Symbiotic Research Articles

Use of Phosphorus-Solubilizing Microorganisms as a Biotechnological Alternative: A Review.

Microorganisms with the ability to dissolve phosphorus have the potential to release this essential nutrient into the soil through natural solubilization processes, which allows for boosting plant growth and development. While literature reviews acknowledge their potential, unexplored territories concerning accessibility, application, and effective integration into sustainable agriculture necessitate further research. This manuscript employed distinct methodologies to execute a bibliometric analysis and a literature review. The combined application of both methodologies enables a holistic understanding of the domain landscape and its innovative facets. For the bibliometric analysis, the propositions of Donthu and Jia were utilized, supplemented by tools, such as Bibliometrix. The literature review adhered to a systematic methodology predicated on Petersen's guidelines to represent the domain accurately, pinpointing trends and gaps that could steer future, more detailed research. This investigation uncovers an escalating interest in studying these microorganisms since the 2000s, emphasizing their significance in sustainable agriculture and the context of phosphorus scarcity. It was also discerned that India and China, nations with notable agricultural sectors and a high demand for phosphorus fertilizers, spearheaded research output on this subject. This signifies their substantial contribution to the progression of this scientific field. Furthermore, according to the research consulted, phosphorus-solubilizing microorganisms play a pivotal role in the symbiotic interaction of soil with plant roots and represent an efficacious strategy to counteract the low availability of phosphorus in the soil and sustainably enhance agricultural systems. Finally, this review contributes to the relevant domain by examining existing empirical evidence with special emphasis on sustainable agriculture, improved understanding of phosphorus solubilization mechanisms, and recognition of various microbial entities.

Exploring the potential of insect gut symbionts for polyethylene biodegradation

The global issue of synthetic plastic pollution is escalating, necessitating innovative bioremediation approaches. Specific insect species have developed symbiotic associations with intestinal microorganisms that possess the ability to degrade resistant plant materials, such as lignocellulose. This is the first study to our knowledge to isolate, characterize, and compare microbial isolates (yeast and bacteria) extracted from the guts of wood-feeding termites (WFT) and lesser waxworms (LWW). The objective was to determine their efficacy in decomposing recalcitrant pollutants, such as low-density polyethylene (LDPE). The isolates belonged to numerous taxonomic groups, as determined by molecular identification; these groups included Bacillus, Citrobacter, Cellulosimicrobium, Rhodococcus, Pseudomonas, Candida, and others. A number of isolates had the potential to degrade LDPE. After 45 days of incubation, the polymer sheets lost 19.8 % of their weight for Bacillus cereus (LDPE-DB2) and 15.4 % of their weight for Candida guilliermondii (LDPE-DY6). Additionally, LDPE degraded by LDPE-DY6 showed a tensile strength loss of 50.3 % compared to that degraded by LDPE-DB2 (58.3 %). During this time, robust biofilm formation was observed on the surfaces of the polymers. Extracellular enzymes such as cutinases, aryl alcohol oxidases, and peroxidases, secreted by specific yeast and bacterial isolates, contribute to the degradation of plastic and recalcitrant biopolymers. Notably, the isolates from LWW demonstrated a greater advantage in this regard than those from WFT. Bacillus cereus, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Candida guilliermondii, and Sterigmatomyces halophilus were found to have the highest activities in degrading LDPE among the studied WFT and LWW gut-derived symbionts. This study paves the way for a new opportunity to enhance polyethylene degradation by insect gut bacteria and yeasts that may facilitate biotechnological applications for plastic waste remediation.

New Myzostomids (Annelida) in Symbiosis with Feather Stars in the Shallow Waters of the South China Sea (Hainan Island).

This research delves into the molecular and morphological characteristics of myzostomid worms associated with common shallow-water feather stars (Echinodermata: Crinoidea: Comatulidae) in the coastal waters near Sanya, Hainan Island. Through the examination of specimens collected at depths of up to 10 m using scuba diving techniques, we describe three new species (Myzostoma ordinatum sp. nov., M. scopus sp. nov., and M. solare sp. nov.) and report the first record of Myzostoma polycyclus Atkins, 1927 in the South China Sea. The absence of overlap with the seven previously documented Myzostomida species in the shallow waters of Hong Kong and Shenzhen reveals significant gaps in our understanding of marine biodiversity in the South China Sea. These findings, combined with an analysis of available molecular data, underscore the potential existence of unexplored and diverse symbiotic relationships among marine invertebrates within the region.

Unveiling the Dynamic Impact of Queer Celebrities on School Youth’s Perceptions of Gender and Sexual Diversity

This study explored the disruption of queer celebrities on the normalisation of heterosexuality and cisnormativity amongst school youth. Qualitative research was employed with a phenomenological research design to conduct semi-structured interviews with seven high school learners between the ages of 16 and 17 in the town of Kroonstad in the Free State Province of South Africa. The findings highlight the symbiotic relationship between queer celebrities and school youth gravitating between self-identification, challenging stereotypes, visibility, and advocacy. Bigger platforms for queer celebrities should be created in schools to raise awareness of LGBTQ+ issues and equal rights. This will contribute to a more inclusive society, making its way to educational settings, and leading to more inclusivity of gender and sexual diversity in the school system.

Worrying Presence of Asymptomatic Bacterial Colonisation on Implanted Orthopedic Devices.

Background Bacterial infection after hardware implantation in orthopedic and trauma surgery is devastating, resulting in increased hospital costs and stays, multiple revision surgeries, and prolonged use of antibiotics. The present study aims to determine whether a symbiotic relationship between the human organism and bacteria in hardware implantation may be present, without clinically evident infection. Materials and methods We studied explanted devices for microbiological analysis, using the sonication technique, from patients who underwent surgical removal of musculoskeletal hardware for mechanical reasons. None of the patients included in the study had clinical or biochemical signs of infection. Results Forty-nine patients were enrolled. Cultures tested positive for bacteria in 42.8% of the 49 patients (21 of 49). In 13 patients, Gram-positive bacteria were isolated, while Gram-negative bacteria were isolated from nine patients. The most frequent bacterial species found was Pseudomonas aeruginosa, with six positive cultures (28.5%). Coagulase-negative staphylococci were isolated from ten implants (47%). Conclusion A pacific coexistence between humans and bacteria is possible following the implantation of metallic devices for trauma or orthopedic ailments. It is still unclear how strong or unstable this equilibrium is.

‘Most Favored Nation’ Clauses in the Online Food Delivery Platform Market: Beyond Booking.com Cases

The COVID-19 pandemic catalyzed a transformative shift in the European food service industry, with local restaurants increasingly turning to online food delivery platforms (OFDPs) to sustain their operations during lockdowns. However, this symbiotic relationship has raised concerns regarding the prevalence of Most Favoured Nation clauses (MFNs) within contractual agreements between local restaurants and OFDPs These clauses, designed to ensure price parity across different sales channels, have sparked debates over their impact on competition and consumer welfare. This is due to their potential effect of hindering local restaurants’ ability to compete effectively, thus, consumers may face reduced price options and higher food costs. The Bundeskartellamt’s landmark decisions regarding MFNs in the online accommodation sector concerning Booking.com have provided initial guidance, but the application of this approach to OFDP markets remains complex. Against this backdrop, and following the reasoning laid down in a more recent approach from the Bundeskartellamt, we propose a systematic methodology for evaluating the effects of MFNs, taking as a starting point of analysis OFDP market conditions and business models. Ultimately, we aim to address the balance between positive and negative effects of usingMFNs byOFDPs to incentivize platform investment and protect the efficiencies passed on to consumers and local restaurants.

Impacts of invasion on a freshwater cleaning symbiosis

Organismal invasions have repeatedly been cited as a driving force behind the loss of biodiversity. Unlike many other impacts of invasion, the effect of invasion on native symbiont communities has received less attention. The introduction of invasive hosts presents a potential opportunity to native symbionts; invasive hosts could benefit native symbionts through providing a novel host environment that improves symbiont fitness relative to their fitness on native hosts. Alternatively, invasive hosts could noncompetent hosts for native symbionts, resulting in negative impacts on native symbiont abundance and diversity. Crayfish in the northern hemisphere host diverse assemblages of obligate annelid symbionts (P: Anellida, O: Branchiobdellida). Two invasive crayfish hosts in the genus Faxonius have been introduced and are interacting with the native crayfish hosts and their symbionts in three watersheds in western Virginia, USA. Previous studies suggest that the invasive host F. cristavarius is a less competent host for symbionts compared to native hosts in the genus Cambarus. We carried out an extensive survey in these watersheds to determine impacts of varying degrees of invasion on branchiobdellidan abundance and diversity. We also conducted a complementary host replacement experiment to investigate how increases in the relative abundance of invasive hosts contributes to observed patterns of symbiont abundance and diversity in the field. In our survey, as the proportion of invasive hosts at a site increased, branchiobdellidan abundance and diversity declined significantly. In the experiment, the worms dispersed onto both native and invasive hosts. As the percentage of noncompetent F. cristavarius hosts increased, the survival of branchiobdellidans declined. Both symbiont survival and opportunities for successful dispersal are reduced as this noncompetent invasive host progressively displaces native hosts, which imperils the integrity of native host-symbiont systems. Given that many native hosts accrue significant fitness benefits from their relationships with native symbionts, including hosts in our study system, losses of beneficial symbionts may produce a positive feedback loop that decreases invasion resistance of native species, exacerbates the effects of invasions, and presents a major conservation issue in invaded systems.

Arbuscular mycorrhizal diversity increases across a plant productivity gradient driven by soil nitrogen availability.

Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) are widespread obligate symbionts of plants. This dynamic symbiosis plays a large role in successful plant performance, given that AMF help to ameliorate plant responses to abiotic and biotic stressors. Although the importance of this symbiosis is clear, less is known about what may be driving this symbiosis, the plant's need for nutrients or the excess of plant photosynthate being transferred to the AMF, information critical to assess the functionality of this relationship. Characterizing the AMF community along a natural plant productivity gradient is a first step in understanding how this symbiosis may vary across the landscape. We surveyed the AMF community diversity at 12 sites along a plant productivity gradient driven by soil nitrogen availability. We found that AMF diversity in soil environmental DNA significantly increased along with the growth of the host plants Acer rubrum and A. saccharum., a widespread tree genus. These increases also coincided with a natural soil inorganic N availability gradient. We hypothesize photosynthate from the increased tree growth is being allocated to the belowground AMF community, leading to an increase in diversity. These findings contribute to understanding this complex symbiosis through the lens of AMF turnover and suggest that a more diverse AMF community is associated with increased host-plant performance.

Clinical efficacy of a multilamellar cream on skin physiology and microbiome in an epidermal stress model: A controlled double-blinded study.

Stratum corneum (SC) is essential for skin barrier function, mitigating water loss and shielding against potentially harmful substances and allergens. The SC's lipid matrix, arranged in a lamellar structure, is integral to its protective role. Our study explores the restoration effects of a multilamellar cream with an acidic pH compared to a basic placebo cream on skin physiology and its interaction with the skin microbiome after stress induction via tape stripping (TS). In this double-blind study, 14 healthy participants aged 21-58 years were assessed pre- and post-tape stripping, followed by a 14 days application of a multilamellar test cream and a placebo cream with evaluations on days 7, 14 and 17 for sustained effects. Skin physiology was analysed in terms of epidermal barrier function, SC hydration and surface pH. The microbiome was analysed by 16S rRNA amplicon sequencing the 16S rRNA gene using Illumina MiSeq, with subsequent species identification. Our study showed significant improvements in skin barrier repair and SC hydration with verum, particularly after 14 days of application, while both creams initially enhanced stratum corneum hydration. No significant changes in surface-pH were detected. The skin microbiome analysis revealed that TS slightly decreased alpha diversity, a trend that verum significantly reversed, enhancing diversity beyond baseline levels after 14 days. Overall, while both creams contributed to a broader microbial phyla diversity over time, no significant changes in the abundance of specific genera or species were noted between treatments. Our study delineates the efficacy of a pH-optimized multilamellar cream in enhancing epidermal barrier recovery and SC hydration post-sequential TS, in contrast to an unstructured basic placebo. Verum cream significantly improved skin barrier function and SC hydration at day 14, with sustained effects evident beyond the treatment period. Furthermore, the multilamellar formulation facilitated the restitution of cutaneous microbiome diversity, a key indicator of healthy skin ecology, underscoring the symbiotic relationship between barrier integrity and microbial composition. These findings underscore the importance of multilamellar emollient structures in dermatological therapeutics, with potential implications for the design of advanced skincare interventions that holistically support cutaneous resilience and homeostasis.

All-optical method to directly measure the pressure–volume–temperature equation of state of fluids in the diamond anvil cell

We have developed a new all-optical method to directly measure the pressure–volume–temperature (PVT) equation of state (EOS) of fluids and transparent solids in the diamond anvil high pressure cell by measuring the volume of the sample chamber. Our method combines confocal microscopy and white light interference with a new analysis method, which exploits the mutual dependence of sample density and refractive index: Experimentally, the refractive index determines the measured sample chamber thickness (and therefore the measured sample volume/density), yet the sample density is by far the dominant factor in determining the variation in the refractive index with pressure. Our analysis method allows us to obtain a set of values for the density and refractive index, which are mutually consistent and agree with the experimental data within error. We have conducted proof-of-concept experiments on a variety of samples (H2O, CH4, C2H6, C3H8, KCl, and NaCl) at ambient temperature and at high temperatures up to just above 500 K. Our proof-of-concept data demonstrate that our method is able to reproduce known fluid and solid EOS within error. Furthermore, we demonstrate that our method allows us to directly and routinely measure the PVT EOS of simple fluids at GPa pressures up to, at least, 514 K (the highest temperature reached in our study). A reasonable estimation of the known sources of error in our volume determinations indicates that the error is currently ±2.7% at high temperature and that it is feasible to reduce it to ca. ±1% in future work.

The Influence of Horses and Grass on the Formation and Development of Core Cities on the Silk Road

The Silk Road has long attracted researchers from various fields, sparking their interest in ancient cities and the ancient route that connected civilizations. However, the role of horses and grass in the development of the Silk Road has been relatively understudied. This essay presents a novel perspective, revealing the significance of horses and grass in shaping the growth of nomadic cultures and their profound impact on the formation and development of cities along the Silk Road. Through an examination of Persepolis and Samarkand, this paper analyzes the intricate relationship between horses, grass, and the Silk Road. As a means of transportation, horses' agility and endurance allowed merchants and travelers to traverse vast distances, connecting civilizations and promoting economic and cultural exchanges. The abundant grasslands along the Silk Road corridor shaped the way of life and livelihood of nomadic tribes, providing sustenance for their horses. Nomadic tribes acted as intermediaries, facilitating trade between settled civilizations. This facilitated the establishment of trade routes and the emergence of prosperous urban centers. Therefore, the symbiotic relationship between horses, grass, and nomadic tribes played a crucial role in the development and prosperity of the Silk Road.

Nanostructured TiO2-X/CuXO-based electrochemical sensor for ultra-sensitive glyphosate detection in real water samples

Glyphosate, a widely employed non-selective pesticide for enhancing crop productivity through weed control, poses significant health and environmental concerns due to its potential link to chronic diseases, cancers, and disruptions in natural symbiotic relationships. Quantifying glyphosate values becomes imperative for effective monitoring and mitigation of associated risks. In response, a novel electrochemical sensor was developed utilizing nanostructured TiO2 films modified with Ti3+ ions and copper oxides for precise detection and quantification of glyphosate in real water samples. The nanotubular structure, synthesized via potentiostatic anodization, underwent further modification through cathodic reduction of Ti4+ to Ti3+ ions and copper electrodeposition. Under optimal experimental conditions, the sensor exhibited a notable ability to detect glyphosate traces by inhibiting peak current in Differential Pulse Voltammetry (DPV). It achieved low limits of detection (LOD = 0.34 pmol/L) and quantification (LOQ = 0.70 pmol/L) within a linear working range of 0.55 to 1000.00 pmol/L. The sensor demonstrated robust stability and excellent precision (repeatability and intermediate precision) without significant variations in analytical response and yielded recovery rates ranging from 91.06 to 99.38 %. These promising results underscore the sensor’s potential application for detecting glyphosate in real aquatic matrices, contributing to effective environmental monitoring and health protection.

An assessment of twenty-three mycorrhizal inoculants reveals limited viability of AM fungi, pathogen contamination, and negative microbial effect on crop growth for commercial products

Ensuring sustainable agriculture is crucial amidst global challenges, demanding effective methods to enhance soil health and nutrient cycling. Microbial inoculants, particularly arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi, offer promising solutions. However, concerns persist regarding the efficacy and quality control of commercial products. Past work assessing commercial inoculants have not controlled for fertilizers added to individual products when assessing product effects under typical use.This study examines twenty-three mycorrhizal inoculants using conventions of organic production to shed light on differences between laboratory grown fungi, commercial products, and field soil. Employing a comprehensive approach, inoculants were assessed through spore enumeration, root infection potential, and crop growth response.The results uncover significant shortcomings in many commercial products compared to laboratory grown fungi. Key findings include discrepancies of up to 100 % in reported propagule counts versus spore concentrations, insufficient root colonization by commercial inoculants, and contamination by fungal plant pathogens, particularly Olpidium, in products. Moreover, while laboratory grown fungi exhibited superior symbiotic relationships with host plants due to increased colonization abilities and crop benefit, commercial inoculants often failed to deliver significant growth benefits when fertilizers are controlled for.These findings highlight the urgent need for improved standards and practices within the commercial inoculant industry.

RABIES: UNITING FOR ONE HEALTH - PROTECTING HUMANS AND ANIMALS TOGETHER

This review article elucidates the intricate dynamics of rabies and its effects in the context of a persistent global threat using the One Health approach. This article emphasizes the inescapable link between human, animal, and environmental health by clarifying the complex mechanisms of rabies transmission, elaborating on its symptoms and course, and demonstrating its global occurrence and impact. This article highlights the crucial importance of zoonotic diseases, notably the reservoir role of animals in rabies transmission, and embraces the idea of One Health, which recognizes the symbiotic interactions between these domains. This study highlights the significance of unified control and surveillance systems from a strategic perspective. This emphasizes the value of vaccination as a cornerstone for safeguarding both human and animal populations. Additionally, it highlights the potential of interdisciplinary One Health initiatives to eradicate rabies through successful case studies. This article sheds light on the crucial role of international organizations, the significance of policy advocacy, strict regulation, and international cooperation while addressing socioeconomic consequences, implementation challenges, and the goals of a rabies-free world. Interdisciplinary research has emerged as a catalyst to develop innovative prevention and control methods that are strengthened by technology, shared knowledge, and resilient strategies to combat the effects of climate change and emerging diseases. Public engagement, education, and community empowerment should be implemented to establish a proactive approach to rabies prevention. It concludes with a loud appeal for coordinated One Health initiatives to build a safer future in the face of this ongoing issue.

Synphytoindication models of the anthropogenic transformation of ecosystems

Human activity related to the exploitation or protection of environmental elements requires the creation of forecasts of the consequences involved. Such forecasts are not possible without the construction of models of ecosystems and the processes occurring in them. One of the critical elements in modern forecasting of the dynamics of ecosystems is the modelling of their anthropogenic block. Our research aims to develop methods for assessing the anthropogenic transformation of ecosystems necessary for modelling their state and dynamics. In accordance with the goal, we set ourselves the following tasks: to determine the limits of anthropotolerance of plant species; to evaluate the hemeroby of plant groups by the methods of synphytoindication; to create models of mutual dependence between anthropogenic transformation and natural dynamics. To implement the tasks, we used standard geobotanical methods (creating a geobotanical description, classification of plant communities, and synphytoindication). Hemeroby of plant communities can be used as an indicator of the anthropogenic transformation of ecosystems. To do this, we measure the boundaries of anthropotolerance of the plant species that make up these groupings. The range of anthropotolerance of individual plant species can be determined by the 12 most common types of human activity. The strength of their impact on ecosystems was determined by the induced changes in above-ground phytomass. The transition from anthropotolerance of individual species to hemeroby of plant communities was carried out according to the classical synphytoindication technique. We created an 18-point scale by assigning three points to each classic type of hemoroby. The use of the synphytoindication scale allows modelling of the interdependence between anthropogenic transformation and the measurable characteristics of the ecosystem. An inverse linear relationship with a probability of approximation of 0.2 and a correlation coefficient of 0.45 is an indicator of natural dynamics and the level of anthropogenic transformation. The correlation coefficient is 0.29 for ecosystems that are not suitable for economic use, and 0.85 for the rest.

Degrees of truthlikeness, independence, equality and order in probabilistic propositional knowledge representation

Abstract Probabilistic propositional knowledge representation, as here conceived, deals with knowledge representation in the form of probabilistic (p-)valuations of the atomic propositions of a propositional language, of probability (p-)distributions over propositional state descriptions and with their relation. The aim of the paper is conceptual: introducing and illustrating a number of related, normalized concepts regarding both valuations and distributions: degrees of truthlikeness, (internal) independence, equality and order. The backbone of these concepts is the relevant sum of absolute distances. All degrees are in the unit interval and will be illustrated at the relevant place by data about the co-morbidity of psychiatric syndromes (Van Loo et al., 2016). In a new section we illustrate all concepts by an example of weather conditions, to be precise: (not) windy, (not) hot, (not) rainy days in March 2023, in De Bilt (NL). We also briefly discuss some other approaches: other distance measures, covariance as a measure of mutual dependence and various degrees of equality. In the final section we enlist several further research questions and issues, among which the question whether this paper is relevant for propositional probability logics. The paper is highly inspired by the rich paper of Gustavo Cevolani and Roberto Festa (2021).

Nature and Memory in Tan Twan Eng’s Novels: An Ecocultural Perspective

Eco-culturalism, as a literary approach, is a growing field that examines the interconnectedness of culture and the environment. It underscores the symbiotic relationship between humans and the natural world, emphasizing the profound impact of ecological concerns on cultural practices, values, and narratives. This literary approach seeks to address critical environmental issues through storytelling, infusing literature with ecological awareness and promoting sustainable practices. Analyzing eco-culturalism in Tan Twan Eng’s narrative, including The Gift of Rain, The Garden of Evening Mists and The House of Doors, this article offers profound insights into the dimensions through which eco-culturalism manifests in Tan’s novels, illuminating the symbiotic relationship between culture, ecology and memory. Tan Twan Eng’s novels are exquisite embroidery woven with intricate threads of culture, identity, and the natural world. From ecological values to ecological identity, and finally to ecological memories, these elements serve as both narrative tools and windows into the hearts and minds of his characters. Eco-culturalism is intricately woven into the narrative fabric, evolving across the three novels, further enriching Tan’s narrative, and proving the power of literature in connecting culture and nature. The combination of eco-value and sustainable practice illustrates the deep connection between culture, ecology, memory, and human prosperity, allowing readers to more deeply appreciate Malaysian cultural diversity, especially the valuable exploration of identity, belonging and meaning in a nature-centered multicultural society. arch for meaning in a nature-centered multicultural society.

Parasitoid of Aphis gossypii, Binodoxys communis Gahan exhibits metabolic changes in symbiotic bacterial community upon exposure of insecticides

Insecticides play a crucial role in safeguarding crops from pest. However, prior to their release, it is essential to assess the efficacy and potential effects of these protectants. Flupyradifurone (FBF) and sulfoxaflor (SFX), two insecticides commonly used to control aphids, have been found to exert negative effects on the growth and development of Binodoxys communis Gahan, a beneficial parasitic wasp that targets aphids. However, it remains unknown if FBF and SFX influence the symbiotic bacteria residing within B. communis. In this study, 16SrRNA sequencing was utilized to assess the populations of B. communis symbionts exposed to sublethal concentrations (LC10 and LC25) of FBF and SFX. The control and treatment groups exhibited similar bacterial community structures, with Bacteroidota identified as the dominant phylum in each. After exposure to FBF and SFX, the diversity and richness of symbionts (Firmicutes, Bacteroidota, and Actinobacteriota) in B. communis changed notably. The two different insecticides and exposure durations exerted distinct effects on the microbial community. For instance, SFX stress resulted in a decrease in Akkermansia and an increase in Escherichia Shigella 1h after exposure, with both returning to baseline levels after 3d. In contrast, FBF exposure caused a reduction in Akkermansia presence after 1h, which persisted even after 3d. This study represents the first assessment of the effects of FBF and SFX exposure on symbiotic bacteria in B. communis, expanding our understanding of how insecticides influence natural enemies and their symbiotic bacterial relationships. This study provides theoretical guidance for field applications of FBF and SFX, as well as a reasonable basis for exploring chemical resistance conferred by symbiotic bacteria.

Traditional urban forms in contemporary cities: morphological analysis of the traditional Iranian bazaars in present-day cities

PurposeThis study aims to explore the relationship between contemporary cities and traditional urban forms. The central focus lies in identifying the key factors that facilitate the harmonious coexistence of these contrasting sides of the city.Design/methodology/approachThis study takes Iranian bazaars as exemplars of traditional urban forms. To assess their current status, a comprehensive examination of their general evolution is conducted, tracing the transition of these urban complexes up to the present day. Subsequently, morphological analysis and exploration of spatial arrangements across numerous cases are employed to unveil the factors contributing to their disappearance or adaptation within the framework of Iran’s contemporary urban era.FindingsThe evolution process of the Iranian bazaar shows that the encounter between traditional bazaars and modernity occurred swiftly and blindly, resulting in adverse effects on traditional urban forms, notably bazaars. In recent years, contemporary urban planning has undertaken corrective measures, adopting a more nuanced approach. This shift significantly strides in restoring the symbiotic relationship between cities and their traditional bazaars. Morphologically, certain bazaars have preserved their vitality in contemporary cities through their natural development patterns, adept integration with new urban textures and the implementation of ingenious adaptive strategies.Originality/valueThis study employs a comprehensive and equitable approach to examining a distinct category of traditional urban forms. It initiates the inquiry by meticulously considering historical continuity in conjunction with detailed contemporary circumstances, subsequently scrutinising their losses, damages and developmental aspects. An extensive collection of cases is assembled and subjected to a consistent analytical framework for comparative evaluation to obtain the most accurate result. Consequently, the outcomes of this research may help the present urban planners engaged in projects concerning the restoration, preservation, revitalisation and development of traditional urban forms.

FEATURES OF ADAPTATION OF CITIZENS OF UKRAINE TO EU COUNTRIES: EMIGRATION CONTEXT

The article examines the essence of the ongoing integration process of Ukrainians into the society of European countries, the peculiarities of the social and personal adaptation of Ukrainian citizens to the EU against the background of forced emigration due to the military conflict in terms of the provisions of Pierre Bourdieu’s theory of the social field. The main qualities of the social field are considered, such as the autonomy of the field, the mutual influence of agents on each other, the influence and types of capital, in particular economic, cultural, social and symbolic capital, as the basis of inequality and struggle within the field. An analysis of the development of relations between the integration of Ukrainians and European society is carried out, taking into account the main indicators of the capital possessed by both parties.The purpose of the article is to study the integration process of Ukraine in the EU in the context of the development of the leading provisions of P. Bourdieu’s theory of the social field.The relevance of the article is due to the fact that the integrative process of society is an extremely complex multi-level procedure, which affects both numerous social relations, separate relations between a person and the State, the relations of various social formations with each other, as well as internal aspects of the individual, forms a new worldview, initiates a different cultural and psychological composition. The integration of Ukrainians is taking place against the background of complex political, military and psychological events. In general, full-fledged integration requires time and constant efforts, changes in the socio-cultural way of life require new adaptation mechanisms and the necessary qualities for successful assimilation of a new way of life and awareness of oneself as a part of another cultural and social stratum. Absolutely all spheres of human life are subject to change, so it is possible to talk about the formation of a new personality, one that did not exist before.It is clear that all these points are gaining research relevance both at the theoretical level and at the level of socio-political practices and the development of an effective international social policy. The result of the article is a complete structural analysis of the social field, which is formed as a result of the integration process between the citizens of Ukraine and the citizens of the European Union states, the concept of signs of the autonomy of the field, mutual influence and mutual dependence of agents, characteristic of the social field according to the theory of Pierre Bourdieu, is developed, data are given to confirm of these features, as well as a study of the types of capital belonging to Ukrainians and citizens of European society, which determine the interaction of both communities, act as means of struggle for power and position in the society that is being formed. In the article, we come to the conclusion that the field that is created has the characteristics of a social field, since all the characteristics of a social field according to P. Bourdieu are present. It is proposed to conduct further research into the patterns of integration of Ukrainians into the EU taking into account this conceptual framework.