Symbolic Event Research Articles

The U.S. withdrawal from Afghanistan as a sign of a new era

The end of the U.S. presence in the Afghan conflict by the 20thanniversary of events of September 11 2001 is a significant and symbolic event. In this article the author formulates an assessment by posing a question – how does the withdrawal of the US armed forces from AfPak region correlate with its strategy? The article examines the transformation of Washington’s policy goals towards the Afghan conflict throughout the last 20 years by comparing the approaches of four U.S. presidents, it also examines the conflict dynamics, internal and international factors of how the decision of withdrawal was presented and formulated. The author concludes, that if the U.S. policies in Afghanistan and the withdrawal are seen in the logic of previous strategical goals, the view on the campaign results as a defeat is accurate. Global war on terror and democracy promotion in the region was also focused on nation-building and the creation of a loyal and self-sufficient regime that could be used to project the U.S. interest in the region, which clearly didn’t happen. A different assessment arises in the new U.S. strategical framework to contain China and Russia. The author makes an assumption, that the announcement made by Beijing of the "Belt and Road" initiative and the Crimea crisis could have been one of the factors that postponed the initial NATO presence deadline. In this framework the US withdrawal from Afghanistan can be viewed as a step in the logic of Washington's new confrontation with Moscow and Beijing.

Концепт «Бессмертный полк» в языковом сознании подростков

The article presents the results of an associative experiment that allow us to describe the structure of the concept "Immortal Regiment" in the linguistic consciousness of senior school pupils, college students and cadets. The research has made it possible to define concept core components (memory, war, pride, victory, veterans) and peripheral ones (unity, heroes, glory, posters, holiday, Motherland, etc.). Most of the components have a positive connotation. There are significant differences in the structure of the concept, identified in the linguistic consciousness of cadets (compared to schoolchildren and students). Associates appear in the concept core; they indicate that a personally significant connection with the events of the Great Patriotic War is preserved. This connection is almost lost among modern teenagers of the other social groups, which is caused by the "symbolic event reconstruction" that changes personal attitude to history in course of time. The periphery of the concept is specific in the view of the cadets; it includes the components that are not marked by the rest of the participants of the experiment. The concept "Immortal Regiment" is stated to have positive associates, which tend to be abstract. It means that to preserve the historical memory, it is necessary to personalize the concept. The fields of application include conceptology, social linguistics, cultural linguistics.

COVID-19, firm exposure, and firm value: A tale of two lockdowns

We study how a public health crisis affects the corporate sector at different phases of outbreak. Using an event study approach, we find significant valuation effects in a sample of Chinese listed firms following two symbolic events in the outbreak of COVID-19: (1) the lockdown of Hubei province; and (2) the containment of the disease in China and its spread to overseas. Market responded negatively (positively) to the first (second) event. Regression analysis further reveals that, following the first event, firms with Hubei (foreign) exposures earned significantly lower (higher) returns. Foreign exposures, however, had significantly negative effects on returns following the second event. The valuation effects of Hubei and foreign exposures also vary across firm ownership and industries. Our results indicate that, in a globalized world, firms' international status, internal networks and input-output linkages all play important roles in determining their exposures to the pandemic.

Installation “Breakthrough”, Implementation and Memorialisation of the “Cold War” in the USA

Using the installation “Breakthrough” as an example, the article examines the widespread in the United States assessments and methods of memorializing the results of the Cold War. The authors note that the thesis of a US victory in the Cold War was central to official US political rhetoric in the early 1990s. This is confirmed by the politics of memory — in particular, the creation of the installation “Breakthrough”, the establishment of the commemorative medal “Cold War Victory Medal”, etc. The fall of the Berlin Wall in 1989 is considered the most symbolic event of the end of the Cold War. One of the fragments of this wall is called “The Breakthrough”, it is now in Westminster College in Fulton (Missouri), where W. Churchill in 1946 pronounced his famous speech and where (in a symbolic sense) the Cold War began. Installation “Breakthrough”, being a symbol of the beginning and end of ideological confrontation, carries a certain ideological message — it is a “breakthrough to freedom” and victory in the “cold war”. However, by the early 2000s, when passions subsided in society and wider access to not only American, but also Soviet archival documents was opened up, more ba-lanced assessments of the causes and results of the Cold War began to appear in American scientific circles. Some American historians started talking about the common victory of the USA and the USSR over the ideological confrontation, which could develop into a dangerous “hot war.” Globalization also influenced the perception of the outcome of the Cold War: this confrontation is assessed by some American researchers as a natural stage in the development of international relations, which led to a new redistribution of centers of influence on the map of the “multipolar” world.

Making memory work: The SARS memory and China’s war on COVID-19

In the global fight against COVID-19, a “pandemic memory thesis” emerges. This thesis argues that nations with memories of past pandemics, such as East Asian countries with SARS memories, can better control the COVID-19 pandemic today. Yet, if this thesis holds, why hadn’t the SARS memory helped China prevent the outbreak of COVID-19? Why, however, can China swiftly contain the pandemic in its later stages by exploiting the SARS memory? To address this contradiction, I treat the pandemic as an ontological crisis and put forward a theory centering on the construction of ontological consensus by the state and society. By studying symbolic events in China’s war on COVID-19, particularly the Li Wenliang and Zhong Nanshan cases, I argue that the state’s acknowledgment of the crisis, society’s awareness and cultural preparedness, and the re-fusion of state-society relations are crucial for memory to work in the fight against a new pandemic.

HUBUNGAN KEMAMPUAN KOMUNIKASI MATEMATIS DAN RESILIENSI MATEMATIS SISWA SEKOLAH MENENGAH ATAS

This research aimed to describe mathematical communication skills, mathematical resilience, and the relationship between mathematical communication skills and mathematical resilience. This research used a quantitative approach with a correlation research design. The population in this study were students of grade XI SMA Negeri 2 Teluk Keramat and the sample was students of grade XI MIPA 2.The results showed that the mathematical communication skills students tend to have is the ability to express mathematical concepts by stating daily events in language or mathematical symbols (mathematical expression ability) which were able to be achieved by the students as much as 62%. Whereas for mathematical resilience that students tend to have is to have curiosity, reflect, research, and make use of various sources in mathematics learning, which contributed 38.7% and were able to be achieved by 16 students (76%). Furthermore, based on the results of the Pearson Product Moment correlation test, a significance value of 0.021 and a correlation value of 0.500 was obtained. So it can be concluded that there is a significant relationship between mathematical communication skills, mathematical resilience, and the strength of the correlation between the two variables is classified as moderate. Keywords: Correlation, Mathematical Communication Skills, Mathematical Resilience

Hypoxia-responsive nanoreactors based on self-enhanced photodynamic sensitization and triggered ferroptosis for cancer synergistic therapy

BackgroundPhotodynamic therapy (PDT), a typical reactive oxygen species (ROS)-dependent treatment with high controllability, has emerged as an alternative cancer therapy modality but its therapeutic efficacy is still unsatisfactory due to the limited light penetration and constant oxygen consumption. With the development of another ROS-dependent paradigm ferroptosis, several efforts have been made to conquer the poor efficacy by combining these two approaches; however the biocompatibility, tumor-targeting capacity and clinical translation prospect of current studies still exist great concerns. Herein, a novel hypoxia-responsive nanoreactor BCFe@SRF with sorafenib (SRF) loaded inside, constructed by covalently connecting chlorin e6 conjugated bovine serum albumin (BSA-Ce6) and ferritin through azobenzene (Azo) linker, were prepared to offer unmatched opportunities for high-efficient PDT and ferroptosis synergistic therapy.ResultsThe designed BCFe@SRF exhibited appropriate size distribution, stable dispersity, excellent ROS generation property, controllable drug release capacity, tumor accumulation ability, and outstanding biocompatibility. Importantly, the BCFe@SRF could be degraded under hypoxia environment to release BSA-Ce6 for laser-triggered PDT, ferritin for iron-catalyzed Fenton reaction and SRF for tumor antioxidative defense disruption. Meanwhile, besides PDT effects, it was found that BCFe@SRF mediated treatment upon laser irradiation in hypoxic environment not only could accelerate lipid peroxidation (LPO) generation but also could deplete intracellular glutathione (GSH) and decrease glutathione peroxidase (GPX4) expression, which was believed as three symbolic events during ferroptosis. All in all, the BCFe@SRF nanoreactor, employing multiple cascaded pathways to promote intracellular ROS accumulation, presented remarkably outstanding antitumor effects both in vitro and in vivo.ConclusionBCFe@SRF could serve as a promising candidate for synergistic PDT and ferroptosis therapy, which is applicable to boost oxidative damage within tumor site and will be informative to future design of ROS-dependent therapeutic nanoplatforms.Graphic abstract

“A baby bump for women’s rights”: analysing Local and International Media Coverage of Prime Minister Jacinda Ardern’s Pregnancy

ABSTRACT Very few studies have examined discourses about Heads of State who have been pregnant whilst in office. In January 2018, Jacinda Ardern, Prime Minister of Aotearoa New Zealand, announced her pregnancy and intention of taking six weeks of maternity leave, which sparked national and international interest. This study analyses the coverage of Ardern’s pregnancy and contributes to literature on representations of female politicians. A thematic analysis of newspaper articles (N = 158) from six countries (New Zealand, Australia, France, Ireland, the United Kingdom, & the United States) was conducted. Mild nuances between international and New Zealand data were observed. The analysis suggests that Ardern’s pregnancy was presented as a cultural achievement, in part through the tension between local and universal dimensions, and as a symbolic event, notably through the interplay between normal and extraordinary aspects. The findings indicate that Ardern’s pregnancy was represented as a step closer to gender equality by advancing women’s cause in society and working places and renegotiating representations of fatherhood and masculinity. The notion of privilege was also important, in part because of its absence as a significant consideration in the data, which further revealed normative feminist discourses.

France – RFA (Séville, 1982) : l’évènement footballistique

This contribution offers an original reading of the representations surrounding the semi-final of the Football World Cup between France and Germany on 8 July 1982 in Seville. Input and output of the historical process by its status of socio-cultural rupture, this sporting fact postulates to be categorized as a symbolic event. In order to measure its social impacts, the challenge for academic sciences is to objectify its nature. Through a combined analysis of its manifestation, its future and its normalization, this study demonstrates the event-driven dimension of the Seville drama. In fact, captured and relayed by the media in a mythological way, it sees the emergence of a long-term memory movement. The social sciences make the football process of identification intelligible but they have so far failed to explain this still present past.

QUO VADIS AKSI 22 LASKAR PEMBELA ISLAM MENOLAK TEMPAT PROSTITUSI DI KABUPATEN PAMEKASAN DALAM BINGKAI SOCIAL MOVEMENT

This paper aims to reveal how the Islamic Defenders Army, under the affiliation of FPI, carried out the 22 January action against the closure of the protest site in Pamekasan. This article originated from the issue of the LPI sweeping action in Langtolang Hamlet, Ponteh Village, Pamekasan which was charged as an illegal protest site in Pamekasan but resulted in violence and clashes. In the following incident, the Islamic Defenders Army group carried out 22 actions regarding the closure of the protest center in Pamekasan at the Regent's office. This marks a social, political, and symbolic event that is quite complex and interesting to discuss. Talking about symbolic events is ambiguous. In this incident, however, the people of Pamekasan knew that what was called the Defense Action 22 was an opportunistic response to protists in Pamekasan that violated local regulations and Islamic law. First, where this action is seen as a representation of Pamekasan Muslims as a Muslim identity, such as the implementation of Shari'ah law. Second, this event has provided the Laskar Pembela Islam (LPI) opportunity to erase the collective memory of the violence they have committed through political currents

Yavuz Sultan Selim Dönemi Hilafet Telakkisi

Hilafet, Hz. Muhammed’in vefatından sonra İslam devletine başkanlık eden siyasî ve askerî yetkilerinin yanı sıra peygamberlik dışındaki dini konularda Müslümanlara önderlik eden kimselerin bulunduğu makamdır. Tarihi süreçte birçok olayın doğrudan ya da dolaylı sebepleri arasında yer alan hilafet, İslam Tarihi boyunca olduğu gibi günümüzde de üzerinde hala konuşulan bir konudur. Hilafetin Osmanlıya geçişine dair birçok kaynakta yer alan rivayetlerin farklılık arz etmesi, buradan hareketle yapılan yorumların da tarihi gerçeklik ile uyuşmaması, bizi bu konuyu ele almaya yönlendirmiştir. Hilafetin Memlûklulardan, Osmanlıya geçişiyle özdeşleşen Mısır seferi öncesi ve sonrasında padişahın bu kuruma karşı tutumunu, döneme ait yazılı belge ve kaynaklarda konunun nasıl ele alındığını irdelemeye çalıştık. Çalışmamız bağlamında şu tespitlere ulaştık: Hilafet kurumu genel kanaatin aksine tarih boyunca önemini koruyamamış, halifeler yetki ve otoritelerini zamanla kaybetmişlerdir. Kuruma tekrar eski işlevselliği kazandırılmağa çalışılmışsa da mümkün olmamıştır. Yavuz Selim’in seleflerinin aksine doğuya yönelmesi hilafeti almanın ötesinde farklı sebeplere dayandığı, Yavuz’un mevcut halifeye itibar etmediği, Mısır seferi sonrasında dahi dönem kaynaklarında Halife tabirinin kullanılmadığı, bunun birkaç müellifçe kasıtlı olarak kullandığı görülmüştür.

Lima en la década de 1870, una ciudad para el cincuentenario de la Independencia

The first great attempt of urban transformation of Lima in its republican history was performed in the 1870s, a situation that coincided with the commemoration of the fiftieth anniversary of the independence of Peru. This essay testifies to these changes, such as the destruction of the viceroyalty wall and the provision of lands for wide avenues, squares, new residential neighborhoods and modern public spaces, including the Parque de la Exposicion and the Palacio de la Exposicion. It also analyzes the main celebratory activity of the symbolic event, as was the Great Exhibition of 1872. The study ends with the conversion of the Palacio de la Exposicion into the new headquarters of the National Museum, the collection of which was to serve as a vehicle for the construction of a national identity.

The Analysis of Mathematical Communication's Ability in Derivative Materials Observed from Introvert and Extrovert Personality Types

The purpose of this study is to determine mathematical communication skills that assessed from introvert and extrovert personality types, to determine the strengths and weaknesses of each personality type. This research is a qualitative descriptive study. The class subjects are students of SMA Kartika III-1 Banyubiru, grade XI MIPA 2 (Mathematics and Natural Science). The subjects of the research are 2 introvert and 2 extrovert personality types' students. The procedures of collecting data are written tests, interviews, questionnaires and documentation. The results of this study show that mathematical communication skills in terms of introvert personality type are able to meet 1 indicator. That is the ability to explain ideas, situations and mathematical relations in writing. In contrast, the extrovert personality type meets 2 indicators of mathematical communication skills. There is the ability to express daily events in language or mathematical symbols and the ability to read mathematical symbols. The strengths of introvert personality type are able to explain ideas verbally and in writing. Then the weaknesses are difficult to understand the problem of mathematical images and symbols. In contrast to the introvert, extrovert personality's strengths are able to understand mathematical symbols, and then its weaknesses are hard to understand mathematics questions.

Movilidad itinerante y entornos construidos

Durante cuatro meses al año la ciudad de Pomán, provincia de Catamarca -Argentina-, experimenta la llegada de trabajadores migrantes para la cosecha del olivo. La ley Nacionalde Desarrollo Económico Nº 22.021 y su modificatoria 22.702 impulsaron esta actividad transformando los espacios productivos y sociales. Se estima que entre febrero y mayo lapoblación presenta un crecimiento demográfico de alrededor del 30%. Este artículo analiza qué problemas enfrenta la ciudad frente a esta movilidad itinerante y qué tipo de entornos se construyen a partir de la sociabilidad entre los migrantes y los habitantes locales. Para esto se analizan los espacios de la residencia migrante y su forma de habitarlos; laorganización material de la ciudad durante la migración (salud, educación y economía) y la producción de sociabilidad como elemento legitimador de este tipo de movilidad. El trabajo se basa en un estudio cualitativo con entrevistas en profundidad a diferentes actores locales y migrantes durante la época de la migración. Entre los principales resultados se destaca laausencia de políticas públicas para sostener los procesos de movilidad, la producción de una economía migrante a nivel local y la instauración de eventos simbólicos a favor de laestabilidad de esta itinerancia.

ANALISIS KESALAHAN SISWA PADA KEMAMPUAN KOMUNIKASI MATEMATIS DALAM PEMBELAJARAN YANG MENGGUNAKAN PENDEKATAN SAINTIFIK

The purpose of this study is to determine the level of mathematical communication ability of students in learning that uses a scientific approach, find out the mistakes that are often made by students and which are the causes of students making mistakes. The subjects in this study were students of class XI MIPA 3 MAN 1 Cianjur. This research method is descriptive qualitative and the instruments used consist of tests of mathematical communication ability and interviews. The results of this study are students' mathematical communication ability in explaining ideas, situations, and mathematical relationships in writing with real objects, pictures, graphics and algebra by 34%. Mathematical communication ability of students in explaining ideas, situations, and mathematical relationships in writing with real objects, pictures, graphics and algebra by 25%. The ability of students' mathematical communication in expressing everyday events in language or mathematical symbols or composing a mathematical model of an event is 30%. Mistakes that are often made by students in this study are concept errors, operating errors, and lack of accuracy. As for what causes students to make mistakes is due to factors of forgetfulness, lack of accuracy, difficulty in learning and less study time at home.

Abstract 2723: XIAOPI formula inhibits breast cancer pre-metastatic niche formation via blocking TAMs/CXCL1 pathway

Abstract Recent findings suggested that premetastatic niche (PMN) is a prerequisite in mediating cancer metastasis. Previously we demonstrated that XIAOPI formula could inhibit breast cancer lung metastasis via inhibiting tumor associated macrophages (TAMs)-secreted CXCL1. Herein, we aimed to explore the effects of XIAOPI formula on preventing breast cancer PMN formation and its underlying molecular mechanisms. It was found that XIAOPI formula could inhibit the proliferation of M2 phenotype macrophages and reduce CXCL1 expression in a dose-dependent manner. TAMs/CXCL1 signaling was subsequently found to stimulate the recruitment of c-Kit+/Sca-1+ HSPCs and their differentiation into CD11b+/Gr-1+ MDSCs, which were symbolic events accounting for PMN formation. Moreover, XIAOPI formula was effective in inhibiting HSPCs activation and blocking the proliferation and metastasis of breast cancer cells 4T1 induced by HSPCs and TAMs co-culture system, implying that XIAOPI was effective in preventing PMN formation in vitro. Breast cancer xenograft experiments further demonstrated that XIAOPI formula could inhibit breast cancer growth and metastasis in vivo. More importantly, XIAOPI formula significantly delayed the time of cancer cell seeding in the lung tissues. Meanwhile, the populations of HSPCs in the bone marrow and MDSCs size in both tumor and lung tissues were all remarkably declined by XIAOPI formula treatment. However, the inhibitory effects of XIAOPI formula could be relieved by CXCL1 overexpression in the TAMs. Taken together, our study provided preclinical evidence supporting the application of XIAOPI formula in preventing breast cancer PMN formation, and highlighted TAMs/CXCL1 as a potential therapeutic strategy for PMN targeting therapy. Citation Format: Zhiyu Wang, Yifeng Zheng, Neng Wang, Shengqi Wang, Bowen Yang, Yi Lin. XIAOPI formula inhibits breast cancer pre-metastatic niche formation via blocking TAMs/CXCL1 pathway [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research 2020; 2020 Apr 27-28 and Jun 22-24. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2020;80(16 Suppl):Abstract nr 2723.

The Sacramentality of Preaching : A Sacramental Theological Approach to Preaching as the Word of God

This paper aims to investigate the significance of peaching as the Word of God in terms of sacramentality, the concept that indicates the divine encounter in and through the physical matter or action. Drawing on the expanded concept of sacramentality, I attempt to claim that preaching as the Word of God can be restated as the sacramentality of preaching. In particular, I investigate how Martin Luther, Karl Barth, and David Buttrick understood the sacramentality of preaching and what common ground they share with their contemporary sacramental theology. While Luther claimed of the real presence of Christ in preaching, as he claimed of Christ's real presence in the sacraments, Karl Barth developed the Reformed confession of preaching as the Word of God to the preaching as the Word-event, emphasizing the eventfulness of the revelation. Meanwhile, David Buttrick articulated preaching as the symbolic event or the hermeneutical event, in which the Christ-event is reconstructed in human consciousness. These homiletical discussions are related to the sacramental theological conversations in each period. While Luther's conviction of the real presence of Christ in preaching was a reaction to the Thomist objectivism, Barth's dialectical theology of the revelation was the reaction to liberal theology and impacted Roman Catholic sacramental theology, as Karl Rahner and Edward Schilleebeckx show. Also, Buttrick's hermeneutical and symbolic model for preaching runs on the same track with the sacramental theologians who attempted to explain the sacramentality by employing Heideggerian hermeneutical phenomenology. These scholarly models show that homiletics and sacramental theology have a point of contact for the discussion of preaching as the Word of God in terms of sacramentality, as preaching functions as a mode of revelation as the sacrament does.

The politics of state celebrations in Belarus

AbstractNational celebrations have been defined as manifestations of collective identities that glorify the nation and strengthen the national community. However, the magnitude and design of celebrations in autocratic states indicate a different ideational function that these symbolic events play in an autocratic political system. Autocratic elites have the administrative capacity to distort everyday routines and impose ideological principles of how people participate in state celebrations. How citizens engage in official celebratory practices in an authoritarian political context formulates a valuable contribution to the conceptualisation of national celebrations. Drawing on focus group discussions and ethnographic observations, I investigate how people negotiate meanings of celebratory and commemorative practices in the context of autocratic Belarus. I discuss how volatile the symbolic politics is when the invention of new symbolic traditions or the reinvention of old narratives does not appeal to all social groups and lacks authenticity.

내몽골 문화대혁명과 ‘呼三司’

‘Husansi(呼三司)’, a representative united organization of the Red guards in early Inner Mongolia, developed the Cultural Revolution forming the close relationship with the Revolution Committee(革命委員會) in which Tenghaiqing(滕海淸) had taken the lead just after ‘8 Red Decisions( 紅8條)’. The advent and development of the comprehensive organ newspaper, Husansi(『呼三司』), reflects such situation. However, as ‘Husansi’ went through the process of criticism struggle over the Conservatives(保守派) the Ultra left(極左派) the Peripatetic(逍遙派), it underwent gradual conservatism, which prevented it from fully revealing the previous aspect as a ‘Revolutionary Rebels(革命造反派)’. The geopolitical position of the Inner Mongolia, adjacent to the Soviet Union and the Outer Mongolia, provided a backdrop for the precipitation of conservatism. Therefore, the Cultural Revolution in Inner Mongolia showed an aspect distinguished from the nationwide trend which presented a shift from confrontations between the Conservatives/the Rebels to confrontations between radicalism and moderation within Rebels. As a consequence, taken as a whole, the Cultural Revolution was reduced to a top-down mobilization movement with the activity of radical Rebels remained inconspicuous, which opposed the handling of the Cultural Revolution by military-centered the Revolution Committee. It is plausible that the Genocide of Mongols following ‘the Expulsion Movement(‘挖肅運動’)’ and the ‘Neirendang(內人黨)’ detection struggle which was aggressively fueled by Tenghaiqing can be attributed to the ‘deviation’ of the Cultural Revolution caused by conservatism of Rebels, than to the radicalization of the Cultural Revolution. Taken as a whole, Husansi cooperated with ‘the Expulsion Movement.’ However, as it extended to ‘Neirendang’ detection struggle, the objecting atmosphere in Inner Mongolia began to be reinforced. A part of ‘Husansi’ was passive to ‘the Expulsion Movement’ and took exceptional passive attitude to the ‘Neirendang’ detection struggle, and Mongol-centered ‘Liansi(聯社)’ strongly opposed to them. The fact that Hongweibing(『紅衛兵』) substituted Husnansi(『呼三司』), and propagated the ‘Neirendang’ detection struggle actively, reflected the discontent of Tenghaiqing on ‘Huansi’. If then, isn’t it possible to say that the passive resist of ‘Husansi’ was the manifestation of class line to check the ‘deviation’ of the Revolution Committee which wanted to confine the Cultural Revolution in the category of the ethnic issues? Also, during the process in which Tenghaiqing was criticized by ‘Husansi’, and Husansi substituted Hongweibing again, the previous victims were reinstated, and this is a symbolic event showing complicated interrelation between the ethnic contradiction and the class contradiction in the Cultural Revolution in Inner Mongolia. It deserved to be evaluated as one of the ‘self-purification’ endeavors against the Cultural Revolution ‘deviation’. Eventually, it cannot be said that the Cultural Revolution in Inner Mongolia which was seen by mainly paying attention to ‘Husansi’, only developed in the framework of the ethnic issues. The proper class issue of Cultural Revolution was a prominent power of the movement as well. Though it was incapable of inhibiting the genocide due to the conservatism of ‘Husansi’ which was fulfilled in the limitation of geopolitics, the limited autonomy of “Husansi” was represented as the passive resist against the ‘Neirendang’ detection struggle, and as criticism movement over Tenghaiqing.

XIAOPI formula inhibits the pre-metastatic niche formation in breast cancer via suppressing TAMs/CXCL1 signaling

BackgroundRecent findings suggested that premetastatic niche (PMN) is a prerequisite in mediating cancer metastasis. Previously we demonstrated that XIAOPI formula could inhibit breast cancer lung metastasis via inhibiting tumor associated macrophages (TAMs)-secreted CXCL1. Herein, we aimed to explore the effects of XIAOPI formula on preventing breast cancer PMN formation and its underlying molecular mechanisms.MethodsCXCL1 expression of TAMs was detected by qPCR and Western blotting assay. The influences of XIAOPI formula on the proliferation of TAMs and 4 T1 in the co-culture system were tested by CCK8 or EdU staining. Transwell experiment was applied to determine the effects of XIAOPI formula on the invasion ability of HSPCs and 4 T1. Breast cancer xenografts were built by inoculating 4 T1 cells into the mammary pads of Balb/c mice and lung metastasis was monitored by luciferase imaging. Immune fluorescence assay was used to test the epithelial-mesenchymal transition process and PMN formation in the lung tissues. The effects of XIAOPI formula on TAMs phenotype, hematopoietic stem/progenitor cells (HSPCs) and myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSCs) were determined by flow cytometry.ResultsIt was found that XIAOPI formula could inhibit the proliferation and polarization of M2 phenotype macrophages, and reduce CXCL1 expression in a dose-dependent manner. However, M1 phenotype macrophages were not significantly affected by XIAOPI formula. TAMs/CXCL1 signaling was subsequently found to stimulate the recruitment of c-Kit+/Sca-1+ HSPCs and their differentiation into CD11b+/Gr-1+ MDSCs, which were symbolic events accounting for PMN formation. Moreover, XIAOPI formula was effective in inhibiting HSPCs activation and suppressing the proliferation and metastasis of breast cancer cells 4 T1 induced by HSPCs and TAMs co-culture system, implying that XIAOPI was effective in preventing PMN formation in vitro. Breast cancer xenograft experiments further demonstrated that XIAOPI formula could inhibit breast cancer PMN formation and subsequent lung metastasis in vivo. The populations of HSPCs in the bone marrow and MDSCs in the lung tissues were all remarkably declined by XIAOPI formula treatment. However, the inhibitory effects of XIAOPI formula could be relieved by CXCL1 overexpression in the TAMs.ConclusionsTaken together, our study provided preclinical evidence supporting the application of XIAOPI formula in preventing breast cancer PMN formation, and highlighted TAMs/CXCL1 as a potential therapeutic strategy for PMN targeting therapy.4rAD-F1p2pRhmA-5xKKeeVVideo Graphical abstract