Symbolic Scheme Research Articles

EFFECTIVENESS OF CLASSIFICATION METHOD AND COLOR SYMBOL SCHEME ON CHOROPLETH MAP OF POPULATION DENSITY IN SPECIAL REGION OF YOGYAKARTA

Abstract. The need for presenting information in maps is increasingly high in various scientific fields. All scientific fields need to present effective data for decision making. Good decision making based on maps requires good understanding but not all scientific fields are familiar with using maps. Supporting factors for easy maps to understand are classification method and color symbol scheme. The purpose of this study was to select and test the classification method and the most effective color symbol scheme for mapping population density in the Special Region of Yogyakarta. The classification methods used in this study are constant interval, arithmetic progression, geometric progression, quantile, standard deviation and dispersal graph. The effectiveness test method for the most effective classification method is the proportion assessment. The color symbol scheme used in this study is a sequential color scheme, diverging color schemes, Corel Draw color schemes and color symbol schemes provided in ArcMap 10.3 software. The effectiveness test method for the most effective color symbol scheme is conventional eye tracking. The results showed that according to the proportion test the most effective classification method was the arithmetic interval classification method with results of 0.26. The most effective color symbol scheme in accordance with the effectiveness test using the conventional eye tracking method shows that the most effective color symbol scheme is a diverging color scheme. The important aspects to consider are average answering duration of 8.15 seconds, the accuracy of the answer is 98.9%, and easiness level of symbolization readings is 341. This research can be one of the references on the most effective classification method and reference regarding the selection of the most effective color symbol scheme on Choropleth Map of Population Density in Special Region of Yogyakarta, so that further research can continue the analysis of appropriate classification methods for demographic data. The method discussed in this study is also expected to be applicable to other data.

Flower Identification and Classification using Computer Vision and Machine Learning Techniques

Computer vision techniques plays an important role in extracting meaningful information from images. A process of extraction, analysis, and understanding of information from images may accomplished by an automated process using computer vision and machine learning techniques. The paper proposed a hybrid methodology using MKL – SVM with multi-label classification that is experimented on a dataset contained 25000 flower images of 102 different spices. Basic and morphology features including color, size, texture, petal type, petal count, disk flower, corona, aestivation of flower and flower class are extracted to increase the classification accuracy. Various classifiers are applied on extracted feature set and their performance are discussed. The result of MKL – SVM with multi-label classification is very promising with 76.92% as an accuracy rate. In brief, this paper attempts to explore a novel morphology for feature extraction and the applicability of symbolic representation schemes along with different classification strategies for effective multi-label classification of flower spices.

Modernity of War: Carl von Clausewitz and His Theory

This article discusses Сarl von Clausewitz’s theory of war in relation to war’s modernity. This relation is analyzed in two ways: by tracing its philosophical sources and the epistemological status of the theory, but also by following how it was received in Soviet “military philosophy.” The first part of the article looks into the influence of German idealism on Clausewitz. In the second part, it analyzes his original way of constructing a theory of war, which understands war as a thing that is complex, changeable, and not amenable to comprehensive conceptualization. Clausewitz offers a new way of theorizing: relativistic (as opposed to abstract or absolute modes of thinking), historical (as opposed to the invariance of logical categories) and pragmatic (as opposed to philosophically disinterested). In conclusion the author reconstructs Clausewitz’s place in Soviet military theory. In the 1920s-1930s Clausewitz was a regarded as an authoritative thinker; in the late 1940s, Stalin denounced him as a “Prussian reactionary” who wrote about the outdated “manufacturing period of war” rather than its modern machine age. In the 1960s-1980s even though the struggle against “kneeling before the West” was over, historical or theoretical studies of Clausewitz were not resumed. Only his name and his famous aphorism that “war is a continuation of politics by other means” were occasionally mentioned. The author considers this “overthrow of Clausewitz” as a victory for Stalinism, the result of ta replication of semantic and power relations and of mental and professional structures that were formed in late Stalinism. The militarized regime of Stalinist science has been perpetuated to some extent in current military-scientific institutions. “Military philosophers” tend to reproduce the same symbolic schemes of thought which are determined by their struggle over the “legacy of the Great Victory.”

Symbolic Important Point Perceptually and Hidden Markov Model Based Hydraulic Pump Fault Diagnosis Method.

Hydraulic pump is a driving device of the hydraulic system, always working under harsh operating conditions, its fault diagnosis work is necessary for the smooth running of a hydraulic system. However, it is difficult to collect sufficient status information in practical operating processes. In order to achieve fault diagnosis with poor information, a novel fault diagnosis method that is the based on Symbolic Perceptually Important Point (SPIP) and Hidden Markov Model (HMM) is proposed. Perceptually important point technology is firstly imported into rotating machine fault diagnosis; it is applied to compress the original time-series into PIP series, which can depict the overall movement shape of original time series. The PIP series is transformed into symbolic series that will serve as feature series for HMM, Genetic Algorithm is used to optimize the symbolic space partition scheme. The Hidden Markov Model is then employed for fault classification. An experiment involves four operating conditions is applied to validate the proposed method. The results show that the fault classification accuracy of the proposed method reaches 99.625% when each testing sample only containing 250 points and the signal duration is 0.025 s. The proposed method could achieve good performance under poor information conditions.

Fine Arts: 4. Proposals Regarding Work Strategies in Visual Arts Activities II. Creating an Interrogative Attitude

Abstract Between the age of six and eleven, children easily express themselves through drawing. After this age, there is a blockage due to the development of critical thinking. If during the 6 - 11 age stage children draw using symbol schemes, reporting what they remember and what they understood from what they saw, after the age of 10-11 (secondary phase) children want to draw what they see and thus they face challenges related to technical means and language specific for arts. In this regard, a mediation is necessary between the technical means and the artwork or reproductions of fine art (either in albums, or displayed on a screen) using guided questions. This process, that over the years of teaching proved its efficiency, contributes to the development of students’ imagination and creativity, and to the formation of a useful general culture.

A General Symbolic Approach to Kolmogorov-Sinai Entropy

It is popular to study a time-dependent nonlinear system by encoding outcomes of measurements into sequences of symbols following certain symbolization schemes. Mostly, symbolizations by threshold crossings or variants of it are applied, but also, the relatively new symbolic approach, which goes back to innovative works of Bandt and Pompe—ordinal symbolic dynamics—plays an increasing role. In this paper, we discuss both approaches novelly in one breath with respect to the theoretical determination of the Kolmogorov-Sinai entropy (KS entropy). For this purpose, we propose and investigate a unifying approach to formalize symbolizations. By doing so, we can emphasize the main advantage of the ordinal approach if no symbolization scheme can be found that characterizes KS entropy directly: the ordinal approach, as well as generalizations of it provide, under very natural conditions, a direct route to KS entropy by default.

Qualitative Symbolic Perturbation: Two Applications of a New Geometry-based Perturbation Framework

In a classical Symbolic Perturbation scheme, degeneracies are handled by substituting some polynomials in $\varepsilon$ for the inputs of a predicate. Instead of a single perturbation, we propose to use a sequence of (simpler) perturbations. Moreover, we look at their effects geometrically instead of algebraically; this allows us to tackle cases that were not tractable with the classical algebraic approach.

Very low signal to noise ratios coherent communications with an M-ary orthogonal spread spectrum signaling scheme

Considered here is the use of an M-ary orthogonal spread spectrum signal set for coherent symbol detection at very low signal to noise ratios (SNR). We consider symbols that are convolutionally orthogonal over the entire multipath delay spread of the channel and allow for the minimum mean square error (MMSE) estimation of an observed acoustic response function with minimal computational effort at the receiver. We employ these signals with an assumed sparsity prior to implement a joint symbol and broadband channel estimation scheme for coherent detection without the use of intra-packet training symbols of any kind. The approach allows us to compensate for the shared time varying Doppler process of the various coherent arrivals. The approach is demonstrated with at-sea recordings at extremely low received SNR.

A Pilot-Pattern Based Algorithm for MIMO-OFDM Channel Estimation

An improved pilot pattern algorithm for facilitating the channel estimation in multiple input multiple output-orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (MIMO-OFDM) systems is proposed in this paper. The presented algorithm reconfigures the parameter in the least square (LS) algorithm, which belongs to the space-time block-coded (STBC) category for channel estimation in pilot-based MIMO-OFDM system. Simulation results show that the algorithm has better performance in contrast to the classical single symbol scheme. In contrast to the double symbols scheme, the proposed algorithm can achieve nearly the same performance with only half of the complexity of the double symbols scheme.

On The Evolutionary Origin of Symbolic Communication.

The emergence of symbolic communication is often cited as a critical step in the evolution of Homo sapiens, language, and human-level cognition. It is a widely held assumption that humans are the only species that possess natural symbolic communication schemes, although a variety of other species can be taught to use symbols. The origin of symbolic communication remains a controversial open problem, obfuscated by the lack of a fossil record. Here we demonstrate an unbroken evolutionary pathway from a population of initially noncommunicating robots to the spontaneous emergence of symbolic communication. Robots evolve in a simulated world and are supplied with only a single channel of communication. When their ability to reproduce is motivated by the need to find a mate, robots evolve indexical communication schemes from initially noncommunicating populations in 99% of all experiments. Furthermore, 9% of the populations evolve a symbolic communication scheme allowing pairs of robots to exchange information about two independent spatial dimensions over a one-dimensional channel, thereby increasing their chance of reproduction. These results suggest that the ability for symbolic communication could have emerged spontaneously under natural selection, without requiring cognitive preadaptations or preexisting iconic communication schemes as previously conjectured.

Revealing Cross-Frequency Causal Interactions During a Mental Arithmetic Task Through Symbolic Transfer Entropy: A Novel Vector-Quantization Approach.

Working memory (WM) is a distributed cognitive process that employs communication between prefrontal cortex and posterior brain regions in the form of cross-frequency coupling between theta ( θ) and high-alpha ( α2) brain waves. A novel method for deriving causal interactions between brain waves of different frequencies is essential for a better understanding of the neural dynamics of such complex cognitive process. Here, we proposed a novel method to estimate transfer entropy ( TE) through a symbolization scheme, which is based on neural-gas algorithm (NG) and encodes a bivariate time series in the form of two symbolic sequences. Given the symbolic sequences, the delay symbolic transfer entropy ( dSTENG) is defined. Our approach is akin to standard symbolic transfer entropy ( STE) that incorporates the ordinal pattern (OP) symbolization technique. We assessed the proposed method in a WM-invoked paradigm that included a mental arithmetic task at various levels of difficulty. Effective interactions between Frontalθ ( Fθ ) and [Formula: see text] ( POα2) brain waves were detected in multichannel EEG recordings from 16 subjects. Compared with conventional methods, our technique was less sensitive to noise and demonstrated improved computational efficiency in quantifying the dominating direction of effective connectivity between brain waves of different spectral content. Moreover, we discovered an efferent Fθ connectivity pattern and an afferent POα2 one, in all the levels of the task. Further statistical analysis revealed an increasing dSTENG strength following the task's difficulty.

Error Rate Performance of OFDM Transceiver on Software-defined Radio

2 Abstract: This work is focused on an efficient model of OFDM transceiver with the help of software-defined radio (SDR) system with reconfigurable architecture for wireless communications. SDR possesses revolutionary developments such as algorithm implementation of digital communication and increased computing capabilities. In the paper, OFDM system design and implementation with novel technology development is the primary focus to be studied. Different modulation techniques of OFDM system and other related concepts like PAPR also taken into consideration in order to design the OFDM System. FEC coding is performed by suggesting Convolutional coders. In this paper, bit error rate and symbol error rates performance are analyzed by varying bits per symbol, window size and modulation scheme. Results proved that BER values are improved as modulation scheme size (M) is increased. Moreover, IEEE 802.11a standards are implemented. BPSK modulation with Radix-2 FFT, OFDM transceiver design is implemented using commercial Amitec SDR04 and configured by GNU radio companion in the laboratory environment.

Hebbian Network of Self-Organizing Receptive Field Neurons as Associative Incremental Learner

Associative learning plays a major role in the formation of the internal dynamic engine of an adaptive system or a cognitive robot. Interaction with the environment can provide a sparse and discrete set of sample correlations of input–output incidences. These incidences of associative data points can provide useful hints for capturing underlying mechanisms that govern the system’s behavioral dynamics. In many approaches to solving this problem, of learning system’s input–output relation, a set of previously prepared data points need to be presented to the learning mechanism, as a training data, before a useful estimations can be obtained. Besides data-coding is usually based on symbolic or nonimplicit representation schemes. In this paper, we propose an incremental learning mechanism that can bootstrap from a state of complete ignorance of any representative sample associations. Besides, the proposed system provides a novel mechanism for data representation in nonlinear manner through the fusion of self-organizing maps and Gaussian receptive fields. Our architecture is based solely on cortically-inspired techniques of coding and learning as: Hebbian plasticity and adaptive populations of neural circuitry for stimuli representation. We define a neural network that captures the problem’s data space components using emergent arrangement of receptive field neurons that self-organize incrementally in response to sparse experiences of system–environment interactions. These learned components are correlated using a process of Hebbian plasticity that relates major components of input space to those of the output space. The viability of the proposed mechanism is demonstrated through multiple experimental setups from real-world regression and robotic arm sensory-motor learning problems.

A relational and processual re-cartography of infrastructure: E17 Motorway Landscapes

ABSTRACTE17 Motorway Landscapes proposes a relational and processual re-mapping of the E17 as it crosses the south of West Flanders in Belgium. Motorways are usually conceived, perceived and most often mapped as alien elements superimposed on the territory. To be able – at least partially – to break free from this settled cartographic orthodoxy, the re-mapping of the motorway follows three specific strategies of cartographic exploration. First of all, the motorway landscape is cartographically de- and recomposed according to a relational rather than to a topographical logic, thereby revealing alternative measures of rhythm and contextual reinterpretations of scale. Second, the motorway landscape is mapped as a process by incorporating the previous state of the selected elements into the maps and by furthermore stressing their transformations in relation to the E17. Lastly, the motorway landscape is reimagined as a thick, albeit fragmented body, by means of a content-specific symbolization scheme, designed to reflect attunement and relationality between different object categories.

Mise en scène as a feminine textual body: making meaning in Reach

The question of ownership of the meaning conveyed by a new play in performance, in the negotiated space between the writer and the director, provides the frame for this article. My focus is on exploring the director's intuitive, unconscious modality, which I have identified as ‘feminine’, a term which in this text favours sexual differentiation as a feminist strategy. Rosi Braidotti's evocation of Cixous’ creative writing as a ‘feminine textual body’ provides the inspiration for my conceptualization of mise en scène in this article. I use Lara Foot's Reach, which I directed in 2007 and which she re-directed as Solomon and Marion in 2011, as case studies, exploring how (and what) meaning is made from within the feminine modality, as well as how the presence of the writer in rehearsal may create a conundrum for the director and ultimately for the meaning of the new piece. For understanding the unconscious moves of the feminine director I draw on Irigaray's ‘relational alterity’ as well as her feminist reworking of Lacan's symbolic scheme of the formation of the subject. The outcome of this exploration is that the feminine modality is both a problem and a solution, depending on material circumstances; this paradox needs to stabilize between collaboration and personal impulse for efficacy.

NOVAS NARRATIVAS, EDUCOMUNICAÇÃO E RELAÇÕES RACIAIS: UM CAMPO POSSÍVEL PARA O EXERCÍCIO DA ALTERIDADE

This article aims to present some reflections concerning the role of Educational Communication (disciplinary field that is installed on the territory of contemporary mediation techniques) in the exercise of otherness. Part of a basic premise: a world densely populated by technological artifacts, in which significant portion of our experiences is gestated by / in digital and electronic spaces, links socially constructed images we project of ourselves and others, are arising, largely, so-called infotainment systems. According to French researcher Dominique Wolton, communication, identity and culture are the explosive triangle of the century, which leads us to enter these three dimensions at the epicenter of the debate around the otherness, the cornerstone of our global policy days. The reissue of xenophobic and racist practices around the world gives us the testimony that we need to think in pictures built on the Other as educational practices that weave social ties, produced and pelleted by symbolic and imaginary schemes that define and rank the human. We can pull the threads that connect these reflections with proposals to seal the connection between media discourse - the current discourse par excellence - with a reflexive action you think education beyond their instructive dimension, eurocentered, based on monoculture of knowledge, and one propugne plural pedagogy that embraces human diversity in line with the codes of prodigiously technologized society, set in a responsible communications ecosystem form the social fabric of the experience. This effort ultimately focus on the discussions alluding to racism and other forms of discrimination and invites to debate topics involving the implementation of Law 10.639/ 03 in Brazil.

Polychrome Pottery from the Later Neolithic of the Isle of Man

This article reports the discovery of colour-decorated pottery dating to the third millennium bc from the Isle of Man, the earliest yet known from the British Isles. Scientific studies of the vessel highlight technical aspects of its manufacture which are then used to situate the vessel in a wider social and cultural context through a brief review of its wider biography. The choice of colours — white, black and red — and their arrangement on the vessel walls are linked to wider north European symbolic schemes reflected also in contemporary pottery, mobiliary and rock art.

Symbolic computation of exact solutions for nonlinear evolution equations

Based on the invariant subspace method, a symbolic computation scheme and its corresponding MAPLE package are developed to construct exact solutions for nonlinear evolution equations. In the symbolic computation scheme, a crucial step is constructing the linear differential equations as invariant subspaces that systems of evolution equations admin and taking their solutions as subspaces to construct exact solutions. The MAPLE package is proved to provide an easy way for constructing exact solutions of evolution equations automatically by only inputting several necessary parameters. Three different types of examples are given to illustrate the scope and demonstrate the validity of our package, especially for wave equation. The results of the examples reveal that there are polynomial subspaces, trigonometric subspaces, exponential subspaces and other complex subspaces as invariant subspaces that evolutions equations admit. In addition, our MAPLE software package provides a helpful and easy-to-use tool in science and engineering to deal with a wide variety of (1+1) dimensional nonlinear evolution equations.

Sinan’s Ambivalence

Sinan’s Ambivalence: The Triangular Design of the Süleymanıye Schools Complex in Istanbul interrogates the anomalous configuration of the Süleymanıye schools, including the unorthodox angular Dar-ul-Hadith, the largest and most important Ottoman educational institution, designed by the great Ottoman master-builder Sinan in 1548–59. The Süleymanıye, as Yasir Mohammad Sakr demonstrates, is not a mere adaptation of preexisting symmetrical school models to contextual contingencies, as historians have contended. Rather, the Süleymanıye and its seeming anomalies are a function of the architect’s own relentless retrospection, repeatedly reinterpreting and opposing the very types that he initially created during the same design process. Sinan synthesized the idealized Ottoman planning patterns with a vigorous fragmentation and dispersal of its functional and symbolic elements to create an innovative hybrid typology for the Süleymanıye schools, especially the Dar-ul-Hadith. The study concludes that the triangular Dar-ul-Hadith is not a residual, ad hoc space as commonly perceived. It is the key to formulating the Süleymanıye master plan, which the author defines as a powerful symbolic scheme monumentalizing the new social arrangement by Sinan’s patron, Süleyman the Magnificent. Thus, far from the negative association usually attached to the notion of “ambivalence,” Sinan’s design practice presents it as a viable alternative approach for the history of Ottoman architecture.

Characterizing system dynamics with a weighted and directed network constructed from time series data.

In this work, we propose a novel method to transform a time series into a weighted and directed network. For a given time series, we first generate a set of segments via a sliding window, and then use a doubly symbolic scheme to characterize every windowed segment by combining absolute amplitude information with an ordinal pattern characterization. Based on this construction, a network can be directly constructed from the given time series: segments corresponding to different symbol-pairs are mapped to network nodes and the temporal succession between nodes is represented by directed links. With this conversion, dynamics underlying the time series has been encoded into the network structure. We illustrate the potential of our networks with a well-studied dynamical model as a benchmark example. Results show that network measures for characterizing global properties can detect the dynamical transitions in the underlying system. Moreover, we employ a random walk algorithm to sample loops in our networks, and find that time series with different dynamics exhibits distinct cycle structure. That is, the relative prevalence of loops with different lengths can be used to identify the underlying dynamics.