Swimming Race Research Articles

Countermovement-Jump and Pull-Up Performance Before and After a Swimming Race in Preparatory and Competitive Phases of a Swimming Season.

Monitoring performance athletes' training responses can be efficiently completed at competitive events. This study aimed to explore the changes in swimming, countermovement-jump (CMJ), and pull-up (PU) performance following training across a competitive phase, as well as immediately before and after each race. Fourteen well-trained male sprint/middle-distance swimmers (height 179 [7]cm, mass 70 [8]kg, age 18 [2]y), from 3 regional training groups, completed CMJ and PU tests before and after the national competitions in October and May, when race performance was also assessed. Swimming race performance was significantly improved from before the national competitions in October to after the national competitions in May (1.8% [3.2%], P = .044, d = 0.60, moderate effect). Although there were no significant changes in PU velocity, CMJ performance significantly improved from before the national competitions in October to after the national competitions in May (mean difference 2.29cm, P = .004, d = 3.52) and showed before-to-after race decreases (mean difference -1.64cm, P = .04, d = 2.28). Swimming performance and CMJ performance improved as the season progressed, although these improvements were not directly correlated. PU performance did not appear to be sensitive to training or race-induced fatigue, in contrast to CMJ, in this group of male swimmers.

The effect of special strength exercises based on parallel training (Circuit Training) in developing some physiological variables and achieving 100 breaststroke swimming for young people

Special strength training exercises used by swimmers in order to build physical capabilities and improve physiological adaptation, because the success of the training process is measured by the extent of progress achieved by the swimmer and parallel training (Circuit Training) is a very effective and versatile method that targets multiple aspects of With specific breaks that can focus on strength You perform these exercises sequentially, moving from exercise to exercise with limited breaks, .importance of research in an attempt Employing the mechanism of giving exercises and training methods to link between different sports sciences The research problem noted that many swimmers have weakness when performing swimming races (100 m) chest due to the weakness of the physical and motor abilities of swimmers as the physical, motor and skill integration gives the swimmer the appropriate opportunity to do the correct motor work. of swimmers of the Peace Club and conducted the pre-tests and then applied the exercises on this sample and then the post-tests and concluded that the use of special strength exercises according to the training

Diving into Recovery. The Effects of Different Post-Competition Protocols for Enhancing Physio-Psychological Parameters in National Level Youth Swimmers.

The purpose of this study was to elucidate whether a specific approach regarding active swimming recovery could better promote psycho-physiological recovery right after competing in a high-level swimming race. To achieve this, we recruited 50 national level youth swimmers, randomly and equally assigning them to two groups, named "experimental" and "coach prescribed". Each group performed a specific post-competition recovery protocol, consisting of different swimming paces, rest times, self-management of the exercises. We gathered data about blood lactate (BL), heart rate (HR), and rate of perceived exertion (RPE) at two different moments, the first moment right after the swimming competition (named post-competition phase), the second moment right after swimming the respective recovery protocol assigned (named post-recovery phase). A mixed MANOVA with Tukey HSD post-hoc analysis revealed no significant differences between the experimental and coach-prescribed groups in BL, HR, and RPE at the post-competition phase. At the post-recovery phase, however, the experimental group presented lower BL levels than the coach-prescribed group (2.40 ± 1.18 vs. 4.29 ± 2.07 mmol/L, p < 0.05). Finally, we found no interaction of swimming race ranking on recovery capacities. We conclude that for immediate improvement of BL in a wide range of high-level swimmers, an efficient recovery protocol should consist of several paces, high volumes, fixed and short rest times, whereas the widely popular self-managed, lower intensity approach does not seem as equally effective. Our study advances the development of novel recommendations for optimizing immediate fatigue management in competitive swimming.

CONCENTRATION AND SELF-CONTROL IN THE UTILITY SWIMMING RACE IN THE NAVAL PENTATHLON

The modernization of the military system and its adaptation to the requirements of European norms has become a necessity for the Romanian naval pentathlon. In our research, we will propose a new concept of mental training for the athletes who are part of the utility swimming team.Objective:- Explanation of the training process of the athletes who are part of the naval pentathlon team from the point of view of physical and mental parameters- Establishing the efficiency of the methods for improving the concentration and self-control of the athletes participating in the utility swimming race.- Notification of conclusionsResearch methods: Studying the bibliography, tests for the attention and concentration of pentathlon athletes.The results obtained after the tests should confirm that the attention and self-concentration level of military athletes on the naval pentathlon team has increased.From a psychological point of view, the military athletes were stimulated by external intervention (mental training), but also by autosuggestion and auto impulsion.

Effect of the Skill, Gender, and Kick Order on the Kinematic Characteristics of Underwater Undulatory Swimming in the Dorsal Position.

Backstroke swimmers display the greatest contribution of underwater kicking during the swimming race distances, but, surprisingly, there is little evidence of how kicking kinematics in the dorsal position should be performed. The aim of the present study was to examine the kinematic characteristics of competitive swimmers during underwater undulatory swimming in the dorsal position, with special attention to the swimmers' gender, the level of skill, and kick order. Forty-one national-level swimmers (27 females and 14 males) were filmed from an underwater lateral view while performing a 25-m backstroke from a push start, and they were divided into fast and slow groups according to their kicking velocity. Direct linear algorithms were employed to reconstruct the two-dimensional kinematic characteristics of the first and final kicks of the underwater section. There were no differences between males and females in kicking performance when data were normalised to the swimmers' height. However, swimmers in the fast-kicking group were distinguished by a greater kicking frequency (η2: 0.15) and specific segmental kinematics related to a lower knee range of motion. Swimmers decreased kicking velocity (η2: 0.47) in addition to the kicking frequency (η2: 0.31) and length (η2: 0.16), but increased the kicking amplitude (η2: 0.11) between the first and the final kicks. Changes in kicking segmental kinematics were more related to modification in body orientation during the underwater trajectory than to the kicking motion itself. These results provide the first solid evidence of how swimmers should kick for better performance in dorsal underwater swimming.

Symptom Duration, Recurrence, and Long-Term Effects of Swimming-Induced Pulmonary Edema: A 30-Month Follow-Up Study

Swimming-induced pulmonary edema (SIPE) has been reported to subside within 24 to 48 h, but comprehensive follow-up studies on symptom duration and long-term effects are missing. What are the symptom duration, recurrence, and long-term effects of SIPE? A follow-up study was conducted, based on 165 cases of SIPE from Sweden's largest open-water swimming event with 26,125 individuals participating during 2017-2019. Data on patient characteristics, clinical findings, and symptoms were collected at admission. Telephone interviews at 10days and 30months were performed to explore symptom duration, recurrence of SIPE symptoms, need for medical evaluation, and long-term effects of self-assessed general health and physical activity level. Follow-up at 10days was performed for 132 cases and at 30months for 152 cases. Most of the patients were women, and their mean age was 48 years. At the 10-day follow-up, symptom duration > 2days after the swimming race was reported by 38%. The most common symptoms were dyspnea and cough. In patients at 30-month follow-up, recurrence of respiratory symptoms during open-water swimming was reported by 28%. In multivariable logistic regression, asthma was independently associated with both symptom duration > 2days and recurrence of SIPE symptoms (P= .045 and P= .022, respectively). Most participants reported equal or improved general health (93%) and physical activity level (85%) after experiencing SIPE, but 58%had not swum in open water since the event. The present large cohort study challenges the established hallmark of SIPE symptom duration< 48 h, whereas SIPE recurrence was in the previously reported range. At 30months, most patients reported unchanged self-assessed general health and physical activity level. These findings add to our understanding of the course of SIPE and can provide evidence-based information to swimmers and health care professionals.

Relationship between Maximum Force-Velocity Exertion and Swimming Performances among Four Strokes over Medium and Short Distances: The Stronger on Dry Land, the Faster in Water?

Evaluating force-velocity characteristics on dry-land is of the utmost importance in swimming, because higher levels of these bio-motor abilities positively affect in-water performance. However, the wide range of possible technical specializations presents an opportunity for a more categorized approach that has yet to be seized. Therefore, the aim of this study was to identify feasible differences in maximum force-velocity exertion based on swimmers' stroke and distance specialization. To this scope, 96 young male swimmers competing at the regional level were divided into 12 groups, one for each stroke (butterfly, backstroke, breaststroke, and front crawl) and distance (50 m, 100 m, and 200 m). They performed two single pull-up tests, 5-min before and after competing in a federal swimming race. We assessed force (N) and velocity (m/s) exertion via linear encoder. There were no significant differences between pre-post maximum force-velocity exertions, despite the decreasing trend. Force-parameters highly correlated with each other and with the swimming performance time. Moreover, both force (t = -3.60, p < 0.001) and velocity (t = -3.90, p < 0.001) were significant predictors of swimming race time. Sprinters (both 50 m and 100 m) of all strokes could exert significantly higher force-velocity compared to 200 m swimmers (e.g., 0.96 ± 0.06 m/s performed by sprinters vs. 0.66 ± 0.03 m/s performed by 200 m swimmers). Moreover, breaststroke sprinters presented significantly lower force-velocity compared to sprinters specialized in the other strokes (e.g., 1047.83 ± 61.33 N performed by breaststroke sprinters vs. 1263.62 ± 161.23 N performed by butterfly sprinters). This study could provide the foundation for future research regarding the role of stroke and distance specializations in modeling swimmers' force-velocity abilities, thus influencing paramount elements for specific training and improvement towards competitions.

Underwater and surface tethered swimming, lower limb strength, and somatic traits as the basic indices of young swimmers' sprint performance.

Purpose: The ability to swim fast underwater is believed to be connected to lower limb strength and some somatic traits. The main purpose of the study was to evaluate strength and speed parameters based on the relationship between the strength of underwater dolphin kicks and the countermovement jump test (CMJ) among adolescent swimmers. Methods: 48 adolescent male swimmers (13.47 ± 0.84 years) were examined for muscle mass of arms (m m arms), trunk (m m trunk), and legs (m m legs), body height (BH), and biological age (BA). An underwater tethered dolphin kicking test was conducted in a pool; average force (5F ave) and impulse per single cycle (5I ave) in the 5-second period were measured. Force indices (20F ave - average force from 20 seconds and 20I ave - average impulse per single cycle from 20 seconds) were also measured in 20-second tethered front crawl swimming. During CMJ testing, general lower body muscle motor capabilities were evaluated by extracting the work (CMJw [J]) and height (CMJh [m]) of the jump. Results: The strongest correlations were observed between: (a) 5F ave and BH, m m arms and CMJw; (b) CMJw, m m arms, and 20F ave; (c) indices of swimming speed and 5I ave (BA control); (d) total swimming velocity and average tethered swimming force (BA control). Moderate partial correlations (BA control) were noted between speed indices of swimming race and CMJ. Conclusions: The underwater tethered dolphin kick test is a useful predictor test of 50-m front crawl performance in young male swimmers, with better specificity for swimmers than CMJ results themselves.

Effect of a training program with two different styles of arms hitting on the achievement of 50 meters in freestyle swimming for juniors

The use of a training curriculum in two different ways on some of the various kinematic variables and programmed to know their effect on the level of achievement and speed in the 50-meter freestyle swimming race)). In addition, teachers and coaches in the sport of swimming will use the extent to which it in the future. Through the researcher’s access to the sources and consulting coaches and specialists in swimming, found more than one way to stroke the arms in freestyle swimming and for identifying the difference in the variables of both training methods and their impact on achievement. Training in two different techniques of armstroke in freestyle swimming for juniors, and identifying the effect of the training curriculum in the letter (S) stylefor arm stroke in completing 50 meters of freestyle swimming for juniors, and identifying the effect of the training curriculum in the pull-down styleof armpit in completing 50 meters of freestyle swimming for juniors. The research method included the use of the researcher to choose the experimental method that depends on the design of the two groups (first and second) and the pre and post tests.

A case study of strategies for intentionally building course community to support diverse learners in an introductory statistics course

AbstractThis article presents a multi‐part initiative to support diverse learners by building class community and peer networks in an introductory statistics course. This was accomplished through multiple techniques, such as implementing icebreaker questions and using randomly assigned student working groups. The Socrative online software utilized regularly by instructors allowed students to be randomized into groups to collaboratively answer questions provided by the instructors. A multi‐part group project was also administered where students worked cooperatively to analyze swim race data from the 2016 Olympics. Students completed a pre‐semester survey in which they provided feedback on previous mathematics or statistics courses related to the level of course engagement, the benefit of group learning, and their ability to discuss course content during class. A post‐semester survey was administered to answer similar questions regarding the statistics course they were currently taking.

Market Harms and Market Benefits

Market Harms and Market Benefits

Effects of Extended Underwater Sections on the Physiological and Biomechanical Parameters of Competitive Swimmers.

Despite changes in the underwater sections of swimming races affecting overall performance, there is no information about the effects of the apnea-induced changes on the physiological state of competitive swimmers. The aim of the present research was to examine the effect of changes in the underwater race sections on the physiological [blood lactate concentration, heart rate, and rating of perceived exertion (RPE)] and biomechanical (underwater time, distance, and velocity) parameters of competitive swimmers. Twelve youth competitive swimmers belonging to the national team (706 ± 28.9 FINA points) performed 2 × 75 m efforts under three different conditions, while maintaining a 200 m race pace: (1) free underwater sections, (2) kick number of condition 1 plus two kicks, and (3) maximum distance underwater. Overall performance was maintained, and underwater section durations increased from condition 1 to 3 as expected according to the experimental design. Heart rate and blood lactate concentration values did not show differences between conditions, but the RPE values were significantly greater (F2, 36 = 18.00, p = 0.001, η2: 0.50) for the constrained (conditions 2 and 3) vs. the free underwater condition. Underwater parameters were modified within the 75 m efforts (lap 1 to lap 3), but the magnitude of changes did not depend on the experimental condition (all lap × condition effects p > 0.05). Controlled increases of underwater sections in trained swimmers can led to optimizing performance in these race segments despite small increases of perceived discomfort.

Origin of the Fastest 5 km, 10 km and 25 km Open-Water Swimmers-An Analysis from 20 Years and 9819 Swimmers.

In elite pool swimmers competing at world class level, mainly athletes from the United States of America and Australia are dominating. Little is known, however, for the nationality of dominating swimmers in elite open-water long-distance swimming races such as the official FINA races over 5 km, 10 km and 25 km—held since 2000. The aim of this study was to investigate the participation and performance trends by nationality of these elite open-water swimmers. Race results from all female and male swimmers competing in 5 km, 10 km and 25 km FINA races between 2000 and 2020 were analyzed. A total of 9819 swimmers competed between 2000 and 2020 in these races. The five countries that figure most times among the top ten in 5 km, 10 km and 25 km races over the years were Italy, Germany, Russia, Brazil and the Netherlands. In 10 km races, considering the all the athletes from each country, male athletes from Germany, Italy, and France presented faster race times than the other countries. In 10 km, female athletes presented no significant difference among the countries. In 5 and 25 km races, there were no differences between countries, for male and female athletes. Moreover, comparing only the 10 best results (top 10) from each country, there were no differences between countries in 5 km, 10 km and 25 km, for male and female athletes. Men were faster than women for all three distances. In summary, male swimmers from Europe (i.e., Germany, Italy, France) are dominating the 10 km FINA races. In the 5 km and 25 km FINA races, there is no dominating nationality, but among the top five countries in the top 10 over the years, three are European countries.

Pacing Strategies of 1500 m Freestyle Swimmers in the World Championships According to Their Final Position.

In 1500 m freestyle swimming races, pacing is generally represented by a parabolic or U-shaped curve indicating that swimming velocity is greatest at the start and the last laps of the race while swimmers maintain an even pace through the middle section of the race. However, there is no information to determine if 1500 m race winners select pacing different to other, less successful swimmers within the same competition. Therefore, this investigation aimed to describe the pacing strategies adopted by 1500 m freestyle competitive swimmers in World Championships (long course), from 2003 to 2019 to determine the most effective pacing to obtain victory or a medal. The official overall and split times for 1500 m freestyle races of the Fédération Internationale de Natation (FINA) were obtained from the website of this organization. In total, data of 143 swimming performances (71 male and 72 female) were extracted. With the split times, lap times, and position were calculated across the race. To determine differences in the pacing between best- and worst-ranked finalist, swimmers in each race were divided into four groups based on the final position (1st vs. 2nd vs. 3rd vs. 4–8th). All the lap times of the winners of the race were faster than those of participants classified as 4–8th position for men and women races (p < 0.05). However, there were no differences in lap velocity among the different positions achieved at the end of the race when it was normalized by average race velocity. Additionally, there were no differences in the lap-to-lap variability among swimmers with different positions at the end of the race. In summary, both men and women elite swimmers selected parabolic pacing consisting of a fast start in the first lap, an even pace close to their average race velocity in the mid-section of the race (from 50 to 1400 m), followed by an end spurt in the final lap(s). This pattern was very similar in all finalists irrespective of the final position in the race. Hence, the obtaining of a medal in the World Championships was associated to possessing a faster average race velocity rather than a specific pacing profile through the race.

Listening to Fast-Tempo Music During a Post-Exercise Passive Rest Period Improved Subsequent Sprint Cycling.

Listening to music during active recovery between exercise bouts has been found to help maintain high levels of exercise performance; however, the effect of listening to music alone with no exercise while resting passively has not been elucidated. We examined whether listening to music during static (passive) recovery affects subsequent repeated sprint performances and/or psychological and physiological responses in healthy young males. Twelve healthy young male athletes completed two consecutive sets of 7 × 7 second maximal cycling sprints with a 30-second rest interval between the sprints. During a 15-minute interval between the sets, the participants rested passively while listening to fast-tempo (Fast, 130 bpm), slow-tempo (Slow, 70 bpm) music, or no music (Con). We assessed affective valence and arousal using the Affect Grid. The valence and arousal scores immediately after listening to fast-tempo music were significantly higher than those in the no music condition. Mean and peak power outputs during the second set after listening to fast-tempo music were significantly higher compared to those after the Slow and Con conditions (both adjusted p < .05). Moreover, the changes in exercise performances between the first and second set were significantly associated with changes in the arousal score induced by the music conditions, but not with changes in the valence score. These results suggested that listening to fast-tempo songs during passive recovery between the exercises improved subsequent repeated sprint cycling performance in physically active males. This type of rapid exercise recovery might be useful for competitive athletes, such as judo, track and fields, and swimming races.

Effect of Preperformance Routine on Advanced Swimmers’ Performance and Motor Efficiency, Self-Efficacy, and Idiosyncratic Emotions

The aim of the present study was to compare the effectiveness of a learned preperformance routine (PPR) with an intuitively developed one before a simulation race on advanced swimmers’ speed and motor efficiency, as well as self-efficacy and emotional regulation. In total, 46 National Collegiate Athletic Association Division I swimmers were stratified to either the control (intuitively developed PPR) or the PPR condition, which included four instructional sessions aimed at developing a PPR. A simulated competitive race was organized before and after the intervention. For each simulation, speed and motor efficiency were measured during the race, and self-efficacy and emotions, after the completion of the race. Nonsignificant effects were revealed for speed, motor efficiency, and self-efficacy following the intervention. However, performing a learned PPR prior to racing significantly influenced the swimmers’ emotional state. These results provide some support for the effect of a PPR on emotional regulation prior to a swimming race.

Comparison of Starts and Turns between Individual and Relay Swimming Races.

The present study investigated swimmers’ performances on the starting and turning segments between individual and relay races. A total number of 72 race performances of the same swimmers in both relay 4 × 100 m finals (freestyle, medley, and mixed freestyle) and individual 100 m finals or semi-finals (butterfly, breaststroke, and freestyle) from the LEN European Swimming Championships were compared with repeated measures MANOVA. Swimmers performed 5–7% faster starts in the relay than in the corresponding individual events, despite no differences in the flight phase and a lower performance (shorter distances and slower velocities) on the underwater start section. The 15 m turn times were slower in the butterfly relay races although no specific differences in the underwater parameters were observed. These results suggest that specific training of the starting and turning segments should be performed under relay conditions to optimise pacing and performance in the underwater sections.

Carbohydrate supplementation during a simulated 10-km open water swimming race: effects on physiological, perceptual parameters and performance.

ABSTRACT The aim of the present study was to test the effect of carbohydrate ingestion, simulating a 10-km open water race competition on energy cost (Csw), perceived exertion (RPE), heart rate (HR), stroke rate (SR) and performance. We hypothesized that carbohydrate ingestion would reduce Csw and RPE in elite open water swimmers (OW-swimmers) and improve performance. Eight elite OW-swimmers swam for 3 × 30 min with 20-s of interval necessary to collect data in the swimming flume at a pre-set pace corresponding to their 10-km race pace, followed by a time to exhaustion test (TTE) at 100% of the peak oxygen uptake (V̇O2peak). During the set, OW-swimmers ingested 45-g of carbohydrates (CHO) in 550-mL of water (8% solution) during each of the two intervals or a placebo solution (PLA). HR, RPE, V̇O2 and SR were measured. Shapiro–Wilk test was used to verify the normal distribution of data. Two-way repeated measures ANOVA and t-test was performed (p < 0.05). A significant difference emerged in TTE between the trials (169.00 ± 91.06 s in CHO; 102.31 ± 57.47 s in PLA). HR, RPE and SR increased during the TTE but did not differ between trials. Csw did not show a significant main effect between the two conditions and in time course in both conditions. CHO ingestion significantly increased TTE at 100% of V̇O2peak after 90-min of swimming at 10-km race pace. These findings indicate that CHO intake during a 10-km open water swimming competition should have a beneficial impact on performance in the final part of the race.

The hierarchical organization of arm stroke in a 400-m freestyle swimming race

PurposeArm stroke is a key variable of successful performance in front crawl swimming. In the present study, the effects of the arm stroke on the front crawl swimming performance were analysed by considering the complementarity of macroconsistency and micro-variability in the arm stroke as a hierarchically organized adaptive system. In this case, consistency is necessary to achieve outcomes reliably, and variability is fundamental for coping with environmental instability.MethodsDisplacements of swimmers (&lt;i&gt;n&lt;/i&gt; = 31) who competed in the 400-m freestyle race of the Paulista Master Championship were captured in 4 moments (partial races 1–4). From the aerial and aquatic phases of the left and right arm strokes, macrostructure (components’ relative timing) and microstructure (components’ overall time) had their variability rates calculated for all partial races on the basis of the biological coefficients of variation.ResultsIt was revealed that swimmers: (i) increased consistency of macrostructure related to the left arm aerial phase stroke in the final race; (ii) maintained consistency of microstructure across races; and (iii) presented macrostructure with inferior rate of variability to the microstructure in the final race.ConclusionsGiven these results, coaches should emphasize instruction for swimmers to maintain the temporal relationship among arm stroke components (macrostructure) rather than focus on the components themselves (microstructure).

Race Analysis in Competitive Swimming: A Narrative Review.

Researchers have quantified swimming races for several decades to provide objective information on race strategy and characteristics. The purpose of the present review was to summarize knowledge established in the literature and current issues in swimming race analysis. A systematic search of the literature for the current narrative review was conducted in September 2020 using Web of Science, SPORTDiscus (via EBSCO), and PubMed. After examining 321 studies, 22 articles were included in the current review. Most studies divided the race into the start, clean swimming, turn, and/or finish segments; however, the definition of each segment varied, especially for the turn. Ideal definitions for the start and turn-out seemed to differ depending on the stroke styles and swimmers’ level. Many studies have focused on either 100 m or 200 m events with the four strokes (butterfly, backstroke, breaststroke, and freestyle). Contrastingly, there were few or no studies for 50 m, long-distance, individual medley, and relay events. The number of studies examining races for short course, junior and Paralympic swimmers were also very limited. Future studies should focus on those with limited evidence as well as race analysis outside competitions in which detailed kinematic and physiological analyses are possible.