Swimming Exercise Research Articles

Fluoxetine combined with swimming exercise synergistically reduces lipopolysaccharide-induced depressive-like behavior by normalizing the HPA axis and brain inflammation in mice

Major depression disorder is a debilitating psychiatric disease affecting millions of people worldwide. This disorder is the leading cause of morbidity and mortality in high-income countries. Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors such as fluoxetine are first-line drugs for treating depression-related disorders, but not all patients respond well to these antidepressants. This study aimed to evaluate whether fluoxetine combined with aerobic exercise can affect lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced depressive-like behavior, hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis dysregulation, and brain inflammation in mice. Male mice were exposed to fluoxetine, swimming exercise, or a combination of both and finally treated with LPS. We measured depression-related symptoms such as anhedonia, behavioral despair, weight gain, and food intake. Hormones (corticosterone and testosterone) and cytokines (IL-1β, IL-6, TNF-α, IL-10) were also measured in serum and brain (hippocampus and prefrontal cortex), respectively. The findings indicated that LPS induced anhedonia and behavioral despair and increased corticosterone, hippocampal IL-1β, TNF-α, and decreased testosterone and hippocampal IL-10 in mice. Fluoxetine and exercise separately reduced LPS-induced depressive-like behavior, while their combination synergistically reduced these symptoms in LPS-treated mice. We found fluoxetine alone increased food intake and body weight in LPS-treated mice. Fluoxetine and exercise combination reduced corticosterone, hippocampal TNF-α, and prefrontal IL-6 and TNF-α levels and increased testosterone and hippocampal and prefrontal IL-10 levels more effectively than fluoxetine alone in LPS-treated mice. This study suggests that swimming exercise combined with fluoxetine can affect depression-related behavior, HPA axis, and brain inflammation more effectively than when they are used separately.

Cardiomyocyte and endothelial cells play distinct roles in the tumour necrosis factor (TNF)-dependent atrial responses and increased atrial fibrillation vulnerability induced by endurance exercise training in mice.

Endurance exercise is associated with an increased risk of atrial fibrillation (AF). We previously established that adverse atrial remodelling and AF susceptibility induced by intense exercise in mice require the mechanosensitive and pro-inflammatory cytokine tumour necrosis factor (TNF). The cellular and mechanistic basis for these TNF-mediated effects is unknown. We studied the impact of Tnf excision, in either atrial cardiomyocytes or endothelial cells (using Cre-recombinase expression controlled by Nppa or Tie2 promoters, respectively), on the cardiac responses to six weeks of intense swim exercise training. TNF ablation, in either cell type, had no impact on the changes in heart rate, autonomic tone, or left ventricular structure and function induced by exercise training. Tnf excision in atrial cardiomyocytes did, however, prevent atrial hypertrophy, fibrosis, and macrophage infiltration as well as conduction slowing and increased AF susceptibility arising from exercise training. In contrast, endothelial-specific excision only reduced the training-induced atrial hypertrophy. Consistent with these cell-specific effects of Tnf excision, inducing TNF loss from atrial cardiomyocytes prevented activation of p38MAPKinase, a strain-dependent downstream mediator of TNF signalling, without affecting the atrial stretch as assessed by atrial pressures induced by exercise. Despite TNF's established role in innate immune responses and inflammation, neither acute nor chronic exercise training caused measurable NLRP3 inflammasome activation. Our findings demonstrate that adverse atrial remodelling and AF vulnerability induced by intense exercise require TNF in atrial cardiomyocytes whereas the impact of endothelial-derived TNF is limited to hypertrophy modulation. The implications of the cell autonomous effects of TNF and crosstalk between cells in the atria are discussed.

Assessing the effect of regular swimming exercise on the micro- and macrovascular physiology of older adults (ACELA II study).

Introduction: Cardiovascular disease (CVD) remains the main cause of death in the Western world. Our recent findings demonstrate potential CVD risk reduction in older adults who undertake regular swimming exercise. Nevertheless, it remains unknown whether an exercise intervention based on swimming is feasible and effective prior to a wider implementation of a CVD risk prevention strategy. Methods: This was a pragmatic, two-group, randomised controlled trial. A total of 40 older adults were randomly split into two groups (n = 20 per group). The swimming exercise group consisted of participants who engaged in swimming exercise (2-3days/week, for 8weeks). The control group did not perform any exercise. Flow-mediated dilation (%FMD) was the primary outcome. Secondary outcomes included raw cutaneous vascular conductance. Feasibility outcomes (e.g., recruitment, adherence, and attrition rates) were also assessed. Results: Statistically significant macrovascular (%FMD; swimming group: 9.8% ± 4.2%, p <0.001; control group: 4.6% ± 2.5%) and microvascular function (raw cutaneous vascular conductance; swimming group: 4.1 ± 0.9, p <0.01; control group: 3.2 ± 1.1) improvements were observed in the swimming group compared to the control group. Compliance to twice and thrice weekly in an 8-week swimming exercise was 92.6% and 88.4%, respectively, with no dropouts. Conclusion: Our 8-week, community-based, pragmatic swimming exercise intervention is a feasible and effective exercise programme that could be implemented in older adults for the prevention of age-related CVD. These findings suggest that swimming exercise could significantly reduce CVD risk in older adults, and a large research clinical trial is warranted to establish these findings.

The effect of 4 week-long swimming exercise intervention on increased serotonin levels in male mice (Mus musculus)

Abstract Being overweight can be caused by an imbalance between calorie intake and energy expenditure over a long period, and the brain plays an important role in controlling overeating responses. Serotonin is a neurotransmitter involved in regulating food intake and weight. Being overweight is associated with decreased serotonin levels. Decreased serotonin levels have an impact on increased health disorders and depression. The study aimed to analyse the effect of 4 week-long swimming exercise intervention on increased serotonin levels in male mice (Mus musculus). A total of 18 male mice (20-40 g), aged eight weeks with (Lee index (LI) ≥0.3) randomly assigned to three groups: COG (n = 6; control group without intervention), MEG (n = 6; moderate-intensity morning exercise group), and AEG (n = 6; moderate-intensity afternoon exercise group). Morning and afternoon exercise was carried out with a load of 5% of the total body weight of mice. Four weeks of exercise with a frequency of three times a week and were performed for 70% of the maximum duration per session. Blood collection was done 2 × 24 h after the last intervention. Measurement of serum serotonin levels using ELISA. Data analysis techniques using the one-way ANOVA test with SPSS version 17 software. The average levels of serum serotonin of COG were (56.29 ± 3.59 ng/ml), MEG (86.21 ± 18.44 ng/ml), AEG (82.73 ± 25.15 ng/ml), and (). The results of this study show that moderate-intensity exercises in the morning and afternoon increase serum serotonin levels in male mice. Therefore, moderate-intensity morning and afternoon swimming exercises can be used in controlling and inhibiting the over-eating response mediated by the serotonin.

Comparation Of Post-exercise Gastric Emptying Rate Between Swimming Exercise And Pedaling Exercise

Comparation Of Post-exercise Gastric Emptying Rate Between Swimming Exercise And Pedaling Exercise

Effect of Neurofeedback Training Along with Swimming Exercise on the Electroencephalographic Changes and Visual Image-Induced Craving in Methamphetamine-Dependent Patients

Introduction: In this study, we investigated whether neurofeedback (NFB) training and swimming exercise would decrease the electroencephalographic (EEG) changes and visual image-induced craving in methamphetamine (METH)-dependent patients. Methods: This study was a randomized controlled trial design. 32 METH-dependent patients were allocated randomly to four groups; control, NFB, Swim, and NFB/Swim. The EEG and visual image-induced craving were recorded before and after the intervention in all four groups. Results: We found that the NFB, Swim, and NFB/Swim groups showed significantly lower absolute power for 4 frequency bands. Also, the swim and NFB/Swim groups had less and greater relative power in the alpha and delta bands, respectively. In addition, NFB/Swim group exhibited an increase in delta/alpha power ratio than the control and the NFB groups. Also, the NFB/Swim group showed a significant reduction in visual image-induced craving score than the control, swim, and NFB groups. Conclusion: This study provides novel evidence that the NFB training along with swimming exercise during METH-abstinence was effective in the normalization of METH-induced EEG changes, which may help patients to manage their cravings.

Analyzing the effect of 8-week swimming training applied to secondary school students on motor skills and 50-meter swimming ratings

This study aimed to analyze the effect of the 8-week swimming training applied to secondary school students on their motor skills and 50-meter freestyle swimming ratings. 24 students having swimming license in the age range of 11 to 14 participated in the study voluntarily. Munich fitness test (MFT) protocol was used to determine the motor skill levels of the athletes, and 50-meter freestyle swimming ratings were used to determine the swimming performances. According to the test of normality results, it was determined that the data collected had a normal distribution. Paired samples t-test was used to determine the difference between the MFT pre-test and post-test. According to the statistical analysis results, a significant difference in favor of the post-test was determined in Goal Throwing, Flexibility, Flexed Arm Hanging, Step Test, MFT total score and 50-meter swimming ratings of the participants. It is believed that the swimming training applied to the students improved their swimming performances and motor skill levels. It may be recommended that swimming exercises, as well as other factors, should be used in the cases where it is desired to improve children’s motor skills.

Protective effect of grape seed extract and exercise training on tissues toxicities in doxorubicin-treated healthy rat

Objective The aim of the present study was to investigate the effects of Grape seed extract (GSE) and exercise training on Doxorubicin (Doxo)-induced cardio, hepato and myo toxicities in healthy rats. Methods Thirty male Wistar rats were randomly divided into five groups and daily treated by intraperitoneal route during two months either with ethanol 10% (Control); Doxo (1.5 mg/kg); Doxo + exercise (1.5 mg/kg + swimming exercise for 30 min twice a week); Doxo + GSE (1.5 mg/kg + GSE 2.5 g/kg); Doxo + GSE + exercise (1.5 mg/kg + GSE 2.5 g/kg + swimming exercise for 30 min twice a week). At the end of the treatment, tissues were collected and processed for the determination of oxidative stress (OS), intracellular mediators, energy fuelling biomarkers, carbohydrate metabolism parameters and muscle histopathology. Results Doxo provoked OS characterised by an increased lipoperoxidation (LPO) and protein carbonylation and decreased antioxidant enzyme activities. Doxo also affected intracellular mediators, disturbed carbohydrate metabolism and energy fuelling in skeletal muscle as assessed by down-regulated Electron Transport Chain (ETC) complex activities leading in fine to altered skeletal muscle structure and function. Conclusion Almost all Doxo-induced disturbances were partially corrected with GSE and exercise on their own and more efficiently with the combined treatment (GSE + exercise).

Mechanism of Swimming Exercise Intervention on Rats with Vascular Dementia Based on PERK/ATF4/CHOP Pathway

Mechanism of Swimming Exercise Intervention on Rats with Vascular Dementia Based on PERK/ATF4/CHOP Pathway

Swimming exercise attenuates mechanical hypersensitivity and mitigates peripheral nerve degeneration in rats with painful diabetic neuropathy (PDN)

BackgroundThis study aimed to assess the effectiveness of swimming exercise in alleviating mechanical hypersensitivity and peripheral nerve degeneration associated with a pre-clinical model of painful diabetic neuropathy (PDN). MethodsThis study is a pre-clinical study conducted using the streptozocin (STZ)-induced PDN rat model. Rats were randomly allocated to three groups: a vehicle group of non-diabetic rats (Vehicle, n = 9), a group of rats with PDN (PDN, n = 8), and a group of rats with PDN that performed a swimming exercise program (PDN-SW, n = 10). The swimming exercise program included daily 30-minute swimming exercise, 5 days per week for 4 weeks. Von Frey testing was used to monitor hindpaw mechanical sensitivity over 4 weeks. Assessment of cutaneous peripheral nerve fiber integrity was performed after the 4-week study period via immunohistochemistry for protein gene product 9.5-positive (PGP9.5+) intra-epidermal nerve fiber density (IENFD) in hind-paw skin biopsies by a blinded investigator. ResultsThe results showed that swimming exercise mitigated but did not fully reverse mechanical hypersensitivity in rats with PDN. Immunohistochemical testing revealed that the rats in the PDN-SW group retained higher PGP9.5+ IENFD compared to the PDN group but did not reach normal levels of the Vehicle group. ConclusionsThe results of this study indicate that swimming exercise can mitigate mechanical hypersensitivity and degeneration of peripheral nerve fibers in rats with experimental PDN.

Effects of swimming exercise combined with silymarin and vitamin C supplementation on hepatic inflammation, oxidative stress, and histopathology in elderly rats with high-fat diet-induced liver damage

ObjectivesThe aim of this study was to demonstrate that swimming exercise combined with silymarin and vitamin C supplementation improves hepatic inflammation, oxidative stress, and liver histopathology in elderly rats with high-fat diet-induced liver damage. MethodsForty elderly male Wistar rats were randomly assigned to five groups (n = 8 in each): a normal diet (control), a high-fat diet (HFD), HFD + silymarin and vitamin C supplementation (HFD+Sup), HFD + swimming exercise (HFD+Exe), and HFD+Sup+Exe group (HFD+Sup+Exe). The non-alcoholic fatty liver model was induced for 6 wk in the HFD groups. After 6 wk of consuming an HFD, a daily supplemental gavage was administered to rats as an intervention along with HFD in the supplement groups for 8 wk. Moreover, rats in the exercise groups were subjected to swimming exercise training 5 d/wk for the same period. ResultsThe combination of swimming training and supplementation caused significant decreases in liver inflammatory biomarkers tumor necrosis factor-α and interleukin-1β while increasing total antioxidant capacity and peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor α (P < 0.05). ConclusionIn elderly rats with liver injury caused by an HFD, the combination of exercise and silymarin with vitamin C supplementation effectively reduced oxidative stress, liver inflammation, fat accumulation, and regulated liver enzymes.

Short-term swimming up-regulates pro-inflammatory mediators and cytokines in gilthead seabream (Sparus aurata)

Aerobic swimming exercise in fish has been shown to improve robustness of some species. However, the optimal conditions to be applied and the mechanisms underlying remain unknown. We investigated the effects of 6 h of induced swimming on the immune response of gilthead seabream (Sparus aurata), by analysing markers related to immune status in plasma, skin mucus, gills, heart and head-kidney. Forty fish were individually exercised in swim tunnels by applying different water currents: steady low (SL, 0.8 body lengths (BL) s−1), steady high (SH, 2.3 BL s−1), oscillating low (OL, 0.2/0.8 BL s−1) and oscillating high (OH, 0.8/2.3 BL s−1) velocities, including a non-exercised group with minimal water flow (MF, <0.1 BL s−1). Swimming conditions did not trigger a stress response or anaerobic metabolism, suggested by similar levels of cortisol, lactate, and glucose in plasma among groups. Blood haemoglobin and innate immune parameters in plasma and skin mucus also remained unaltered. However, decreased blood haematocrit was observed in fish swimming on the OL condition. Interestingly, gene expression analysis revealed that the OL condition led to the up-regulation of pro-inflammatory mediators (nfκb1 and mapk3) and cytokines (tnfα, il1β and il6) in gills. A similar response occurred in heart, with an up-regulation of nfκb1, tnfα, il6 and cox2 in the OL condition. Gene expression of these cytokines was unaltered in the head-kidney. The inflammatory response in gills and heart of gilthead seabream triggered by the OL condition highlights the importance of establishing suitable rearing conditions to improve welfare of cultured fish.

Survei Pembinaan Prestasi Atlet Renang di Pemalang Shark Swimming Club Tahun 2021

The results of this study indicate that the swimming athlete coaching program includes theoretical and practical aspects with reference to the program that has been prepared by the coach, namely the long-term program. The use of this longterm training program can make it easier for coaches to control athlete development. The coaching program that the coach provides also includes the mental aspect, namely by providing reaction and mindset exercises so that athletes do not feel afraid when participating in competitions. Then from the skill aspect, the trainer provides swimming exercises on land and anaerobic on land. And from the physical aspect, the trainer provides additional training, namely running and fitness to maintain athlete fitness. Management at the club still has many shortcomings, especially in the area of funding. Most of the income is obtained only from donations from athletes so that it is only sufficient for internal needs. The infrastructure of the coaching program still uses swimming pools in privately owned tourist attractions, so the coaching takes visitors away from 14.00-17.00. From the results of the study, it is known that the achievements at Pemalang Shark Swimming Club are always consistent in winning in every championship they participate in.

Effect of Swimming Exercise on Respiratory Muscle Strength and Respiratory Functions in Children with Autism.

The aim of this study is to examine the effects of swimming exercise on respiratory muscle strength and respiratory functions in children with autism. Autism is a mental disorder that affects many areas such as sensory, cognitive, motor, and psycho-motor development in individuals. For this purpose, 15 individuals with autism, 8 of which were in the experimental group and 7 in the control group, participated in the study. The experimental group was subjected to swimming exercise for 1 hour, 3 days a week, for 6 weeks. The control group was not included in this exercise. Respiratory muscle strength and pulmonary function tests were applied to both groups before and after the 6-week period. The obtained data were analyzed using Statistical Package for Social Sciences Program Version 22.0. Values were presented as minimum, maximum, mean, standard deviation, and standard error. The Shapiro-Wilk test was used to test for normality. Paired-sample t-test was used for pre-test and post-test, and independent-sample t-test was used for intergroup analysis. At the end of 6 weeks, according to the statistical analysis data, there was a significant difference in some of the respiratory function parameters of the experimental group (P < .05), and an improvement was observed in the respiratory muscle strength values, but no significant difference was found (P > .05). No significant difference was found in the respiratory functions of the control group as a result of respiratory muscle strength measurements (P > .05). As a result, we can say that swimming exercise is effective in improving respiratory muscle strength and respiratory functions in children with autism.

Exercise-induced myocardial hypertrophy preconditioning promotes fibroblast senescence and improves myocardial fibrosis through Nrf2 signaling pathway

ABSTRACT This study aims to investigate how exercise-induced myocardial hypertrophy preconditioning affects cardiac fibroblasts in the context of myocardial fibrosis, a chronic disease that can cause cardiac arrhythmia and heart failure. Heart failure was induced in male C57BL/6 mice via Transverse aortic constriction, and some mice were given swimming exercise before surgery to test the effects of exercise-induced myocardial hypertrophy preconditioning on myocardial fibrosis. Myocardial tissue was evaluated for fibrosis, senescent cells, and apoptotic cells. Myocardial fibroblasts from rats were cultured and treated with norepinephrine to induce fibrosis which were then treated with si-Nrf2 and analyzed for markers of fibrosis, senescence, apoptosis, and cell proliferation. Exercise-induced myocardial hypertrophy preconditioning reduced myocardial fibrosis in mice, as shown by decreased mRNA expression levels of fibrosis-related indicators and increased cell senescence. In vitro data indicated that norepinephrine (NE) treatment increased fibrosis-related markers and reduced apoptotic and senescent cells, and this effect was reversed by pre-conditioning in PRE+NE group. Preconditioning activated Nrf2 and downstream signaling genes, promoting premature senescence in cardiac fibroblasts and tissues isolated from preconditioned mice. Moreover, Nrf2 knockdown reversed proapoptotic effects, restored cell proliferation, reduced senescence-related protein expression, and increased oxidative stress markers and fibrosis-related genes, indicating Nrf2‘s crucial role in regulating oxidative stress response of cardiac fibroblasts. Exercise-induced myocardial hypertrophy preconditioning improves myocardial fibrosis which is Nrf2-dependent, indicating the protective effect of hypertrophy preconditioning. These findings may contribute to the development of therapeutic interventions to prevent or treat myocardial fibrosis.

Effects of swimming exercise during pre-adolescence on learning and memory in adult rats: behavioral and electrophysiological approaches

Effects of swimming exercise during pre-adolescence on learning and memory in adult rats: behavioral and electrophysiological approaches

Effect of Swimming Exercise on Respiratory Muscle Strength and Respiratory Functions in Children with Autism

Effect of Swimming Exercise on Respiratory Muscle Strength and Respiratory Functions in Children with Autism

Recent Advances and Challenges in Textile Electrodes for Wearable Biopotential Signal Monitoring: A Comprehensive Review.

The technology of wearable medical equipment has advanced to the point where it is now possible to monitor the electrocardiogram and electromyogram comfortably at home. The transition from wet Ag/AgCl electrodes to various types of gel-free dry electrodes has made it possible to continuously and accurately monitor the biopotential signals. Fabrics or textiles, which were once meant to protect the human body, have undergone significant development and are now employed as intelligent textile materials for healthcare monitoring. The conductive textile electrodes provide the benefit of being breathable and comfortable. In recent years, there has been a significant advancement in the fabrication of wearable conductive textile electrodes for monitoring biopotential signals. This review paper provides a comprehensive overview of the advances in wearable conductive textile electrodes for biopotential signal monitoring. The paper covers various aspects of the technology, including the electrode design, various manufacturing techniques utilised to fabricate wearable smart fabrics, and performance characteristics. The advantages and limitations of various types of textile electrodes are discussed, and key challenges and future research directions are identified. This will allow them to be used to their fullest potential for signal gathering during physical activities such as running, swimming, and other exercises while being linked into wireless portable health monitoring systems.

Arı Sütünün Tüketici Egzersize Bağlı Oksidatif Stres Üzerindeki Rolü

In this study, the effects of Royal Jelly (RJ) on oxidative stress caused by exhaustive swimming exercise in rat tissues were evaluated. Methods: Twenty four male Wistar albino rats were indiscriminately distributed into four experimental groups: Sedentary control (SC); SC with administration of RJ (100 mg kg-1) (SC + RJ); exhaustive swimming exercise (E); Exhaustive swimming exercise with administration of RJ (100 mg kg-1) (E + RJ). 100 mg kg-1 of RJ were dissolved in drinking water. Rats in the SC+RJ and E+RJ groups supplemented with RJ (100 mg kg-1) orally once a day for two weeks. Rats in groups E and E+RJ subjected to acute exhaustive swimming exercise on the 14th day of the study, then some biochemical parameters related to oxidative stress of all groups were measured. Results: The activities of alanine aminotransferase (ALT), aspartate aminotransferase (AST), alkaline phosphatase (ALP), blood urea nitrogen (BUN) and creatinine (CRE) levels significantly raised in the exercised rats compared with the sedentary rats (P &lt; 0.05). The decreased superoxide dismutase (SOD), glutathione peroxidase (GSHPx), and catalase (CAT) activities of muscular and hepatic tissues significantly increased and the high malondialdehyde (MDA) levels of muscular, hepatic and kidney tissues significantly reduced in exercised rats treated with RJ (P &lt; 0.05). Conclucion: Collectively, in this study, protective effects of RJ on tissues against oxidative damage after exhaustive exercise were observed.

The Value of Swimming and Aquatical Exercises in the Development of Down Syndrome Children’s Body Schema

This study sought to show how swimming and aquatic activities might help people with Down syndrome with their coordination and balance (knowledge of one’s own body and its parts, awareness of one’s own image, and laterality). The target group consisted of 15 Down syndrome-diagnosed children (n=15), children who did not practice swimming lessons or any activity that involved physical movement in the water but only had engaged in structured physical activities outside of the physical education classes that were part of the school curriculum. We can reject the null hypothesis that swimming and aquatic activities do not create the body schema, a component of psychomotricity, because each participant significantly improved their final score on each of the 10 items, and the overall p-value was less than 0.05. applying a swimming program that incorporates challenging and diverse aquatic activities might help people with Down syndrome build their body schema, a crucial aspect of human psychomotricity.