Switch Mode Power Supply Research Articles

Design and Implementation of Smart Power Voltage and Frequency Synchroniser in Power Distribution System

Voltage and frequency are usually considered and assessed independently in the design and operation of electrical networks. However, these two are linked. Each and every malfunctioning electrical system has an impact on both voltage and frequency. This paper presents the opportunity for monitoring the distributed electrical energy by means of a system that monitors, controls, and provides a breakpoint based on high or low voltage and frequency tripping mechanism that avoids any damage to the load. The designed system comprised a switch mode power supply (SMPS), a direct digital synthesizer (DDS), and PIC16F876A microcontroller techniques for stable voltage and frequency outputs. Proteus design suite version 8.11 software and Benchcope SDS1102CN were used for modeling and simulation. The hardware prototype was implemented at a telecom cell site for data capturing and analysis. Test results showed that the implementation of the prototype provided stable and constant outputs of 222 V/50 Hz and 112 V/60 Hz which constituted 99% and 99.8% efficiency for voltage and frequency performance respectively. The paper also discusses different technologies that can be adopted by the system to mitigate voltage and frequency effects on customer appliances.

Analysis of a High-Frequency Switched-Mode Power Supply (SMPS) for Electronic Applications

Analysis of a High-Frequency Switched-Mode Power Supply (SMPS) for Electronic Applications

The Impact of Household Appliances and Devices: Consider Their Reactive Power and Power Factors

In recent years, there has been a noticeable change in the flow of reactive power in power network systems around the world. A part of this change could be due to residential household appliances, particularly with the increasing use of LEDs and battery-powered devices with switch-mode power supplies. This study investigates the power characteristics of 56 modern appliances and devices. The results indicate a major change in the electrical behavior across these household appliances and devices. In particular, LED technology and switch mode power supplies are likely to increase household reactive power injection, which will increase as penetration of these products grows, particularly with government programs often incentivizing their uptake. A variety of avenues are available to address these issues, including governments requiring appliance manufacturers to display the power factor of their appliances or device. In time, appliance manufacturers may develop new products that have built-in power factor correction. Overall, the findings highlight how efforts to be sustainable with energy use may have unintended consequences on other parts of the electrical system that need to be considered for the sustainability of the system as a whole.

Accessible Low-Cost Laser Pointers for the Reduction of Aryl Halides via Triplet-Triplet Annihilation Upconversion in Aerated Gels.

The search for economic alternatives in the use of expensive scientific equipment represents a way of providing many laboratories access to scientific developments that, otherwise, might be hampered by economic constraints. This inspired the purpose of this work, which was to demonstrate for the first time that we can carry out the photoreduction of aryl halides via green-to-blue upconversion in an aerated gel medium, using a simple economic set-up based on easily accessible and low-cost laser pointers. The optimized set-up consists of three laser pointers connected to a switching-mode power supply. One laser should be aligned to Z-axis and separated 5 cm from the sample, while the light incidence of the other two lasers should be adjusted to 45° and separated ca. 3 cm from the sample. The results of this study were found to be reproducible in random experiments and demonstrated that the photoreduction of several aryl halides can be carry out within 24 h of irradiation with comparable yields and mass balances, to those obtained with other very expensive pulsed laser sources. An economic estimation of the expenses concludes that we can easily reduce by >98% the total cost of this type of research by using the described set-up. Our work offers many groups with limited resources a feasible alternative to work in this area without the necessity of extremely expensive devices.

Improved Capacitive Power Transfer With Non-Resonant Power Transfer Link Using Radio Frequency Push-Pull Inverter

In recent years, research on wireless power transfer and switched-mode power supplies with a capacitive coupling link has been on the rise. While many researchers investigate resonant coupling links, often resulting in tough requirements for the involved inductors, this article focuses on the elimination of all inductive components in the coupling link and the rectifier through the use of a non-resonant capacitive link. We propose a converter with a resonant single-ended push-pull inverter operating at radio frequencies of, e.g., 13.56 MHz to directly drive the non-resonant capacitive power transfer (CPT) link. The ability of the converter to operate at a high frequency and facilitate a significant voltage change across the link capacitors improves the power transfer characteristics of the system compared to previously published systems with a non-resonant capacitive link. Said combination is also beneficial for the transient behavior, parameter variation robustness, an easy design process, simplified drive requirements, and a predictable and limited capacitor voltage stress. The presented converter transmits 122.9 W across an effective link capacitance of 120 pF, leading to the highest input voltage-normalized power transfer to link capacitance value of 13.7 W/(nF <inline-formula xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">$\cdot \text{V}$ </tex-math></inline-formula> ) among previously published CPT systems with a non-resonant link.

The Structure and Its Leakage Inductance Model of Integrated LLC Transformer With Wide Range Value Variation

The integrated magnetics technology is famous in academic and industrial applications to achieve low profile and high power density of switch-mode power supply (SMPS). The integrated LLC transformer is widely used in LLC converter, where the transformer and resonant inductor are integrated into a magnetic component. However, the value Variation range of leakage inductance of conventional integrated transformer structures is limited due to the low profile and small volume in some planar applications. In this paper, a new integrated LLC transformer structure and its leakage inductance adjustment method are proposed. Based on the two-dimensional equivalent model of the structure, the distribution of the leakage magnetic field and the leakage inductance calculation model of the proposed transformer structure are established. The proposed structure can improve the value variation range of leakage inductance in some special applications and is easily achieved in the planner structure. Finally, the design guideline of the proposed integrated LLC transformer is obtained. Simulation results and prototype experiment results verify the correctness and flexibility of the theoretical analysis.

High Power ZVZCS Phase Shift Full Bridge DC–DC Converter With High Current Reset Ability and No Extra Electrical Stress

Zero-voltage zero-current switching (ZVZCS) phase-shift full-bridge (PSFB) dc–dc converters are candidate converters for high-power switching mode power supply because of their low cost and high efficiency. However, these converters still have some definite weaknesses, e.g., resetting obstacles of high-value currents, extra electrical stress on the power devices. Hence, customers seldom adopt these topologies in high-power applications. This article proposes a new ZVZCS PSFB dc–dc converter to solve the above problems. A clamping circuit with two <sc xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">mosfet</small> s, two diodes, and a resetting transformer ensures ZCS of the lagging-leg switches over a wide load range, and no extra electrical stress arises on the primary or secondary components. The clamping circuit has a high current reset ability and can break through the power limitation of conventional ZVZCS PSFB dc–dc converters. The volume of the resetting transformer is small because of the low voltage-second product, and the added <sc xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">mosfet</small> s cause low power loss because of the wide soft-switching load range and low on-resistance. The experimental results from a 12-kW prototype prove the rightness and advantages of the proposed converter.

Design and Development of Simple and Low-cost Light Source for Laparoscopic Surgery.

The existing medical light source device used in laparoscopy surgery is very costly and is not yet developed in Nepal. This study aimed to build a light source device that is cost-effective and passes all the testing parameters like Light Emitting Diode illumination, color, and heat. A method of constructing a light source comprises the steps of designing, assembling the system, and undergoing device testing. The design of the device was done through Sketchup software. The dual switched-mode power supply of 3-4 Voltage to the Light Emitting Diode and 12 Voltage to the rest of the system with cooling technology were used. The Light emitted from the Light Emitting Diode focuses the light directly at the fiber optic cable through the coupler. Moreover, the testing of the device concludes that the increment temperature of the device for 1 hour is 1 degree Celsius whereas the maximum increment temperature was found to be 3 degrees. Additionally, the fiber optic illumination at the port is found to be >50000. Also, the color of the Light Emitting Diode is cool white light having a color temperature of 5700 Kelvin and a color rending index of 92. The developed device is four times cheaper than a similar device available in the Nepalese market. Also, this device has been developed first of its kind in Nepal.

Fault Tolerant Power Supply for Aircraft Store Interface

This paper brings out the design of a fault-tolerant power supply unit for the aircraft-store interface. This switched mode power supply provides multiple 30 V regulated and isolated DC outputs required for pre-launch preparations and auto-launch operations of avionic sub-systems in a store. 3Ø-115V-400Hz-AC supply as well as 27V-DC supply are available from a fighter aircraft for powering up of any store. Power (wattage) output from 27V/10A DC is inadequate to power up various onboard avionic sub-systems in guided stores involving seekers and other avionics. Hence, it is planned to convert available high power 3Ø-115V-400Hz-AC supply for applications requiring higher wattages (of the order of 500 watts or more). This power supply provides multiple output options of 30V regulated and isolated DC supply with multiple input supplies from Aircraft, viz. 3Ø-115V-400Hz-AC, 1Ø-115V-400Hz-AC and 27V DC. One of the outputs provided is with hold-up capacitors, to cater for any input power interruptions as per requirements of MIL-STD-704F and GOST-19705-89 standards. This power supply is a ready-to-connect device and essentially consists of housing, components of DC to DC conversions, EMI/EMC filters, solid state power controllers, control switches, and control circuitry for monitoring signals.

Harmonic generation of variable speed drive under complex-voltage unbalance conditions

Efficiency in the industrial sector is a priority when seeking to minimize production costs and reduction in losses. Harmonic generation and associated losses need to be treated carefully with broad implementation of variable speed induction motor applications. The effect of these induced losses can add up to a significant loss. This study uses statistical tools alongside synthesized models to deduce and compare outcomes from regulated and unregulated converters in which harmonics may be triggered by switching algorithm of modern switch-mode power supplies and other inductive loads attached to supply bus system. These harmonics accumulate over time due to losses propagating through connected equipment when changes occur on the bus system. In this regard, results obtained from investigating and comparing three original equipment manufacturer variable speed drives that were exposed to voltage unbalance and complex harmonic conditions are presented in this study. A conclusion accomplished from the investigation and comparison suggests that generation of 6-pulse uncontrolled rectifier losses is negligible. Experimental validation confirms that unregulated 6-pulse converter produces on average more harmonics compared to the regulated converter of standard as recommended in guideline to permissible harmonic tolerance.

Analytical Approach of Designing Passive Filter for SMPS Load

The use of switch mode power supply (SMPS) load such as computer, laptop, etc in residential as well as commercial areas give rise to harmonics pollution in the electrical power distribution system which causes the quality of power poor and the function of equipment connected to the electrical system is affected. Many electrical appliances have an SMPS design that characteristically draws a distorted current that flows back to the input supply and causes distortion in the voltage waveform. To ensure the safe functioning of various electrical devices, there is a need for the implementation of effective harmonics mitigating techniques. Passive filters have been used for mitigating voltage and current harmonics. This paper proposed an analytical approach to designing the passive filter instead of trial and error or a complex approach for harmonics mitigation. The Simulation Model of SMPS is developed in MATLAB/Simulink and used for validating the proposed approach. Simulation results show the attractive findings of the proposed approach for harmonic mitigation with the improvement of the power factor.

EMI Worsening in a SMPS with Non-linear Inductor

This paper is focused on the input current in a Switched Mode Power Supply (SMPS) in which the power inductor is exploited up to the saturation showing a non-linear behaviour. The input current exhibits a distortion due to the nonlinearity. The electromagnetic interference (EMI) caused by the ripple at switching frequency, superimposed to the DC value of the input current, requires a suitable design of the input differential mode (DM) filter. The input current is analyzed both in the time and frequency domain for different operating conditions, and it is compared to a SMPS equipped with a traditional linear inductor.

Towards Data-Driven Fault Diagnostics Framework for SMPS-AEC Using Supervised Learning Algorithms

The service life of aluminium electrolytic capacitors is becoming a critical design factor in power supplies. Despite rising power density demands, electrolytic capacitors and switching devices are the two most common parts of the power supply that age (deteriorate) under normal and diverse working conditions. This study presents a fault diagnostics framework integrated with long-term frequency for a switched-mode power supply aluminium electrolytic capacitor (SMPS-AEC). Long-term frequency condition monitoring (CM) was achieved using the advanced HIOKI LCR meter at 8 MHz. The data acquired during the experimental study can help to achieve the needed paradigm from various measured characteristics of the SMPS/power converter component to detect anomalies between the capacitors selected for analysis. The CM procedure in this study was bound by the electrical parameters—capacitance (Cs), equivalent series resistance (ESR), dissipation factor (DF), and impedance (Z)—-acting as degradation techniques during physical and chemical changes of the capacitors. Furthermore, the proposed methodology was carried out using statistical feature extraction and filter-based correlation for feature selection, followed by training, testing and validation using the selected supervised learning algorithms. The resulting assessment revealed that with increased data capacity, an improved performance was achieved across the chosen algorithms out of which the k-nearest neighbors (KNN) had the best average accuracy (98.40%) and lowest computational cost (0.31 s) across all the electrical parameters. Further assessment was carried out using the fault visualization aided by principal component analysis (PCA) to validate and decide on the best electrical parameters for the CM technique.

Non-Linear Inductor Models Comparison for Switched-Mode Power Supplies Applications

The use of non-linear power inductors, intended as devices exploited up to a current at which the inductance is halved, is of great interest in switched-mode power supplies (SMPSs). Indeed, it allows the use of lighter and cheaper inductors improving the power density. On the other hand, the analysis of SMPSs equipped with non-linear inductors requires appropriate modeling of the inductor reproducing the inductance versus current. This paper compares two main analytical models proposed in the literature: the former is based on a polynomial, and the latter exploits the arctangent function to reproduce the non-linearity of the inductance. Performance is compared by considering the effort of retrieving the model’s parameters, evaluating a current profile by the characteristic equation of the inductor, and exploiting the two models to simulate a switched-mode power supply. Results are given both in terms of computation time and accuracy with reference to experimental values, highlighting the pros and cons of each model.

Switch Mode Power Supply (SMPS) Utilizing Flyback Converter Topology: Simulation and Experiment

This paper presents simulation and experimental works of a single, 5 volt DC output switch mode power supply (SMPS). The main objective of this work is to design, build and evaluate the SMPS using flyback converter topology. In this work, a 555 timer was chosen as the pulse width modulator. The 555 timer was chosen because it is easily available, cheap and has the capability to produce stable pulse width modulation. The complete circuit of the SMPS consist of full bridge rectifier, smoothing capacitor, pulse width modulator, high frequency transformer and flyback converter. The complete SMPS circuit was firstly designed and simulated using Proteus software. After obtaining acceptable results from the simulation process, the hardware part of the project, soon follows. Next, the SMPS circuit was constructed on a breadbroad. Testing and measurements of important parameters such as the input and output voltages and duty cycle were carried out using digital oscilloscope and multi meter. Both simulation and experimental results have shown that the designed circuit can convert single 24 Vrms 50 Hz AC voltage input into a stable single 5±0.15 V DC outputs. This work also has shown that pulsed DC voltage with peak value of 3.8 V and frequency lower than 4 kHz is adequate in controlling the switching frequency of a MOSFET transistor, thus regulating the output voltage within the desired range. Further analysis also shows close correlation between the simulation and experimental results.

Improved gyrator-capacitor modeling of inductive components with a FINEMET-type nanocrystalline alloy core using SPICE

• An improved gyrator-capacitor SPICE model of inductive components with the implementation of a Langevin function-based, magnetization curve model. • The application of a differential, evolution-based method of identification of model parameters for FINEMET-type nanocrystalline alloys. • The high accuracy of the improved gyrator-capacitor SPICE model creates new possibilities for the development and optimization of power conversion devices. Power conversion devices, such as switching mode power supplies, require the use of a wide range of inductive components. Despite the intense development of advanced magnetic materials for the cores of such elements, SPICE models of these components are still inaccurate and oversimplified. In this paper, a SPICE model of inductive components is used to show that an improved gyrator-capacitor can be produced using cores made of both isotropic and anisotropic soft and magnetic materials - particularly nanocrystalline alloys. The implementation of a Langevin, function-based, magnetization curve model, as well as the application of a differential, evolution-based method of identification of model parameters, allowed for the effective modeling of inductive cores that were made from FINEMET-type nanocrystalline alloys. The modeling quality was quantitatively confirmed by measuring the R-squared coefficient, which exceeds 0.97 for driving frequencies up to 100 kHz. The high accuracy of the improved gyrator-capacitor SPICE model creates new possibilities for the development and optimization of power conversion devices.

Performance Evaluation of Conventional Inverters Driven PMSM Drive using Microcontroller

This paper focuses on Performance evaluation of conventional inverters driven PMSM drive using microcontroller. The purpose of this paper is to decrease the ripples in torque of Micro controllers based PMSM drive. The innovative method consists of conventional inverters, switched-mode power supply (SMPS), PMSM motor and Microcontroller. It is used to maximize fundamental component of torque also. The both the results of the suggested Micro controller are compared on the basis of torque and speed and it proves that reduces the torque ripple and improve the dynamic response of the system in comparative analysis. This paper organized introduction, mathematical model of the PMSM, proposed Microcontroller technique, hardware and simulation results and conclusion in different sections.

A Unified Rule-Based Small-Signal Modelling Technique for Two-Switch, Non-Isolated DC–DC Converters in CCM

The inherent non-linear behavior of switch-mode power supplies complicates the task of computing their linear models, which are essential for a model-oriented control design of DC–DC converters. In a model-oriented control design approach, the accuracy of the plant model directly influences the performance of the control system as the plant parameters tend to be linked to the controllers’ gains. Moreover, the extractions of linear dynamic models of high-order non-linear plants such as DC–DC converters are laborious and mathematically intractable. Therefore, in this paper, a generalized expression that represents either the audio-susceptibility or the control-to-output voltage transfer function for voltage-mode control is proposed. The proposed generalization reduces the task of computing the small-signal model of a given converter to simple calculations of coefficients of generalized transfer function/expression. It is shown that the coefficients of the generalized model can be deduced by inspection, directly from the circuit diagram, allowing the whole model to be computed by inspection. Additionally, the proposed modelling technique will be shown to have secondary use of verifying accuracy even when conventional modelling techniques such as state-space averaging or circuit averaging are used.

A Combined Liquid Cold Plate and Heat Sink Based Hybrid Cooling Approach for the Temperature Control of Integrated Circuit Chips

Abstract The study focuses on the experimental and numerical investigations on the cooling of seven protruding asymmetric integrated circuit (IC) chips arranged optimally at various positions in a switch mode power supply (SMPS) board. The chips are cooled under the laminar forced convection mode using the hybrid cooling technique (liquid cold plate integrated with the heat sinks). Fifteen heat sink cases (combinations) are considered for the analysis with the goal to keep the IC chip’s temperature under the safe limit (less than 100 °C). Variable power (heat) inputs to the IC chips along with a water flow rate of 0.5 kg/s (corresponding to the velocity of 4 m/s) inside the liquid cold plate are considered for the analysis. The heat sinks absorb the heat dissipated from the IC chips and reduce their temperature substantially by enhancing their heat removal rate up to 32%. The convection contribution of the IC chips has also improved by 62% using the heat sinks. Hence, hybrid cooling is found to be an effective technique for the temperature control of the IC chips. Numerical analyses are also carried out using the ansys fluent (v r16) to support the experiments. Both the results agree with each other in the error band of 6–12%.

PERANCANGAN ELEKTRO EJAKULATOR SEBAGAI ALAT BANTU INSEMINASI BUATAN PADA KAMBING TERNAK DI KOTA BENGKULU

Semen collection is one of the activities contained in the artificial insemination program in animals. Semen collection can be done in several ways, namely using an artificial vagina, massage and using an electro ejaculator module. The use of the electro ejaculator module is a safe and appropriate method for male livestock. Electro ejaculator module sold in the market has a relatively expensive price and is still difficult to find, especially in Indonesia. Therefore, an electro ejaculator module or device for goats is needed that has an affordable price so that it can be used by small to medium-sized farms. This electro ejaculator device consists of 3 main parts, namely Switch Mode Power Supply, function generator and an electro ejaculatory probe. At the testing stage of the switch mode power supply (SMPS) section, the output voltage variation is obtained from 0 - 15 volts. While in the function generator section, the output signal is in the form of a sinusoidal which can be adjusted for the amplitude and the output frequency from 0 - 1 Mhz. Based on these results, the designed Electro Ejaculator module can be applied to assist the process of artificial insemination in animals.