, exploring their effectiveness in addressing instability caused by RES fluctuations. FLCs are a control system that leverages fuzzy logic, a form of logic that utilizes linguistic variables to represent uncertainty, make decisions, and improve the stability of DC-distributed power systems. The research analyzes various system parameters, including inertia, damping, and synchronization characteristics, using a static synchronous generator (SSG) model. The study builds upon prior findings by adding a fuzzy logic controller to the existing system. The results showed better performance which resulted in improved inertia, damping, and synchronization characteristics. The efficiency of the proposed controller is demonstrated using MATLAB/Simulink.

Unitizing Predicates and Reasoning About the Logic of Proofs

This article offers the construct unitizing predicates to name mental actions important for students’ reasoning about logic. To unitize a predicate is to conceptualize (possibly complex or multipart) conditions as a single property that every example has or does not have, thereby partitioning a universal set into examples and nonexamples. This explains the cognitive work that supports students to unify various statements with the same logical form, which is conventionally represented by replacing parts of statements with logical variables p or P(x). Using data from a constructivist teaching experiment with two undergraduate students, we document barriers to unitizing predicates and demonstrate how this activity influences students’ ability to render mathematical statements and proofs as having the same logical structure.

ASSOCIATION FOR SYMBOLIC LOGIC

ASSOCIATION FOR SYMBOLIC LOGIC

2024 WINTER MEETING OF THE ASSOCIATION FOR SYMBOLIC LOGIC San Francisco, California Joint Mathematics Meeting January 3-6, 2024

2024 WINTER MEETING OF THE ASSOCIATION FOR SYMBOLIC LOGIC San Francisco, California Joint Mathematics Meeting January 3-6, 2024