Symbol Arrangement Research Articles

Politics, Religion and Temple Governance: A Study on the Administration of Guruvayur Sree Krishna Temple in Kerala

Guruvayur Temple is one of the most well-known religious destinations in Kerala and the country. Due to its stunning architecture and extensive history, the temple draws visitors from all over the world. This temple, located in the Thrissur district in northern Kerala, is also regarded as the Dwarka of the south. With its diverse social and religious functions, cultural norms, and symbolic arrangements, Guruvayur is the hub of an extensive cultural history that includes secular and sacred establishments. Pilgrims from all over the country and overseas have come to commemorate the diversity of traditions that have defined Kerala’s religion and culture. The temple forbids the entry of non-Hindus which creates controversies occasionally in the political and religious arena. The Government of Kerala took over the administration of the temple through an ordinance that became an Act in 1971. Several Enquiry Commissions on Temple Administration made radical ideas, but the government did not execute any of them. The study discusses the history and legend of the temple as well as problems concerning the temple administration. The administration of Temple draws the interest of political scientists, administrators, and the media because of its politicisation, corruption, inefficiency, and governmental control.

Students’ reception of two alternative arrangements of mathematical symbols and words: Differences in focus and text navigation

To engage with specialized subject content, students must develop adequate reading skills. In mathematics, this includes to integrate information from different semiotic resources. This study elucidates how differences in the structural connections between mathematical symbols and written language in mathematics texts can affect the reading process. With the help of eye-tracking techniques, we investigated differences in focus and navigation when 15-year-olds read task texts in two distinct designs: a traditional design with written language presented in lines and all connections based on semantics; and a design including a graphic emphasizing links between symbols and explanations. While the graphic design was found to facilitate fast interpretation of the symbol–language connections, the traditional design seemed to encourage global reading, involving more text parts. When designing texts for mathematics learning, structural connections may be chosen to adapt texts to various student groups and purposes.

Symmetric Balanced Incomplete Block Designs (Sbibd) And Construction of Hadamard Rhotrices

Balanced Incomplete Block Designs (BIBD) are the designs obtained from the arrangement of symbols in blocks following established rules and satisfying relevant necessary conditions. BIBDs have broad applications in many fields.The entries in a Hadamard matrix H are all +1’s or -1’s, satisfying the property HHT = n In [2]. Rhotrix is a new concept in mathematics having applications in cryptography. In this paper, using SBIB designs the Hadamard Rhotrices are constructed. AMS Subject classification: 05B05, 05B20, 62K10.

STUDENT’S DIFFICULTIES IN TRANSFORMATION GEOMETRY COURSE VIEWED FROM VISUALIZER VERBALIZER COGNITIVE STYLE

This study aims to determine the difficulties of students in the geometry transformation course in terms of visualizer and verbalizer cognitive style, especially in the concept of mapping a transformation. The research subjects were students of the transformation geometry class at the Mathematics Education Study Program at the University of Madura. This research is a qualitative descriptive study. Based on the results of the study, it was found that the difficulties of students with cognitive visualizer and verbalizer styles tended to be the same, which included (1) difficulty visualizing the definition of a transformation (2) difficulty in proving a transformation (3) difficulty determining the result area of a mapping. The Visualizer subject answers all the questions given and tries to describe the definition of the transformation given, although it is still not precise, it is better than the subject verbalizer. Verbalizer subjects, who are essentially easier to process information in the form of writing, are constrained by the arrangement of mathematical sentences and mathematical symbols which make the subject reluctant to try to answer questions. From the results of the analysis it was also revealed that the causes of the subject's difficulties were influenced by several aspects, namely, lack of mastery of basic geometric concepts, weak of reasoning ability and difficulties in mathematical operationsKeywords: Student Difficulties, Transformation Geometry, Visualizer Verbalizer Cognitive Style

Tas Tradisional “Noken” Solusi Mengatasi Limbah Kantong Plastik

This research tries to completely describe the Mayor of Jayapura's call about the draft regional ordinance on the usage of Noken as an alternative to plastic bags at Jayapura City shopping facilities. It is a qualitative study using the social phenomenology paradigm, involving passive participatory observation, interviews, and documentation. It employs Miles and Huberman's flowchart analysis tools. The Mayor's request for the use of Noken bags in shopping decreases the impact of using plastic bags, which are difficult to degrade with soil in a short period of time. The use of the Noken bag also introduces Papuan culture, which has a straightforward and straightforward philosophy. Rational action in the form of an appeal from the Mayor of Jayapura is looked for, in anticipating the problem of plastic trash that is difficult to degrade by soil and minimizing the accumulation of plastic garbage in rivers in the city of Jayapura, which results in annual flooding. The application of Noken, which sets aims and behaviors through norms, has a philosophical connotation that lies beneath Papuans' common understanding, namely simplicity and transparency. Noken establishes a positive relationship between symbolic arrangements in Papuan society, displaying the forms and patterns of life of the Papuan people, particularly in the city of Jayapura, which reflects the meaning of the simple Papuan people and their openness to others in preserving Papuan culture.

Designing road sign symbols

Background: Road sign symbols have facilitated local and foreign travel by road for more than a century. Despite their long-standing use, many problems associated with their design adversely impact comprehension and legibility. Method: To assess their current effectiveness, the design and worldwide application of thousands of these symbols were examined according to established criteria for sound symbol design. Analysis: Design issues explored ranged from addition of color and text to placement of prohibition bars to arrangement of multiple symbols on a sign to merits of mandatory vs prohibitory messages to alternative depictions of specific images, such as for ferries, cycle streets and disabled pedestrians. Results: The problems identified include unsuitable symbol size, line width, contrast, perspective, types of detail and image content. Numerous examples of symbol use and misuse are illustrated for warning, regulatory and facilities/services signs and for supplementary plaques. Guidelines, including a sequential-component approach, are offered for designing symbols that possess clear messages and high legibility. Conclusions: According to the examples and advice offered herein, current symbols may be assessed for legibility and message content and be redesigned when necessary and designers of new symbols may avoid the mistakes of the past. To improve road safety, more symbols and their definitions must be standardized across national borders.

Vehicle Plate Number Localization Using Memetic Algorithms and Convolutional Neural Networks

This paper introduces the third enhanced version of a genetic algorithm-based technique to allow fast and accurate detection of vehicle plate numbers (VPLN) in challenging image datasets. Since binarization of the input image is the most important and difficult step in the detection of VPLN, a hybrid technique is introduced that fuses the outputs of three fast techniques into a pool of connected components objects (CCO) and hence enriches the solution space with more solution candidates. Due to the combination of the outputs of the three binarization techniques, many CCOs are produced into the output pool from which one or more sequences are to be selected as candidate solutions. The pool is filtered and submitted to a new memetic algorithm to select the best fit sequence of CCOs based on an objective distance between the tested sequence and the defined geometrical relationship matrix that represents the layout of the VPLN symbols inside the concerned plate prototype. Using any of the previous versions will give moderate results but with very low speed. Hence, a new local search is added as a memetic operator to increase the fitness of the best chromosomes based on the linear arrangement of the license plate symbols. The memetic operator speeds up the convergence to the best solution and hence compensates for the overhead of the used hybrid binarization techniques and allows for real-time detection especially after using GPUs in implementing most of the used techniques. Also, a deep convolutional network is used to detect false positives to prevent fake detection of non-plate text or similar patterns. Various image samples with a wide range of scale, orientation, and illumination conditions have been experimented with to verify the effect of the new improvements. Encouraging results with 97.55% detection precision have been reported using the recent challenging public Chinese City Parking Dataset (CCPD) outperforming the author of the dataset by 3.05% and the state-of-the-art technique by 1.45%.

The goddess of Moon in archaic symbolism and folk ornaments (about symmetrical seven-and three-membered structures)

Insight into the semantics of symbols and ornaments that conveyed the cycle of the Moon is important for understanding the worldview of people of the Stone Age. The purpose of the article is to identify the symbols that conveyed the cycle of the Moon and establish their semantics. The structural method was used in the research. The author’s concept is outlined, according to which the cycle of the Moon in ancient times was conveyed by a three- and seven-member structure of symbols, which was characterized by a symmetrical arrangement of symbols and the combination of three or seven symbols into a single whole. A number of symbol structures on the ceramic products of the Trypilians and on the artifacts of other early farmers of Old Europe, which can convey the cycle of the moon, have been analyzed. Similar three- and seven-membered structures were found in the ornaments of Podillya towels. It is shown that the concept of three- and seven-membered structures of the symbols of the cycle of the Moon can be the key to insight into the semantics of many structures of archaic symbols and ornaments, and can also serve to explain the origin of triads of goddesses (like the three Moiras, etc.) in mythology.

Kernel Density Estimation and Convolutional Neural Networks for the Recognition of Multi-Font Numbered Musical Notation

Optical music recognition (OMR) refers to converting musical scores into digitized information using electronics. In recent years, few types of OMR research have involved numbered musical notation (NMN). The existing NMN recognition algorithm is difficult to deal with because the numbered notation font is changing. In this paper, we made a multi-font NMN dataset. Using the presented dataset, we use kernel density estimation with proposed bar line criteria to measure the relative height of symbols, and an accurate separation of melody lines and lyrics lines in musical notation is achieved. Furthermore, we develop a structurally improved convolutional neural network (CNN) to classify the symbols in melody lines. The proposed neural network performs hierarchical processing of melody lines according to the symbol arrangement rules of NMN and contains three parallel small CNNs called Arcnet, Notenet and Linenet. Each of them adds a spatial pyramid pooling layer to adapt to the diversity of symbol sizes and styles. The experimental results show that our algorithm can accurately detect melody lines. Taking the average accuracy rate of identifying various symbols as the recognition rate, the improved neural networks reach a recognition rate of 95.5%, which is 8.5% higher than the traditional convolutional neural networks. Through audio comparison and evaluation experiments, we find that the generated audio maintains a high similarity to the original audio of the NMN.

Governing diversity: a comparative analysis of pragmatic diversity regimes in city centres

ABSTRACT This article examines how cultural diversity is incorporated into processes of urban renewal, creating images of the city, and considering local governance actors and strategies. It adopts the concept of diversity regimes to compare the two major cities in Portugal. The two cases studied here demonstrate the multiplicity of strategies employed to accommodate immigration and cultural diversity in local political action, but where city policy is in both cases aimed at the integration of migrants. The comparison of differentiated agency levels of local policy reveals distinct positions and models of intervention. These result from differences in the number of migrants, institutional settings and how the discourse of diversity does or does not incorporate narratives of territorial development and images of the city. We argue that what is relevant is the interplay between how governance networks are structured and participated in by migrants and how diversity discourse is incorporated (or not) into territorial development narratives. Both are part of new models of urban governance where the language of diversity and the symbolic arrangements to which it gives rise do not constitute a migration policy but rather a set of representational techniques for the creation of urban imaginaries.

An embedded pilot power based channel estimation and low-complexity feedback equalization scheme for OTFS system

Orthogonal Time Frequency Space modulation (OTFS) has evolved as an astounding modulation technique for high-speed communication in a doubly dispersive channel. In any wireless communication system, channel estimation and equalization are essential at the receiver to recover the transmitted data. To accomplish this for the emerging OTFS based systems, a modified embedded pilot-based channel estimation technique and low complexity feedback equalization algorithm for integer Doppler shifts in the delay-Doppler domain are proposed in this paper. Our channel estimation scheme exploits embedded-pilot arrangement, and the symbol equalization relies on the Interference calculation and its mitigation iteratively. To achieve this we contemplate a prudent arrangement of symbols in the OTFS frame in such a way that the Guard symbols prevent the interference between data symbols and the pilot symbol at the receiver. Two distinct lumps of received data of the same OTFS frame will be engaged in channel estimation and data detection. An analytical expression of the theoretical Cramer Rao Lower Bound (CRLB) is derived and plotted for the proposed channel estimation scheme. The attained simulation results for Bit-Error-Rate (BER) under the proposed scheme show a significant error rate improvement over the Minimum Mean Squared Error (MMSE) equalization algorithm. Further, a lower computational complexity is also achieved in comparison with modified MMSE detection and MP detection algorithms.

On Completing Partial Latin Squares with Prescribed Diagonals

Necessary and sufficient numerical conditions are known for the embedding of an incomplete latin square $L$ of order $n$ into a latin square $T$ of order $t \geq 2n+1$ in which each symbol is prescribed to occur in a given number of cells on the diagonal of $T$ outside of $L$. This includes the classic case where $T$ is required to be idempotent. If $t<2n$ then no such numerical sufficient conditions exist since it is known that the arrangement of symbols within the given incomplete latin square can determine the embeddibility. All examples where the arrangement is a factor share the common feature that one symbol is prescribed to appear exactly once in the diagonal of $T$ outside of $L$, resulting in a conjecture over 30 years ago stating that it is only this feature that prevents numerical conditions sufficing for all $t \geq n$.In this paper we prove this conjecture, providing necessary and sufficient numerical conditions for the embedding of an incomplete latin square $L$ of order $n$ into a latin square $T$ of order $t$ for all $t \geq n$ in which the diagonal of $T$ outside of $L$ is prescribed in the case where no symbol is required to appear exactly once in the diagonal of $T$ outside of $L$.

On the Evidence that Confirms the Continuity of Georgian Chant Tradition

The texts of Georgian polyphonic chants (heirmoi), written down in the 19th century using the European notational system, can be found in mediaeval musical manuscripts as well. Is there any connection between these two sources with at least ten century-long time difference? The article reveals nine heirmoi with the final cadences of their last clauses having similar patterns of neume symbol arrangement and similar melodies in corresponding musical scores. The correlation between the earliest and latest melody types has been established. By obtaining the exact probability of occurring this kind of correspondence the strength of the relationship has been assessed. Based on the fact, that the probability obtained proved to be very small, the hypothesis of pure chance has been rejected. The following conclusion has been drawn: it is very likely that despite the faults of the oral transmission method mediaeval hymns safely reached the 19th century due to the non-interrupted musical tradition.

Judicious Arrangement of Symbols on a Simulated Augmentative and Alternative Communication Display Optimizes Visual Attention by Individuals With Down Syndrome.

Aided augmentative and alternative communication (AAC) displays are often designed as symmetrical row-column grids, with each square in the grid containing a symbol. To maximize vocabulary on displays, symbols are often placed close to one another, and background color cuing is used to signal/differentiate symbols across different grammatical categories. However, from a visual and developmental standpoint, these display features (close-set symbols and use of background color cues) may not be optimal. In particular, placing symbols quite close together may result in visual crowding, in which individual symbols cannot be distinguished due to the presence of many neighbors, or flankers. This research sought to examine the role of display arrangement and background color cuing on the efficiency of visual attention during search. Ten adolescents and adults with Down syndrome underwent a visual search task while a research-based eye tracking system recorded their patterns of visual attention. Participants searched for symbol targets on displays with varying levels of visual crowding and background color cuing. Spatial arrangements that reduced visual crowding and that used the spatial organization to cue the grammatical category of symbols resulted in significantly fewer fixations to nonrelevant distracters during search and reduced the likelihood of fixations away from the target once it was located. Background color was helpful in reducing the latency to find the target. Spatial cues may offer a powerful means to maximize the efficiency of search within AAC displays. Background color cuing may facilitate speed to locate targets in these older individuals. Implications for AAC design, as well as future avenues for maximizing (growing) vocabulary, are discussed.

Music’s Textual Dilemma

Music is sound: audible, unique, ephemeral. For music composed before the advent of electronic recording a century and a quarter ago, musical texts — the unique arrangements of musical symbols by which music is represented in visible form — are our principal evidence for how that music sounded when it was created. But the texts in which Western music of the past is preserved are not necessarily accurate representations of the music they record. Although the symbols that make up Western musical notation have remained relatively stable over the centuries, much that they represent has changed. Tunings and temperaments have varied — from repertoire to repertoire and from place to place. So have styles of singing and of playing instruments. So have the instruments themselves. Most important in the present context, the conventions for realizing texts have varied substantially; the idea that performers should follow their texts closely dates only from the mid eighteenth century. In these contradictions lies music’s textual dilemma: music historians and performers must depend upon texts, but even supplemented by research in performance practice, texts do not necessarily provide the information necessary to support informed discussion.

Recreation of the periodic table with an unsupervised machine learning algorithm

In 1869, the first draft of the periodic table was published by Russian chemist Dmitri Mendeleev. In terms of data science, his achievement can be viewed as a successful example of feature embedding based on human cognition: chemical properties of all known elements at that time were compressed onto the two-dimensional grid system for a tabular display. In this study, we seek to answer the question of whether machine learning can reproduce or recreate the periodic table by using observed physicochemical properties of the elements. To achieve this goal, we developed a periodic table generator (PTG). The PTG is an unsupervised machine learning algorithm based on the generative topographic mapping, which can automate the translation of high-dimensional data into a tabular form with varying layouts on-demand. The PTG autonomously produced various arrangements of chemical symbols, which organized a two-dimensional array such as Mendeleev’s periodic table or three-dimensional spiral table according to the underlying periodicity in the given data. We further showed what the PTG learned from the element data and how the element features, such as melting point and electronegativity, are compressed to the lower-dimensional latent spaces.

An Imaginary Interference-Free Method for MIMO Precoding in FBMC/OQAM Systems

Due to the imaginary interference, the filter bank multi-carrier with offset quadrature amplitude modulation (FBMC/OQAM) performs poor in context of multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) communication scenarios. In this article, we propose an imaginary interference-free method for FBMC/OQAM, which is appropriate for both of the subcarrier-based singular valued decomposition (SVD) precoding as well as subband-based precoding with codebook schemes. Specifically, the critical design utilizes a repeated block with the reverse arrangement of symbols. Moreover, we investigate the leakage of imaginary interference of the precoding MIMO-FBMC/OQAM system under frequency selective channel. It is found that these developed precoding solutions may particularly inhibit the inter-carrier interference (ICI) via the meticulous designed symbols block. Theoretical analysis and simulation results over different frequency selective channels validate that the proposed precoding schemes are capable of providing considerable performance gains over the conventional schemes in terms of bit error rate (BER).

A antessala da demolição: revisitando o processo da montagem da Praça e Catedral da Sé de São Paulo, em primórdios do século XX

RESUMO Este artigo aborda um produto das relações e demandas em escala dos atores sociais, isto é, os indivíduos e as instituições nas esferas do público, eclesiástico e laico, envolvidas no processo da implantação da Praça e Catedral da Sé na antiga área central de São Paulo, entre os anos de 1903 e 1913. Colocando em tela o fenômeno da demolição no fazer urbano, buscamos compreender como para se realizar essa intervenção na paisagem urbana, com a feitura de novas estruturas urbanas como a praça e a catedral, demandou-se um circuito de propostas, definições e um aparelhamento que pensou, primeiramente, a feitura de uma cidade em demolição. Ou seja, um processo para o desmonte de estruturas antigas e preexistentes, que teve como resultado o desalojamento de inúmeros ocupantes da área-alvo. Desse modo, enfocamos uma arquitetura coletiva dos arranjos político, simbólico e de cifras em torno da obra, analisando o seu impacto em nível de uma rede reveladora da face social do processo, através dos nomes, dos acordos e negociações, tensões e contestações ao discurso acerca da realização da obra, que não se encontram assimiladas pela historiografia. Nesse sentido, agregamos uma documentação primária inédita, base da nossa reflexão, oriunda do Departamento de Desapropriações de São Paulo.

ЛІРИЧНИЙ ОБРАЗ МІСТА В “КРИМСЬКИХ СПОГАДАХ” ЛЕСІ УКРАЇНКИ

The article is dedicated to the prominent Ukrainian poetess of the XIX–XX time fence – Lesya Ukrainka, namely to the most interesting and fascinating period of her oeuvre – the Crimean. The poetess’s lyric poetry is analyzed from the position of a new poetic text reading. The main attention is paid to the terms “chronotopos”, “topos” as the main categories of imaginative world crystallization, to the revelation of the spatial panorama, the interpretation of the antithetic and equivalent toposes, which are used in the poetess’s lyric poetry of that period. In the poetic and artistic plan of the lyrical cycle, the topos of those southern cities where Lesya Ukrainka visited during her first trip to the Crimea are reproduced. Three of the twelve poems of the cycle are dedicated to the city of Bakhchisarai. The lyrical “I” in Lesya Ukrainka’s poems is usually associated with a topos, mostly urban, unfolds locally – here and now. The lyrical heroine of the analyzed cycle of poems thinks of herself only as a city dweller. She is intelligent, educated, spiritually rich, refined, of course, duplicates the figure of the writer. Basically, the space in Lesya Ukrainka’s poetic works is built on a realistic principle. Sometimes the writer refuses the characteristic of realism descriptiveness. Then the symbolic arrangement of space is very rich and varied. In ideological and aesthetic, culturological and intellectual terms, the artistic model of the world proposed by the poetess is not limited, although geographically determined by the local definition of the thematic framework of the lyrical cycle.

Structuring of Psychological Space and Establishing Hegemony: A Study of Literary and Non-Literary Discourses

This paper looks into how various discourses came into being, how linguistic structures started dominating social as well as individual life and how psychological space is created, which is enlarging continuously. It also deals with the question - how language and literature are used as technology to shape the human psyche? At the surface level, there seems to be no use of technology in language and literature, except in printing and production through audio-visual means. However, the reality is very different. All discourses and other forms of art are technological productions because the arrangement of words, utterances, symbols, expressions and various other things require technical skill. A writer or artist produces his works like a technician who produces machines. That is why there is no doubt that humankind has always made use of language and literature to structure the psyche of people. It manifests itself in the processes how a person agrees to become human bomb, why a person self-immolates for some abstract cause, how soldiers are persuaded to fight for the nation, how people are divided into various social classes, and why they give consent for self-exploitation? Advertisers, politicians, and journalists are aware of the reality more than common masses and therefore they use language in an effective way to get desired response from the masses.