Syllable Patterns Research Articles

Interpretation of Ambiguous Segments in the Zo’é Language

This study, conducted as part of a project at the Federal University of Western Pará, re-evaluates the phonological system of the Zo’é language to address discrepancies in phonetic and phonological interpretations identified since the 1990s. Central to this research is the reinterpretation of ambiguous sounds, such as affricates, labialized, and palatalized consonants, as well as approximants. Utilizing historical data and recent recordings, the study identifies systematic processes preserving syllable patterns, including syllable restructuring at morpheme boundaries. The findings propose that sounds like [kʲ], [gʲ], [ŋʲ], [pʲ], [bʲ], [hʲ], [mʲ], [kw], [ʧw], [gw], [ʧ], and [ʤ] function as simple sounds. Additionally, the study explores the complex role of glides [w] and [j], suggesting their dual interpretation as consonants in onset positions and vowels in coda positions. By resolving phonological ambiguities and establishing a cohesive phonetic framework, this research lays the groundwork for a unified orthographic system for the Zo’é language, contributing significantly to its linguistic documentation and preservation.

Increase of Complexity from Classical Greek to Latin Poetry

In this paper a method is developed to analyze the increase of complexity from classical Greek poetry to classical Latin poetry by mapping large samples of poems onto a symbolic time series. This mapping setup intends to characterize the regular succession of rhythms, that is, the patterns of stressed and unstressed syllables in a verse. Using techniques from information theory; more precisely, the mutual information function, it is shown how the rhythmical patterns in Greek poetry evolve to more complex behavior in Latin poetry. Some interesting results are reported.

Lhowa Phonology: A Typological Perspective

Lhowa exhibits a large inventory of forty-one consonant phonemes. In terms of points of articulation, it contains seven types of consonants, viz., labial, dental, alveolar, retroflex, palatal, velar and glottal. In terms of manner of articulation, it presents seven types of consonants, viz., stops, nasals, affricates, fricatives, trills, laterals and approximants. In terms of voicing, there are two types of consonant phonemes, viz., voiceless and voiced. Lhowa has voiceless unaspirated, voiceless aspirated, voiced murmured and voiceless murmured sounds. It exhibits a distinct consonant distribution. Lhowa has eight basic and two fronted vowels. There are four diphthongs. Lhowa displays a moderately complex syllable structure. It presents a canonical structure of the syllable in which V is obligatory and other constituents, (Ci, initial consonant), (X, voiced palatal approximant), and (Cf, final consonant) are optional. Lhowa permits only five types of syllable patterns. Each syllable is intrinsically high or low. It exhibits simple tone system. The high vs. low tone is distinguished only on the first syllable of a word. In Lhowa, like in Lhasa Tibetan, compound words demonstrate four types of tone melodies, viz., HH, LH, LL and HL.

Leveraging Hybrid Adaptive Sine Cosine Algorithm with Deep Learning for Arabic Poem Meter Detection

Poetry is a significant aspect of any language. Many cultures and the history of nations are recognized in poems. Compared to prose, each poem has a rhythmic structure that is quite different. The language has its set of lyrical structures for poems, known as meters. Detecting the meters of Arabic poems is a complicated and lengthy procedure. The text must be encrypted using the Arudi method to classify the poem's meter, which requires complex rule-based transformation before another set of rules classifies the meters. Applying deep learning (DL) to meter classification in Arabic poems includes constructing a neural network to discern rhythmic patterns inherent in various meters. The model can extract essential features, like word lengths or syllable patterns, by tokenizing and preprocessing text datasets. Architectures such as Long Short-Term Memory Networks (LSTM) or Recurrent Neural Networks (RNNs) are fitting solutions to capture temporal relations in poetic verses. This research introduces a Hybrid Meta-heuristics with Deep Learning for the Arabic Poem Meter Detection and Classification (HMDL-APMDC) model. The main intention of the HMDL-APMDC system is to recognize various kinds of meters in Arabic poems. The HMDL-APMDC technique primarily preprocesses the input dataset to make it compatible with the classification process. Besides, the HMDL-APMDC technique applies Convolution and Attention with a Bi-directional Gated Recurrent Unit (CAT-BiGRU) for the automated recognition of meter classes. Furthermore, the adaptive sine-s-cosine particle swarm optimization (ASCA-PSO) algorithm is applied to optimize the hyperparameter tuning of the CAT-BiGRU model, enhancing the meter detection results. A detailed simulation analysis is made to highlight the improved performance of the HMDL-APMDC technique. The empirical outcomes stated that the HMDL-APMDC technique had a superior outcome of 98.53% over recent models under the MetRec dataset.

Identify and Analyze Various Types of English Syllables

This research presents an in-depth analysis of various types of English syllables, including closed, open, vowel-consonant-e, vowel team, r-controlled, and consonant-le syllables. Each type of syllable has unique characteristics that contribute to the structure and pronunciation of words in English. Closed syllables produce short vowel sounds due to the ending consonant, while open syllables result in long vowel sounds due to the ending vowel. Vowel-consonant-e syllables involve a vowel followed by a consonant and a silent 'e,' which lengthens the vowel sound. Vowel team syllables consist of two vowels that together produce a single vowel sound, while r-controlled syllables involve a vowel followed by the letter 'r,' which alters the vowel sound. Consonant-le syllables, typically found at the end of words, provide a distinctive rhythm and flow. This study demonstrates that a theoretical understanding of syllable types has significant implications for phonics instruction and language education. Phonics instruction based on syllable patterns can enhance reading fluency and spelling proficiency. The analysis also reveals phonological diversity in English, reflecting the language's adaptability and complexity. Understanding syllable structures also provides insights into how the brain processes language, which is crucial for developing effective language teaching strategies.

Measuring the roles of variation and phonological density into the development of branching CCV onsets in Brazilian Portuguese

This study focuses on the acquisition of CCV syllables (Consonant1+Consonant2+Vowel) in Brazilian Portuguese. Our aim is to cast light on the roles of linguistic variation and phonological density into the phonotactic development. We used adult and child directed speech corpora to quantify the optional process of CCV→CV reduction in unstressed contexts in the input, as well as the frequency, segmental pattern, and phonological density of CCV syllables. Based in their distributional properties, we argue that CCV acquisition in BP goes through a moment of incorrect structural and segmental contrast neutralization, modelled by the Tolerance Principle (Yang 2006). The neutralization is caused by an overgeneralization of CCV variation, combined with CCV-CV low density; and an overgeneralization of the C/ɾ/V frequent segmental pattern, combined with the low density of C/ɾ/V-C/l/V but high density and equal frequency of /ɾ/V-/l/V.Data from a mispronunciation detection task confirms that the phonological density influences the development: children who do not articulate CCV syllables detect more CCV→CV stimuli when there are phonological neighbors (/pɾato/→[ˈpa.tʊ], but not /pɾeto/→*[ˈpe.tʊ]) and high phonological density ([l]V↔[ɾ]V are detected, but not C[l]V↔C[ɾ]V, with the lowest rates of detection in the C/l/V→C[ɾ]V direction).

Rhythmically Modulating Neural Entrainment during Exposure to Regularities Influences Statistical Learning.

The ability to discover regularities in the environment, such as syllable patterns in speech, is known as statistical learning. Previous studies have shown that statistical learning is accompanied by neural entrainment, in which neural activity temporally aligns with repeating patterns over time. However, it is unclear whether these rhythmic neural dynamics play a functional role in statistical learning or whether they largely reflect the downstream consequences of learning, such as the enhanced perception of learned words in speech. To better understand this issue, we manipulated participants' neural entrainment during statistical learning using continuous rhythmic visual stimulation. Participants were exposed to a speech stream of repeating nonsense words while viewing either (1) a visual stimulus with a "congruent" rhythm that aligned with the word structure, (2) a visual stimulus with an incongruent rhythm, or (3) a static visual stimulus. Statistical learning was subsequently measured using both an explicit and implicit test. Participants in the congruent condition showed a significant increase in neural entrainment over auditory regions at the relevant word frequency, over and above effects of passive volume conduction, indicating that visual stimulation successfully altered neural entrainment within relevant neural substrates. Critically, during the subsequent implicit test, participants in the congruent condition showed an enhanced ability to predict upcoming syllables and stronger neural phase synchronization to component words, suggesting that they had gained greater sensitivity to the statistical structure of the speech stream relative to the incongruent and static groups. This learning benefit could not be attributed to strategic processes, as participants were largely unaware of the contingencies between the visual stimulation and embedded words. These results indicate that manipulating neural entrainment during exposure to regularities influences statistical learning outcomes, suggesting that neural entrainment may functionally contribute to statistical learning. Our findings encourage future studies using non-invasive brain stimulation methods to further understand the role of entrainment in statistical learning.

Using Big Data Analysis to Study Pedagogical Strategies for Conjunctive Bisyllabic Verb Errors in Chinese Second Language Learners

Abstract Conjugate diphthongs are a class of words with specific metrical morphology and stylistic features in the written formal corpus of modern Chinese, which need to be combined with a disyllabic constituent in the bare-bones form to form the syllable pattern of “double+double,” which has been under-attended by the teaching community. Within the framework of metrical grammar and stylistic grammar, we statistically analyze the usage bias of conjunctive bisyllabic verbs in the HSK Dynamic Composition Corpus and find that these kinds of words, due to their metrical patterns, stylistic functions, and relatively abstract semantic features, cause a large proportion of metrical syllabic biases that are easy to gather. The bias is caused by both the difficulty of vocabulary acquisition and issues with textbooks and teaching, as well as subjective reasons like learning strategies. In this regard, it is suggested that existing textbooks should be adapted, teachers’ teaching methods should be improved, and learners’ morphological awareness should be enhanced.

A Syllable Pattern other than the First Three Syllables of a Sijo Bell - Focusing on the Title Work of the Oldsijo

A Syllable Pattern other than the First Three Syllables of a Sijo Bell - Focusing on the Title Work of the Oldsijo

ANALISIS SISTEM FONOLOGI BAHASA TOLAKI DIALEK KONAWE RAGAM BIASA

<p><em>This study aims to analyze the phonological system of Tolaki language in Konawi dialect of ordinary variety. The research technique was conducted by collecting data through informant interviews from Konawi, Kendari, Southeast Sulawesi. The initial data for the interview material were 200 basic Swadesh vocabularies, which later in the interview process developed into 238 vocabularies. The data was collected using note-taking and recording techniques. The results showed that the Tolaki language in the Konawe dialect has 28 letter sounds consisting of 12 vowel phonemes and 16 consonant phonemes. However, the letters are not phonemic. After going through the minimal pairing process, 9 vowel phonemes were found, namely /a/, /i/, /u/, /e/, /o/, /O/, /a:/, /i: /, and /u:/, and 15 consonant phonemes, namely /b/, /d/, /g/, /h/, /k/, /l/, /m/, /n/, /p/, /r/, /s/, /t/, /w/, /N/, and /Ɂ/. In terms of phonemes, the language lacks allophones and diphthongs (vowel clusters). In addition, the Konawe dialect of Tolaki has relatively more vowel phoneme sequences than consonant phoneme sequences. The syllable patterns formed are V, KV, KVK, KKV, and VK.</em></p><p> </p><p><strong><em>Keywords: The phonological system, the Tolaki language, the Konawi dialect.</em></strong></p>

Text-to-speech on health monitoring bracelet for the visually impaired

Text-to-speech (TTS) is a technology that converts text into sound using a phonetization system and is especially useful to be applied to blind aids who need information in the form of sound because of their limitations. To help the visually impaired know their health conditions where the visually impaired feel limited to going out during the pandemic. For this reason, it is necessary to make an aid that can read text-based data such as body temperature, heart rate per minute, and oxygen levels into a voice that can be heard by the blind, the method used in this study is finite state automata (FSA) which is used to split Indonesian words into words according to its syllable patterns and facilitate the pronunciation process which is included in the blind aids so that it is expected to help the visually impaired to be able to find out their health condition. In this study, the test was carried out using the confusion matrix method and the results obtained were 100% accurate, 99.71% accuracy of temperature sensor, 98% accuracy of heart rate, and 95% accuracy of oxygen saturation.

A Generative Phonology: Syllable Structure of Hajji Yemeni Arabic

This study deals with the syllable structure of Hajji Yemeni Arabic (HYA) in the light of Generative Phonology. Hajji Yemeni Arabic is a variation of Arabic spoken in the northwestern part of Yemen, which tries to elaborate and discuss the elements of syllable structure and possibilities of patterns of syllables in a term of consonants and vowels. The main aim of this study is to investigate the syllabification patterns of Hajji Yemeni Arabic, hereafter referred to as (HYA). Through qualitative phenomenology, this study analyzed the different syllabification patterns attested in Hajji Yemeni Arabic and a comprehensive analysis of the syllable shape within the framework of Generative Phonology. The findings of the study; Hajji Yemeni Arabic has five patterns of syllables: (monosyllabic, disyllabic, trisyllabic, tetrasyllabic and pentasyllabic). Hajji Yemeni Arabic prohibits initial consonant clusters, but consonant clusters are permitted in the coda position, and the maximum number of permitted consonants is two only. No vowel occurs word-initially, and every syllable must begin with one and only one consonant sound (simple onset). Hajji Yemeni Arabic has two kinds of syllables: open syllables, as in the syllable shapes /CV/ and /CV:/, while closed syllables, as in the syllable shapes /CVC/, /CV:CC/, /CV:C/ and /CVCC/.

Constraints Interaction in the Syllabification in Olusuba

This paper analyses the syllable structure of Olusuba. In the syllabification in Olusuba, just as in other languages, a principle of well-formedness is factored in by the speakers of the language through their use of brain faculties responsible for language formation and use. Well-formedness is understood to be a by-product of competing universal constraints – the constraints outdo their counterparts in the ranking, which is language specific, in the formation of an output. The job of constraint is, therefore, is to block all except the correct output. My analysis of syllabification in Olusuba is couched within the constraint interaction, a tenet of the Optimality Theory (OT) by Prince and Smolensky (2004). Data for analysis was collected through audio-recording of continuous speeches in natural settings. Audio-recorded speeches were then played back and transcribed using phonemic mode of transcription. From the transcript a corpus construct was made. The construct was a list of Olusuba words. Three native speakers of Olusuba were at different moments instructed to read naturally the words constituting the corpus construct by taking a breath word after word. The analysis of the data was descriptively done within the framework of OT’s principle of well-formedness which is grounded on constraint interaction. The findings of this study indicate that other than the universal syllable structure CV, Olusuba displays other syllable patterns formed from competing Universal Grammar (UG) representational constraints. Findings for this study give an insight to the morphophonological structure of Olusuba words; enable linguists understand internal structure of Olusuba syllables and enlighten linguists on phonotactic constraints behind syllabification of Olusuba words.

SYLLABIC PATTERNS IN THE LIGHT OF STATISTICAL ANALYSIS (BASED ON THE MATERIAL OF ENGLISH AND AZERBAIJANI LANGUAGES)

The attempt to describe phonemes and phoneme systems is one of the main features of modern linguistics. The study of the combinatorics of phonemes is very actual in phonology, because the description and comparison of the results of languages that are not only related but also differ significantly according to their typological characteristics, is one of the main issues that syntagmatic phonology is facing today. Phonemes in each language combine in syntagmatic relationships according to intra-linguistic laws and form the basis of its phonological system. By studying the sequence of phonemes in the act of speaking, it is possible to determine certain regularities that constitute the essence of combinatorics of segment units. This study is dedicated to revealing the main syllable patterns in the English and Azerbaijani languages and determining the principles of syllable formation in speech. The paper states that syllabic patterns are universal and common to all languages. It is also noted that the syllable is one of the most mysterious and complex phenomena in the sound system of the language. As a result of the statistical analysis, general and specific syllable models were found in the compared languages. Besides, with the help of statistical analysis, quantitative indicators reflecting the frequency of development of syllabic models in the compared languages were obtained.

Text to Speech Using Finite State Automata on Health Data

Computer science and engineering has provided many benefits that can be applied in our lives, such as in the field of automata theory, one of the largest areas related to the efficiency of an algorithm in solving problems in computational models. Text to Speech is a technology that converts text into sound using a phonetization system, phonemes that are arranged to form a speech to make computers able to communicate and interact with everyday spoken language. Data that need to be interpret is the health data such as body temperature, heart rate per minute, and oxygen levels. Text to Speech is very useful to be applied to blind aids who need information in the form of sound because of their limitations. For this reason, it is necessary to make an application that can read text-based data that is stored into a voice that can be heard by the blind, the method used in this study is Finite State Automata (FSA) which is used to split Indonesian words into words according to its syllable patterns and facilitate the pronunciation process which is included in the blind aids so that it is expected to help the visually impaired to be able to find out their health condition. in this study, the test was carried out using the Confusion Matrix method, while the results obtained were 97% accurate.

Morphophonological realisation on inflected verbal roots with initial vowel sounds in Sepedi

In instances where verbs that start with vowel sounds and a vowel prefix is attached, the hiatus is repaired through resyllabification, i.e. the manifestation of an initial underlying sound called a glottal catch. This sound fills the onset position of vowel initial verbs in Sepedi, and is responsible for the drastic alternation when the verb comes into contact with a reflexive prefix or an object concord. This article examines the effect of morphophonological realisation on inflected verbal roots with initial vowel sounds in Sepedi. The data collected through documents and semi-structured interviews shows that the glottal catch makes verbs follow the CV syllable pattern. The vowel reflexive prefix which threatens to create a hiatus is repaired through epenthesis by adding a sound to the interior of a word (at the beginning of prosthesis). This repair strategy ensures that the CV syllable structure of Sepedi is maintained. This article provides new data that offers innovative understanding of Sepedi on the concepts such as epenthesis and hiatus, relating to alternations in morphophonological environments using the optimality theory.

Duration Patterns of Chinese Syllables in Commercial and Social Oral Advertisements

Information structure of an utterance is one of the key factors determining phonological unit realization patterns including the duration which is manifested differently in males and females. This article examines the influence of information load and gender on the Chinese syllable duration in commercial and social advertising discourse. The material was taken from the texts of commercial and social oral advertising produced by 6 professional speakers (3 males, 3 females). The measurements were performed in Praat on the syllables with identical phonemics and the same lexical tones occurring both on informative (previously classified as such by a minimum of 6 out of 10 listeners) and uninformative (the remaining) utterance parts. The results show that duration is one of the most important markers of a syllable information load. In both commercial and social advertisements, in over 50 % of cases informative syllables’ duration was longer than that of uninformative ones. The difference was not large but rather consistent. It means that not only duration is involved in manifesting the utterance information structure but other prosodic parameters as well. Another finding was gender difference: 1) on the whole, syllables in female speech have longer duration than in male; 2) males use the duration technique more effectively than females: the contrast between loaded and unloaded syllables is higher

MENYELISIK POLA KEKERABATAN BAHASA MELALUI CERITA RAKYAT BERJUDUL I KEDIS CANGAK (PEDANDA BAKA) DI BALI: ANALISIS LINGUISTIK HISTORIS KOMPARATIF

The diversity of languages in Indonesia is one of the advantages possessed by Indonesia as a multicultural and multilingual nation. The variety of languages speakers use is not the same; changes occur in various languages because speakers of a language usually make contact or relationships with speakers of other languages and occur over a long period. The comparative method is one of the methods used to compare languages in detail and systematically to prove historical or historical relationships between these languages. Comparative studies are always related to lexicostatistical calculations called internal reconstructions. This research is classified as descriptive research. In this study, the data were explained to obtain an adequate description of the research object without any manipulation or treatment of the subject and research object. The subject of this research is Balinese folklore with the title I Kedis Cangak (Pedanda Baka), which can be found on the page https://www.komangputra.com/av/kedis-cangak The technique used in this study is note-taking, in which the author carefully reads the folklore I Kedis Cangak (Pedanda Baka) and then notes every word that has something in common with Indonesian. The results of this study were the number of syllables, sound patterns, affixes, and basic word patterns in the folklore I Kedis Cangak (Pedanda Baka). The results of this study are the similarities and differences between BB and BI at the phonological level. These similarities and differences relate to the type and number of phonemes, diphthongs, clusters, and syllable patterns in BB and BI.

Marginal and Canonical Babbling in 10 Infants at Risk for Cerebral Palsy.

This study is a preliminary quantification and characterization of the development of marginal and canonical syllable patterns in 10 infants at risk for cerebral palsy (CP). We calculated marginal and canonical babbling ratios from parent-infant laboratory recordings of 10 infants at two time points, approximately 13 and 16 months of age. The frequency and diversity of labial, coronal, and velar types of marginal and canonical syllables were also examined. Differences across three outcome groups were compared: infants later diagnosed with CP (n = 3, CP group), risk of CP due to ongoing gross motor delays (n = 4, risk group), and current typically developing status with resolved gross motor delays (n = 3, TDx group). Performance on the Mullen Scales was included for perspective on cognitive development. Higher marginal syllable ratios were observed in the CP and risk groups than the TDx group. An increasing canonical syllable ratio across the two ages was consistently observed in the TDx group. The TDx group produced a greater frequency and diversity of canonical syllable types than the risk and CP groups, and of marginal syllable types than the CP group. This study offers preliminary support for the possibility that speech motor impairment in infants with CP have the potential to be observed and quantified early in vocal development prior to the expected onset of first words. Prolonged rates of marginal syllable forms may be suggestive of speech motor impairment; however, additional longitudinal outcome data over a longer time course and a larger sample of infants are needed to provide further support for this possibility.

Multi Rule-based and Corpus-based for Sundanese Stemmer

The purpose of this study is to develop a stemming method by involved several methods including morphological (with affix and pro-lexeme removal), syllable (canonical) pattern, and corpus data as a comparison of the final results of stemming. The algorithm checks a number of the string first and removes affixes, then check the syllable pattern according to the stripping result, then compares to the corpus data which determines the final stemming process. In this study, the corpus data was taken from Sundanese dictionary consists of a single word used for the root word and the extracted dataset from the online Sundanese magazine. The results showed that the stripping of affix and pro-lexeme can remove the corresponding affixes and pro-lexeme then compares words that have a syllable pattern then executes the basic words quickly and the use of corpus can improve accuracy and reduce the over-stemming problems that occur in the stemming process.