Symbolic Figure Research Articles

تقنيات السير الذاتي في " تقرير إلى غريكو "لـ نيكوس كازانتزاكيس أنموذجا

In Report to Greco, Nikos Kazantzakis presents his autobiography as an extended letter to "Greco," a symbolic figure representing the ideal exiled artist of the modern era. The book discusses significant human and cultural issues, including the purpose of writing, through a narrative that interweaves the author's life, relationships, and creative process. Kazantzakis structures his narrative with binary oppositions, blending poetic language, symbolism, and allusions to create a unique artistic style. This study aims to explore the literary and artistic techniques Kazantzakis employs in his autobiography, analyzing how these elements contribute to resolving the internal conflicts that dominated his thoughts. His methods result in a poetic autobiography distinct from classical approaches. The narrative integrates elements of philosophy, poetry, spirituality, and history, reflecting Kazantzakis' profound contemplation of life and art. Through vivid metaphors, detailed descriptions, and layered imagery, Kazantzakis offers an introspective journey that connects personal experiences with universal themes. His work transcends traditional autobiographical frameworks by incorporating mythological and cultural elements, enriching the narrative with profound symbolism and emotional depth. This research highlights the innovative methods Kazantzakis used to transform his autobiography into a poetic and philosophical masterpiece, addressing the interplay between identity, creativity, and redemption.

Royal power in the market-oriented society: The Swedish King's consecration of business and corporate elites.

In this paper, I examine how the King of Sweden, Carl XVI Gustaf, systematically consecrates the nation's business and corporate elites who have come to dominate Swedish society during the last decades concomitant with a fundamental transformation from traditional social-democracy to neoliberalism, that is, a society characterized by the logic of corporations and markets. By promoting the business and corporate elites, the King contributes to strengthening their status and legitimacy in relation to other groups, while at the same time he reproduces his own elite status and image as a "corporate king." In order to examine this dual elite legitimation, I have studied three major official duties in the King's official role as Sweden's head of state: (a) the awarding of the most prestigious royal medals to corporate leaders; (b) the invitation of these elites to official royal dinners; and (c) state visits, whereby the corporate elites are given a peculiar status in relation to other elite groups. Based on this unique data on the activities of a living monarch, I refute the common assumption among sociologists today that royals, and particularly monarchs, are powerless figures and therefore irrelevant as study objects. By consecrating business and its leaders, monarchs contribute to legitimizing neoliberalism, thus strengthening its hegemony, as well as their own standing. Hence, they are not only symbolic figures, but exercise real power as well.

SYMBOLISM IN “A CURIOUS CASE OF BENJAMIN BUTTON” (1922) BY F. SCOTT FITZGERALD

This paper analyzes the use of symbolism in F. Scott Fitzgerald’s short story “The Curious Case of Benjamin Button” (1922), focusing on its employment of allegory, archetypes, and symbols. The study seeks to throw further light on the manner in which Fitzgerald uses literary symbolism as a means to explore the modernist consciousness of the protagonist, Benjamin Button, who serves as an archetype for the alienation experienced by modern man in the Jazz Age. By examining both personal and conventional symbols, the paper not only reveals how the protagonist embodies the tensions of his era, but also highlights how he exemplifies the human representatives of the period. Special attention is given to several underexplored symbols within the story, including: Benjamin's dress suit, the cigars he smokes as an infant, his hair dye, fake whiskers, and the colored paper in kindergarten. These symbols illustrate Fitzgerald's craftsmanship in conveying complex themes such as identity, aging, and societal expectations. Through the juxtaposition of these symbols with Benjamin's unusual aging process, the paper argues that the protagonist becomes a symbolic figure for the disorientation and alienation experienced by individuals in the modernist era. Ultimately, the research provides fresh insights into how Fitzgerald’s symbolism deepens the narrative’s engagement with modernist themes, offering a richer understanding of both the text and its cultural significance.

El culte als 'homes de lletres' i els seus usos a la Catalunya del Vuit-cents: els casos de Jaume Balmes i Antoni de Capmany

This paper analyses the main displays of posthumous cults of commemoration for the figures of Jaume Balmes and Antoni de Capmany that took place in Catalonia between approximately 1848 and 1891. Inscribing these tribute initiatives in the wider scholarship on the political uses of death and the public celebration of great men, we identify them as turning points in the cultural practice of public commemorations dedicated to writers, artists and intellectuals. Balmes and Capmany were erected as collective reference points by a significant segment of the Catalan ruling classes who were in some way attached to the liberal regime. In doing so, they sought to provide themselves with prestigious cohesive symbols for a society they wished to distance both from reactionary positions and from revolutionary popular mobilisation. Through the symbolic figures of Balmes and Capmany, the promoters of these commemorative cults were able to shore up their own reputation and claim a leading role within the Spanish nation for the local and regional areas in which they were active.

L’ús pòstum de les figures literàries en l’esfera pública: pràctiques i processos commemoratius en la cultura catalana contemporània

This special issue brings together a series of in-depth case studies of commemorative discourses and practices dedicated to some of the most important figures in contemporary Catalan literature from the beginning of the 19th century onwards, which contributed to transform selected writers (including Antoni Capmany, Jaume Balmes, Jacint Verdaguer, Àngel Guimerà and Josep Maria de Sagarra, as well as female authors, such as Josepa Massanés, Mercè Rodoreda, Anna Murià, Maria Aurèlia Cap-many and Montserrat Roig) into collective memory sites for the Catalan community. It aims to contribute critically to the burgeoning international scholarship on “cultural saints”, that is, the (generally male) writers, artists and intellectuals marked out as representative of cultural-national community identities in the age of consolidation of the nation-state. The bodies and corpora of the symbolic figures and cultural icons examined across the nine articles commissioned and collected here both served to confer legitimacy on diverse projects and agents in the public sphere and were the site of sometimes heightened debate over contested cultural memory narratives. In other words, they show the ways in which Catalan commemorative practices and processes are both a vehicle for the construction of a distinctive community imaginary as well as reflecting the divisions and dissensus between different agents and sub-groups, according to social, political, geographical, linguistic, generational and gender affiliation, among other factors.

Polish Mother and (Not) Her Children: Intersectional State-Violence against Minors in Poland

This article seeks to explain the political responsibility that Polish right-wing female politicians directly associated with the 2015–2023 Polish government and the then-ruling Law and Justice Party bear in the state-sanctioned violence against minors in the context of LGBT- and immigration-related issues. Its main assumption is that, in times of the nationalist surge that has been sweeping Poland, women using anti-LGBT and anti-immigration discourses helped to legitimize discriminatory state practices and, consequently, made a significant contribution to the enactment of white, Christian, and heteronormative identity on Polish children. Drawing upon Critical Discourse Analysis, this work examines the anti-LGBT and anti-immigration political talk by female politicians who, in their narrative strategies, adopt the position of a “Polish mother” on a mission to save a “child in danger”. Through my analysis, I aim to demonstrate that anti-LGBT and anti-immigration discourses are equally significant areas of women’s political engagement. Despite the prevalent cultural norms of caring motherhood, women do exercise their agency in political struggles as supporters of discriminatory state policies directed against minors by re-politicizing a symbolic figure of the “Polish mother”.

Cory's Shearwater (Calonectris borealis): Exploring Normal Head Anatomy through Cross-Sectional Anatomy, Computed Tomography and Magnetic Resonance Imaging.

Cory's shearwater, or Calonectris borealis, stands out as a symbolic figure in the world of seabirds, playing a crucial role in marine ecosystems globally. Belonging to the Procellariidae family, it is singularized by its imposing wingspan and intricate migration patterns connecting it to various regions from the North Atlantic to the Pacific. Its role in the marine food chain, specialized diet and adaptation for nesting in the Canary Archipelago underscore its ecological importance. However, Cory's shearwater also faces important threats, such as the invasion of foreign species, highlighting the need for its conservation. Among the conservation issues, studies on its biology, the main threats it faces and its normal anatomy are essential to preserve marine biodiversity. Additionally, a variety of imaging techniques, such as computed tomography and magnetic resonance, facilitates the understanding of the bird's neuroanatomy and opens future research possibilities in comparative neuroscience. Moreover, this approach proves particularly relevant given the increasing attention these seabirds receive in environments such as zoos, rehabilitation centers and their natural habitat, where veterinarians play a crucial role in their care and well-being.

Rinascimento & Risorgimento o Risorgimento vs Rinascimento? Una vicenda tutta italiana

Throughout the 19th century, the Renaissance-Risorgimento relationship was viewed in a twofold contradictory manner: the cultural grandeur of the Renaissan- ce as the premise for the political redemption of the Risorgimento or the Risorgimento as transcending the political and moral decadence of the Renaissance age. The Author expounds the stance of three particularly representative scholars (Vincenzo Gioberti, Bertrando Spaventa, Francesco De Sanctis), pointing out their different perspectives on the role of figures such as Machiavelli and Giordano Bruno. He concludes by po- sing the question as to the need to go beyond this national unification standpoint. In his view, the persisting tendency to see Machiavelli as the symbolic figure of the Renais- sance in Italy is inadequate and he proposes someone like Lorenzo Vallo or Giovanni Pico della Mirandola as an alternative. They are much closer to Erasmus of Rotterdam, the best expression of the Renaissance at a European level.

The myth of Russia in “Dialogues of the Dead” by Mikhail Muraviev

This article focuses on the processes of development and change in the philosophical and rhetorical genre of “Dialogues...” in Russian literature of the last quarter of the 18th century. A given phenomenon goes back as far as the heritage of ancient thinkers; for instance, “Parallel Lives” by Plutarch was relevant to Russian writers of the years 1700-1800. Initially, under new conditions, the national writers were mostly interested in this genre by reason of the general problems of knowledge distribution as a metaphysical beginning of existence (A. Belobotsky, V. Tatitshev). By the last quarter of the 18th century, a key aspect of consideration had been shifted to the issues of a new personal education and the state and moral doctrine of Russia. Mikhail Muraviev (1757 - 1807) was a famous Russian literary man and enlightener, the founder of sentimentalism and pre-romanticism in national literary culture, a philosopher and historian. In the years 1780-1790, on a personal invitation of Empress Catherine the Second, he taught moral philosophy and history to her grandchildren – tsesareviches Alexander and Constantine. It was the period when “Dialogues of the Dead” were contemplated as part of the writer’s teaching activities. M. Muraviev’s central goal was to show two key ideas: the development of Russia in Modern Period and the development of a new educated person.Using a well-known allusion technique, the writer chose symbolic figures of the world history and culture, transferred two contrasting characters to one period of time and turned them into interlocutors, holding a discussion. Moreover, Russian public figures of different epochs could meet both the leaders of the world historical and cultural process and each other. So far, “Dialogues of the Dead” by M. Muraviev have been studied fragmentarily in scientific research. The researchers’ attention has been focused mainly on the range of sources used by the writer, as well as on some language features, style and general moral ideas of the outstanding Russian enlightener. According to our hypothesis, the original “myth of Russia” is in the centre of this work. The distinguishing features of this phenomenon are: firstly, the synthesis of various spheres of socio-cultural life, from policy to literary culture; secondly, a clear correlation of “the state glory” phenomenon with conceptions of the internal moral creed both of the ruler of the state and every man in the country.

Прагматический потенциал прозвищ в произведениях Юй Хуа

This article is aimed at identifying a complex of pragmatic, emotional and value meanings of nicknames that allow the writer to influence the reader. The study is based on three novels by Yu Hua – Brothers, To Live, and Chronicle of a Blood Merchant – and their Russian translations. Twenty-five fragments were analysed; the specificity of the main characters’ nicknames was identified in terms of the pragmatic function they perform. It is shown that the process of integration ↔ separation and extraction ↔ filling (the rules of language unit use are being constantly updated and changed) of unique linguistic phenomena – nicknames – is inherently pragmatic. The article presents the author’s concept of nicknames, demonstrates the difference between nicknames and common names (social, family-related) and emphasizes the practical importance of nicknames (distribution, communication, symbolic figure, cultural characteristics) in prose. The novelty of the study lies in describing the pragmatic functionality of nicknames in different contextual environments, which reveals the degree of productivity and creative potential of nicknames, highlights the close relationship of nicknames with the characteristics of the time period and heritage of traditional culture, as well as points out the role of nicknames (as cultural symbols) in achieving balance in group communication. As a result, the author identified the specificity of the origin of nicknames and the potential variability of their evaluation, which causes differences in the understanding of their true meaning. Therefore, studying the intrinsic functionality of nicknames as a vastly preferable and popular form of naming in literary works, public life and other spheres of society is essential.

Jung's Erotic Phenomenology: I. A New Translation.

In the introduction to The Psychology of the Transference (1946), Carl Jung sketched out a theory of "erotic phenomenology" which condenses his teaching about sexuality and romantic love into a very concise summary. But the meaning of this passage is obscured in the English translation given in the Collected Works of C. G. Jung. I propose here a new translation which makes Jung's meaning clearer, along with a commentary which explains it in the context of Freudian drive theory and German 19th century philosophy. Invoking the concepts of instinct, mind, and Eros (both the passion and the divine figure), Jung's theory says that male sexual desire can be cultivated or repressed in four distinct ways, each associated with a female symbolic figure or anima image: Eve, Helen, Mary and Sophia.

Edward James Ted Hughes and his Animal Kingdom

This study explores the focus on the animal world in Ted Hughes' poetry. It argues that Hughes uses animals as vivid symbols of pure instinct and strength in addition to using them as symbolic figures. In analyzing poems such as "Hawk Roosting," "Pike," and "The Thought Fox," the article shows how these animals serve as mirrors, reflecting the darkness and violence that are part of human nature. Hughes' depiction of the natural environment also emphasizes the severe ecological realities and the continuous struggle for survival. As the speaker in poems like "The Thought Fox" longs to get back in touch with nature, the poet's sorrow over humanity's estrangement from nature is highlighted in the study's last section. Ultimately, Hughes's animal kingdom offers an effective frame through which we can examine the natural world ourselves, and the complex relationships among the three.

The World Turned Upside Down: Wonder, Disgust, and the Alienation Effect.

History shows alarming shifts in the way that people with intellectual disabilities have been regarded. Locke doubted whether they could be counted among the human, while Rousseau hailed them as unspoiled children who could help us be better; the eugenicists despised them as perpetuating "feeble-mindedness," while the religious praised them as holy innocents. Throughout, however, they have been seen metaphorically, as symbolic figures who incite hatred or inspire wonder, but rarely as real people. This article, written by the father of a young man with severe disabilities, rejects such thinking. The author explains how intellectual disabilities work as a Brechtian "alienation effect" and challenge our core system of values and explores how they make us reconsider much of what we take for granted.

Cortejando Medusa ou uma abordagem poética da teoria crítica dos processos de criação em artes

The article aims to expose the concept of “process documents” through a mythical format, touching on the position of the critic and the artist in relation to records, in addition to the immateriality of the creative process and the challenges of artistic creation. This approach is justified by enabling the reading of complex and abstract notions belonging to the critical theory of creative processes in the arts through a structure closely linked to human experience, that is, telling stories. To this end, the Greek myth of Perseus and Medusa was selected, especially the section in which the hero uses his shield as a mirror, in order to be able to see Medusa, given that this episode allows us to establish a bridge with the potential of the documents of process of enabling the glimpse of something, a priori, invisible, that is, the creative process itself. The breadth of meanings provided by the symbolic figures that make up the narrative and the specific way in which they relate enable an in-depth poetic investigation of the nature of the aforementioned concepts. For the theoretical basis and development of the discussion, the reasoning developed by Gaston Bachelard was used regarding the essential elements from which the creative movement originates - with emphasis on the water element - and the concepts of archetype and unconscious belonging to Analytical Psychology, formulated by Carl Jung. The study presents a qualitative approach and the procedure used was bibliographical research, emphasizing the unique contribution of Cecília Almeida Salles.

Monumentalism as an Essential Feature of V. Hegamyan's Work

The purpose of the work is to investigate monumentalism in V. Hegamyan’s artistic works as a characteristic feature of the artist's creative manner. The research methodology combines a set of such methods as analytical, semiotic, art history, biographical, which in the end made it possible to achieve objective research results. The scientific novelty of the work consists in the systematisation and generalisation of the artist V. Hegamyan’s work, in particular, the disclosure of the essential features of monumentalism as a defining feature of the majority of his works. Conclusions. The name of the Odesa artist V. Hegamyan, who was the founder of the graphic faculty of the Odesa pedagogical institute, is little known to the general public of researchers of Ukrainian fine art. It has been found that the peak of the artist's creative search and revelation falls in the 1960s and 1970s, when V. Hegamyan painted numerous works, combining elements of monumental style and traditions with the colour energy of modern painting, moving away from socialist realist (academic) painting and creating unrealistic images. The monumentality of his works was manifested in the fact that he experimented a lot and fruitfully with the form, which was always dynamic. Accordingly, with all the conventionality of the figures, V. Hegamyan achieved real similarity, verisimilitude and expressiveness, creating a semantic multi-layeredness and endowing them with symbolism and ambiguity. He constantly worked on improving the technique and created his own artistic style in art, which consisted of a combination of graphic, pictorial and monumental techniques. The deepest level is archetypal symbolism, which transcends the boundaries of cultural regions and eras. In this aspect, V. Hegamyan consistently avoids straight-line allegoricality: symbolic subtexts naturally emerge from the subjects of the paintings and the means of expression chosen by the artist. This is what makes his works multifaceted: additional meanings are superimposed on specific images. The peak of the artist's creative activity during the Soviet period coincides with the emergence and development of such an artistic phenomenon as nonconformism, to which V. Hegamyan, although he did not belong, became a symbolic figure for many artists of that time. Keywords: Velery Hegamyan, monumentalism, works of art, Odesa period of creativity, nonconformism, drawing, symbols, symbolism, artistic composition.

Wendigo Psychosis and Psychiatric Perspectives of Cannibalism: A Complex Interplay of Culture, Psychology, and History.

Our review paper delves into the intricate and multifaceted realm of cannibalism, with a focused exploration of its manifestations in Wendigo psychosis. We aim to explore the implications of cannibalism within the realms of psychiatry, anthropology, psychology, and sociology by navigating the complexities of cultural beliefs, psychological underpinnings, historical contexts, and contemporary significance surrounding cannibalism. Cannibalism is deeply ingrained in the cultural and mythological heritage of Algonquian-speaking tribes; it is closely associated with the symbolic figure of the Wendigo. The Wendigo serves as a warning about the potential loss of one's humanity in dire circumstances like starvation. Wendigo psychosis, characterized by psychiatric manifestations such as paranoia, anxiety, hallucinations, and cannibalistic urges, often emerges as a result of a fusion of cultural narratives and psychological vulnerabilities. This may provide an outlet for individuals experiencing internal distress. Historical records show that instances of Wendigo psychosis and cannibalism were more prevalent during periods of extreme scarcity and famine among Algonquian tribes, but they can also manifest in non-famine contexts. Cannibalism assumes diverse forms and meanings across various cultures, encompassing ritualistic, sacrificial, or survival cannibalism. Acknowledging these nuances is paramount to avoiding perpetuating harmful stereotypes and to appreciating the significance of these practices within specific cultures. Engaging in discussions about cannibalism necessitates cultural sensitivity and respect for diverse cultural practices and beliefs to foster open dialogue and enhance cross-cultural understanding. Although cannibalism is often associated with psychiatric disorders, it is not exclusively rooted in mental illness. Factors like substance abuse, antisocial traits, and environmental upbringing can also contribute to cannibalistic acts. In some cases, cannibalism may be linked to survival instincts stemming from trauma and abuse. Therefore, it is vital to distinguish between various forms of cannibalism and understand their underlying motivations. Analyzing cannibalistic fantasies from a psychoanalytic perspective involves exploring mechanisms such as melancholia and oral fixation, shedding light on the psychological underpinnings of these thoughts and urges. Moreover, the influence of media portrayals of cannibalism on public perceptions cannot be underestimated. Sensationalism and romanticization in popular culture can distort our understanding of the motivations and mental states of individuals involved in cannibalistic acts. In essence, cannibalism remains an intriguing and multidimensional topic deeply entrenched in cultural narratives and psychological complexities. A comprehensive understanding necessitates a multidisciplinary approach, taking into account how historical context, cultural beliefs, psychological experiences, and societal dimensions shape human behavior and our comprehension of the human condition. To navigate this complex subject with sensitivity and respect, it is essential to recognize the diverse manifestations and motivations behind cannibalistic behavior, whether in the context of Wendigo psychosis or other cultural practices.

Konsep Simbolisasi Dan Identitas Politik Sebagai Bentuk Propaganda Di Indonesia

<p><em>Politics and identity are closely related to the practice of power in a particular area. In the 2019 election phenomenon in Indonesia, the concept of symbols and identities of parties and election participants were scattered, both directly and in the media frame. The construction of party identity symbols and figures carried by election participants consists of parties and individuals, for example the PDI-Perjuangan, Democrats and Gerindra. While the symbolic figures are Jokowi, Susilo Bambang Yudhoyono, Prabowo, and Sandiaga Uno. By looking at the level of power relations and the relationship between political symbols, it can be identified the concept of political propaganda through these symbols in order to gain power, or lay the foundation of certain ideologies.</em></p>

In Between Perfectly Alive People and Symbolic Figures. Prokofiev in Search for a Plot in the 1920s — the First Half of the 1930s

Prokofiev’s search for a plot reflects how broad his interests were: from biblical and cosmic themes to stories with symbolic characters from the world of music notation and ordinary objects. His creative concepts combine ancient mythologems, connotations to classical plots with swift, captivating development of action, with marks of the detective genre, with sharp dialogue and baffling finale (the so-called “point-ending”). His interest in Margaret Mitchell’s novel Gone with the Wind seems strange only at first glance. The novel’s motives seamlessly blend into contexts of the Prokofiev’s concept of theater. Situations, scenes, some characters and even anticipated main dramatic moments of the Gone with the Wind can be found in Prokofiev’s theatrical works. One of the archival findings of last years is the libretto titled Chess. Its plot originates from Queen of Spades and The Gambler and it accumulates themes of passion to win, sacrifice, madness and vengeance. Chess play itself forms the storyline in a great measure. In this way Prokofiev’s concept anticipates Nabokov’s novel Luzhin’s Defense. Chess affects the structure of the whole and the nature of conflict drivers. It becomes symbol of life, which constructs itself on the principle of chess play. The main motives of the plot are highly associative, they have rich background and various approaches for staging. The fantastic sphere of Chess follows romantic tradition and is inseparable from everyday life. The libretto’s draft suggests notable Prokofiev’s dramaturgy methods: contrasting inclusions, repeated sharp striking phrases, extra-musical and extra-textual devices for the enrichment of vocal speech. Поиски сюжета С. Прокофьевым отражают широту его интересов: от библейских тем, космических мотивов — к историям с действующими условными фигурами из мира нотных знаков и предметов обыденности. Древние мифологемы, ассоциации с классическими сюжетами сочетаются в его замыслах с быстрым, увлекательным развитием действия, с приметами жанра детектива, с острым диалогом, яркими point-концовками. Интерес композитора к роману М. Митчелл «Унесенные ветром» только на первый взгляд кажется удивительным. Мотивы романа органично включаются в контексты прокофьевского театра. Ситуации, сцены, отдельные персонажи, даже предполагаемые драматургические узлы «Унесенных ветром» встречаются в театральных сочинениях Прокофьева. Одна из архивных находок последних лет — набросок либретто под названием «Шахматы». Сюжет восходит к «Пиковой даме» и «Игроку», аккумулируя мотивы страсти к победе, жертвоприношения, безумия, возмездия. Фабула в значительной мере организована шахматной игрой, этим замысел Прокофьева предвосхищает роман В. Набокова «Защита Лужина». Шахматы воздействуют на структуру целого, определяют характер движущих сил конфликта, становятся символом жизни, строящей себя по принципам шахматной игры. Главные мотивы сюжета высокоассоциативны, имеют богатую «родословную» и изобилуют возможностями сценического воплощения. Фантастика «Шахмат» наследует романтической традиции, она неотделима от реальной, бытовой жизни. Набросок либретто предполагает характерные прокофьевские драматургические приемы: контрастные вкрапления, повторения коротких «ударных» фраз, внемузыкальные и внетекстовые приемы обогащения вокальной речи.

The Indonesian Terms of Disease Names: A Corpus Linguistic Study

The Indonesian terms of disease names are unique. Despite being different from their medical terms, Indonesian terms of disease names contain elements of figurative language. This study aims to analyze stylistic naming. The data were Corpora from articles, social media forums, and online news on health for 2013-2023, involving 1.206.281.985 tokens from the Indonesian-Leipzig Corpora Collection (ILC) and 39.294 tokens collected for the 2023 Health Forum Corpus (HF). Data analysis concerned the wordlist and collocation feature to see the frequency, trend, and pattern, and the concordance feature examined the language style of the names. The study does not find any evidence of changes in health terms over the past decade, such as “penyakit jantung” (heart disease), "headache," and "hospital." However, it does uncover some interesting findings regarding the formation of disease names. Affixation and compounding are the primary word formation processes. The stylistic elements of disease names were hyperbolic figures, such as "gagal ginjal" (chronic kidney disease), and symbolic figures, such as "kaki gajah" (filariasis) and "mata ikan" (clavus). In conclusion, the names of diseases followed a particular pattern, but the specific terminology used might vary based on linguistic factors and cultural understanding.

Revisiting the History of Abortion in the Wake of the Dobbs Decision.

Revisiting the History of Abortion in the Wake of the Dobbs Decision Kelly O’Donnell (bio) and Naomi Rogers (bio) In September 1977, Rosaura Jimenez, a twenty-seven-year-old Mexican American single mother in McAllen, Texas, went to the home of Maria Pineda for a surgical abortion. Pineda, a midwife, was licensed to deliver babies but not to perform abortions. After the procedure Jimenez developed sepsis; several days later she died of organ failure in the McAllen General Hospital. Her death would have been common and unremarkable a decade earlier, but since the Supreme Court’s 1973 Roe v. Wade decision, abortion had become legal and widely available in hospitals, clinics, and doctors’ offices across the United States. Jimenez had initially wanted a legal abortion and returned to a physician who had given her one eight months earlier, paid for by Medicaid. But in August the Hyde Amendment had gone into effect after the Supreme Court had judged it constitutional. Passed by Congress in the previous session, the amendment banned the use of federal funds for abortions and led states to restrict their funding of Medicaid as well. In McAllen Jimenez had been rebuffed by the physician, who said he would not be reimbursed, although she could find and pay for an abortion herself. Jimenez had a financial aid check in her purse to pay for her college classes (she was studying to become a special education teacher), but she chose access to education over access to legal reproductive care. After first traveling to Mexico where she received a cheaper but ineffective “hormone injection” from a pharmacy there, she sought Pineda’s aid.1 [End Page 1] Jimenez was quickly described as the first victim of the Hyde Amendment, a symbol that inspired rallies and candlelight vigils outside the state legislature in Texas and across the country. Eager to make this tragedy a potent lesson about the danger of antiabortion politics that could threaten the lives of every woman, feminist and Village Voice journalist Ellen Frankfort along with Frances Kissling, the director of the National Abortion Federation, came to McAllen in 1978. They believed that this death could become an issue that would unite feminists across class and race.2 Frankfort and Kissling, along with two of Jimenez’s friends, organized a sting operation to try to bring Pineda to justice. Setting up one woman with a wire and having Diana Rivera, another friend, pretend to need an abortion, the two white abortion activists waited in a station wagon with reporters from a Dallas television station. Pineda warned Rivera—as she had probably said to Jimenez—that if there were complications, she should say that her abortion was performed across the border in Mexico.3 The feminist visitors were then shocked to find that their race and status did not protect them from the arm of the law. Local police officers arrested not only Pineda but also Frankfurt, Kissling, and Rivera as potential “co-conspirators” in an illegal abortion.4 Texas’s weak medical practice law meant that although Pineda was found guilty of practicing medicine without a license, her misdemeanor offense resulted in three days in jail and a hundred-dollar fine. In 1979 Frankfort and Kissling published Rosie: The Investigation of a Wrongful Death and announced that 5 percent of the book’s royalties would be contributed to the new Rosie Jimenez Fund to provide financial assistance to poor women seeking abortions in Texas.5 [End Page 2] Jimenez remained a symbolic figure for American feminists seeking to protect access to abortion in the face of increasingly successful anti-abortion strategies that grew more creative and restrictive in the wake of the Hyde Amendment. As a poor Latina, Jimenez offered a way for white middle-class feminists to demonstrate cross-class, cross-racial support of reproductive health care in the face of the splintering of feminist organizations such as the Black Women’s Health Project and the National Latina Health Organization in the 1980s. A more holistic reframing of reproductive rights and reproductive justice was necessary to bring together disparate groups of feminists, especially around forced sterilization.6 Access to safe and legal abortion continued as a...