Swell Potential Research Articles

Evaluation of the Curing Time Effect on the Swelling, Unconfined Strength and Resilient Modulus of an Expansive Soil Improved with Hydrated Lime

Soils with high plasticity and high swell potential undergo great volume changes in the presence of unstable water content changes. The resulting expansion leads to damage to pavements and/or lightweight structures with such a subsoil. Expansive soils can be improved by adding chemical stabilizers such as lime, fly ash and micro cement. To construct a highway on an expansive subgrade soil, the subgrade should be stabilized to satisfy the minimum requirements of the highway standards. In this research, expansive clay samples were collected from clay deposits in the Akyurt district of Ankara (Turkey), near Esenboğa Airport. The swelling, strength and resilient modulus properties of the soil samples were determined via laboratory tests. First, reference tests were carried out on natural soil samples. Then, the clay samples were mixed with lime agent at different percentages (1%, 3%, 5%, 7% and 9%) according to the dry weight of the soil. The index, swelling, strength and resilient modulus (Mr) properties of these samples were determined. The soil samples were tested at 7, 28, 56 and 90-day curing times for each percentage of lime agent considered. The changes in the abovementioned properties, especially with regard to the effect of curing time on improvement, were interpreted in this research. Designing for a 7% lime content and a 28-day curing time can be a sound solution for addressing the expansive clay studied in this research, since the criteria of the Turkish Highway Standards are satisfied under these conditions.

Salidroside attenuates CoCl2-simulated hypoxia injury in PC12 cells partly by mitochondrial protection

Salidroside has been shown to exert neuroprotective effects against hypoxia. However, its mitochondrial protective mechanisms still remain elusive. The present study aimed to explore the mitochondrial protection of salidroside on PC12 cells and the involved mechanisms. The hypoxic injury of PC12 cells was triggered by CoCl2 stimulus. The contents of LDH release, SOD, GSH-PX, Na+-K+-ATPase, ATP, NAD+ and NADH were determined by using commercial biochemical kits. Clark-type oxygen electrode and Seahorse XFe24 analyzer were employed to evaluate cell respiration and measure oxygen consumption rate (OCR), respectively. Mitochondrial swelling and mitochondrial membrane potential (MMP) were measured by using isolated mitochondria from the brain tissue of mice. The proteins expression of cleaved Caspase-3, HIF-1α, ISCU1/2, COX10 and PFKP were tested by immunofluorescence and Western blot. While the genes expression of Caspase-3, HIF-1α, ISCU1/2, COX10 and miR-210 were tested by quantitative real-time PCR (qRT-PCR) analysis. Salidroside alleviated CoCl2-induced oxidative stress in PC12 cells as evidenced by increased cell viability, decreased LDH release and elevated GSH-PX and SOD activities. Salidroside could inhibit apoptosis by suppressing the level of cleaved Caspase-3 and Caspase-3. The enhanced mitochondrial energy synthesis by salidroside treatment was evidenced by the increases of Na+-K+-ATPase activity, ATP content, NAD+/NADH ratio, cellular respiration and OCR. In addition, salidroside could reduce mitochondrial swelling and MMP dissipation in isolated mitochondria. The results of immunofluorescence, Western blot and qRT-PCR analyses further revealed that salidroside raised the level of HIF-1α, ISCU1/2, COX10, and miR-210. Collectively, salidroside can reverse CoCl2-simulated hypoxia injury in PC12 cells partly by mitochondrial protection via inhibiting oxidative stress event, anti-apoptosis and enhancing mitochondrial energy synthesis.

Performance characteristics of low carbon waste material to stabilise soil with extremely high plasticity

The application of low-carbon and natural materials to mitigate the undesired properties of difficult soils is considered as a sustainable solution to the issues regarding these soils. Selecting some natural materials, of low carbon type, from the rubble of demolished buildings or debris from the construction of new buildings and recycling them in a poor or weak soil stabilisation process is a very little explored field of research in Iraq. This paper investigated the geotechnical characteristics of extremely high plasticity soil (EHPS) improved with a low-carbon building stone debris (BSD). Five dosages from coarse and fine soil-size ((BSDC) and (BSDF)) of BSD have been prepared to use in the EHPS-BSD mixtures. The laboratory tests included Atterberg limits, linear shrinkage, unconfined compression, consolidation, and swelling. The effect of the BSD on the time to zero-water content and the maximum swell was included. The efficiency of the BSD was proved by the amelioration of the compressibility and strength, and by reducing the shrinkage, swell pressure, and the potential of swelling. The shrinkage, compressibility, and swelling properties of the EHPS were reduced depending on the gradation and content of BSD. The gradation of BSD had a major role in strength development and controlling the time required to reach the final shrinkage and maximum swell stage.

Expansive Soil Stabilization Using Mud (Lapindo) and Asphalt Emulsion

Most of Gedebage area consist of expansive soil and always greatly induce disturbance to structure of foundation. Nature properties of expansive soil is a high plasticity value, low soil shear strength, high swelling, and large potential for shrinkage. One solution for soil improvement is to use an additional material to stabilize this soil. Additional material uses locked emulsion asphalt 8% and mud from Lapindo area in variation of 3%, 6%, 9% and 12%. The results of testing the physical and mechanical properties after stabilization indicates increasing of density value around 68%. Plasticity index tends to decrease until 10% from CBR test. CBR values with curing time of 14 days are 8.1% for unsoaked and by 4.6% for soaked conditions.

Effect of lime-stabilised copper slag cushion on swelling behaviour of highly plastic clay

Clay soil is prone to seasonal volume change due to variation in water content. The use of waste materials in civil engineering, especially in road construction, has been in vogue all over the world due to the development of road infrastructure. Copper slag is one such waste material available abundantly from the copper industry in India. This paper discusses the heave and swelling of copper slag–cushioned clayey subgrade prepared in a model test tank. The results revealed that the methodology adopted is effective in reducing the swelling of clay. The thickness ratios of the stabilised copper slag cushion and clayey subgrade bed adopted are 0.25, 0.5, 0.75 and 1.0. The copper slag cushion is stabilised with lime content varying from 2 to 10%. A reduction in heave of clayey soil subgrade bed is observed with an increase in the percentage of lime and the thickness of the copper slag cushion. For a cushion–clay soil subgrade thickness ratio h c/h s = 1, the reduction in the heave of a clayey subgrade bed is 84.4%. The swell potential observed from the present study follows well the trend obtained from the rectangular hyperbolic model.

L-arginine Ameliorated Mitochondrial Oxidative Damage Induced by Sub-chronic Exposure to Cadmium in Mice Kidney

Background:Cadmium is a heavy metal that can cause various injuries in the body, including nephrotoxicity. L-Arginine is a metal chelator that can prevent oxidative damage caused by oxygen free radicals.
 Objectives:This study aimed to investigate the effect of L-arginine in inhibiting mitochondrial toxicity induced by subchronic cadmium exposure in the kidney of male mice.
 Methods: A total of 42 male mice were randomly divided into six groups (n=6): control (normal saline), cadmium (2 mg/kg), cadmium (2 mg/kg) plus three doses of L-arginine (50, 100, and 200 mg/kg) and finally cadmium (2 mg/kg) plus vitamin C (500 mg/kg). After 42 days, the animals were anesthetized with ketamine/xylazine. Their kidney tissues were removed, and mitochondrial fractions were isolated. Oxidative stress factors and mitochondrial damage parameters (MTT, swelling, and mitochondrial membrane potential) were measured in renal isolated mitochondria. Also, evaluation of Blood Urea Nitrogen (BUN) and Creatinine (Cr) tests were done.
 Results: Significant rise in BUN and Cr were observed in cadmium-treated mice (P<0.05). Cadmium enhanced oxidative stress in the kidney via increasing lipid peroxidation and oxidation of protein and glutathione. It caused significant mitochondrial dysfunction, mitochondrial membrane potential collapse, and swelling in isolated mitochondria (P<0.05). L-Arginine significantly ameliorated cadmium-induced oxidative stress and mitochondrial damage (P<0.05). Furthermore, a significant reduction in serum BUN and Cr were observed in L-arginine received group (P<0.05).
 Conclusion: The results showed that L-arginine has significant protective effects against cadmium-induced renal toxicity in male mice.

Impact of real and simulated municipal solid waste leachates on the hydraulic and swelling behaviour of bentonites for landfill application.

For the efficient functioning of a landfill, compacted bentonite is an acclaimed liner element due to its excellent adsorption capability, minimal hydraulic conductivity, and superior specific surface area (SSA). However, the leachate generation within the landfill worsens the liner material's quality, causing migration of the leachates, contaminating groundwater, and causing pollution of surrounding environment. With this perspective, a comparative assessment of the influence of real and simulated municipal solid waste (MSW) leachate on two different bentonites has been carried out in the present investigation. The two bentonites, differing precisely by their cation exchange capacity (CEC), liquid limit (LL), and swelling capability, were examined for variation in their LL, free swell (FS), and hydraulic behaviour concerning their interaction with both leachates. Results depicted that in both the leachates, LL and FS, swelling potential (SP) and pressure declined, whereas hydraulic conductivity (HC) rose. Furthermore, the bentonite quality greatly influenced the LL, FS, SP, swelling pressure, and hydraulic behaviour. Bentonite having higher CEC, SSA, and swelling ability experienced a higher variability in the LL (55.5 and 65.2% decrease), free swelling (76.9 and 83.1% decrease), SP, swelling pressure (53.3 and 56.4% decrease), and HC (13.1 and 49.4 times increase) values when permeated with simulated and real MSW leachates, respectively. The study also showed that the real MSW leachate interaction causes a higher variation in bentonite behaviour than its simulated counterpart. The study's findings would prove beneficial to design engineers for selecting bentonite types for landfill liners.

Synthesis of hydrogel from sugarcane bagasse extracted cellulose for swelling properties study

Insolubility of cellulose in common solvent had been a challenge in generating cellulose hydrogels. In the present work, hydrogels from sugarcane bagasse extracted cellulose and modify with synthetic polymer, poly (vinyl alcohol) (PVA) and cross-linker, glutaraldehyde (GA) was synthesize. Cellulose was isolated from sugarcane bagasse via pre-treatment with 4 vol% sulphuric acid (H2SO4) and 10 wt% sodium hydroxide (NaOH) solution. The cellulose extracted was dissolved in ZnCl2/CaCl2 solution at 65 ℃ to fabricate self-standing cellulose hydrogel without cross-linker. Another cellulose hydrogel was generated and immersed into 5 wt% GA solution to cross-link the cellulose chains. To improve the stability and swelling properties of cellulose, PVA was introduced into the hydrogel by using GA to cross-link cellulose chains with PVA chains. The resulting hydrogels were characterized with Attenuated Total Reflectance-Fourier Transform Infrared (ATR-FTIR) spectroscopy and solid state 13C Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) spectroscopy for structural determination. Three self-standing cellulose-based hydrogels, including regenerated cellulose (RC), GA cross-linked cellulose (C-GA), followed by PVA and GA cross-linked cellulose (C-GA-PVA) were successfully generated from ZnCl2/CaCl2 dissolution system and each hydrogel possessed different physical aspects. The occurrence of chemical cross-linking reaction between cellulose, GA and PVA was further evidenced by the data analyzed from ATR-FTIR and NMR spectra. The swelling degree of hydrogels generally increase after the addition of PVA and GA into cellulose suspension, showing 52 % (RC), 80 % (C-GA) and 135 % (C-GA-PVA). C-GA-PVA possessed the best swelling capability and potential for possible application as water reservoir in agriculture.

Determination of Swell Potential of Soils using Cole in Panyam, North – Central Nigeria

Swell potential of soils from parts of Panyam, North – Central Nigeria were investigated covering 72 square kilometres within latitudes N9021′ and N9026′ and longitudes 9011′E and 9015′30″E. With the increase of civil engineering constructions and the scramble for limited portions of competent soils for such constructions, there is an urgent need in a developing nation to study and characterize such soils based on its geotechnical properties. The geotechnical studies include twenty soil samples taken within the 1.5m depth with the aim of determining the swell potential in order to give appropriate guide to any civil engineering design and construction. The direct method of soil analysis which is the coefficient of linear extensibility (COLE), which ranges from 0.02–0.17 was used for the study. COLE Values greater than 0.06, were considered to be critical for most civil engineering design and constructions. Most of the samples studied were considered not safe for bungalows and some infrastructure without proper safety measures carried out to improve upon it.

Compositional Features and Swelling Potential of Two Weak Rock Types Affecting Their Slake Durability

Weak and weathered rocks are well known for their sensitivity to changes in moisture content. Degrading behavior is common in weak rocks with moisture-sensitive mineral components and present numerous stability problems. The slake durability is a measure of the resistance to weakening and disintegration of rock materials which quantitatively distinguishes durable from non-durable rock materials. Several rock material parameters interact on the process of disintegration when exposed to cyclic moisture changes, whereby the content of clay is believed to play a major role. This manuscript evaluates the overall material composition of flysch and serpentinite rocks cored from the wall of the shotcrete-lined headrace tunnel of a hydropower project, including minerals, structure, porosity, the presence of micro-discontinuities, and swelling potential, and links these properties to the slake durability. Further, the different methods used to assess compositional features affecting the durability of weak rocks are evaluated and discussed. The manuscript argues that the mineralogical composition and microstructures present in the intact rock and the content of moisture-sensitive constituents, as swelling clays, control the long-term durability of weak rock material. It is demonstrated that XRD assessments are not sufficient to detect the content of brucite and swelling components, and that methods as thin section and SEM analyses should be carried out in the assessment of weak and weathered rock mass.

PENGARUH STABILISASI ABU DAUN BAMBU DAN SEMEN TERHADAP KEMBANG SUSUT (SWELLING) TANAH LEMPUNG EKSPANSIF

Soft clay is a soil type mostly found in Indonesia. This type of soil requires treatment because of its poor properties. These properties have a relatively low bearing capacity in water saturated conditions, high swelling potential, and high plasticity. These are several methods to improve clay soil, including soil stabilization. Soil stabilization is a method of mixing pozzolanic materials such as cement and bamboo leaf ash with the natural soil. The purpose of this addition is to reduce the characteristics of expansive clay such as high swelling potential. The research focused on the results of swelling testing using an oedometer test and was carried out using 6 sample variants using cement with a percentage of 12% of the dry mass of soil and bamboo leaf ash with a percentage of 0%, 25%, 50%, 75%, 100% of the total weight of cement used. Preliminary research is carried out before the core research. The research included examining the original soil parameters, mineral content, and pozzolanic content of bamboo leaf ash. The results of the preliminary research showed that the natural soil is classified as a high plasticity (CH) clay group and had a high potential for swelling and shrinkage. Whereas in the pozzolanic material test, bamboo leaf ash contained a chemical compound of SiO2 as much as 79.68%. Based on the results, cement and bamboo leaf ash as stabilization agents succeeded in reducing the swelling value of the soil from 15.71% to 4.33% in the S100ADB0 and 6.07% variations in S75ADB25.

LABORATORY TESTING AND NUMERICAL ANALYSIS FOR EXPANSIVE SOIL TREATED BY POZZOLANIC MATERIALS

This paper presents laboratory and numerical analysis on the behavior of expansive soils treated by Silica fume and Slag as a pozzolanic material. The laboratory tests divided into two series, the first using conventional oedometer andthe other islaboratory physical model. Swelling potential of test expansive soil was determined the conventional oedometer. On the other hand, the untreated and treated expansive soils have been tested using the physical model for 45 days under light load condition. The numerical studiesare based on simulating the tested soil by Plaxis-3D program. To model the behavior of expansive soil, elastoplastic models have been used. Hardening Soil Model (HSM) with volumetric strain value is chosen in this study.The results of laboratory tests indicated that; the soil contains high clay percentage,with active clay. Expansive soil treated with 5% of both Silica fume and Slag revealed better improvement with moderate swelling potential. The results of laboratory models found that; the swelling potential reduced by about 60% for soils treated by 5% of both Silica fume and Slag. Finally, the results of numerical analysis are found to be closed to thelaboratory model. The swelling potential estimated from the oedometer test is about 4 times that observed from laboratory model. يقدم هذا البحث الاختبار المعملي والتحليل العددي لسلوک التربة الإنتفاخية المعالجة بالسليکا فيوم والخبث کمواد بوزلانية. تنقسم الإختبارات المعملية الى سلسلتين من الإختبارات، الأولى هي باستخدام الإيدوميتر التقليدي القياسي والثانية هى نماذج معملية مصنعه فى المعمل. تم تحديد طاقة الإنتفاش فى المعمل من خلال الإيدوميتر التقليدى. من ناحية أخرى، تم اختبار التربة الإنتفاخية داخل النموذج لمدة 45 يوما تحت ظروف الحمل الخفيف. تعتمد الدراسة العددية على محاکاة التربة المختبرة باستخدام برنامج Plaxis-3D ثلاثي الأبعاد. لنمذجة سلوک التربة الإنتفاخية، يبدو أنه من الضروري نمذجة التربة بنماذج اللدائن المرنة التى تم استخدامها لأنواع مختلفة من الطين. تم اختيار نموذج تصلب التربة مع قيمة الانفعال الحجمي في الدراسة العددية. وجدت نتائج الإختبارات المعملية أن: تصنف التربة على أن بها نسبة عالية من الطين النشط. أعطت نتائج معالجة التربة الإنتفاخية بنسبة 5 % من کلا من السليکا فيوم والخبث تحسنا أفضل مع طاقة الانتفاش المحتملة. وجدت نتائج النماذج المعملية أن: تقل طاقة الانتفاش بحوالى 60 % للتربة الانتفاخية المعالجة بنسبة 5 % بکلا من السليکا فيوم والخبث. أخيرا، أوضحت تحليل النماذج العددية أن: نتائج التحليل العددي قريبة جدا من نتائج النماذج المعملية. تعادل طاقة الإنتفاش الحاصل عليها من تجربة الإيدوميتر 4 مرات القيمة الحاصل عليها من النموذج العملي.

An Experimental Study on heave and Uplift Behaviour of Granular Pile Anchor Foundation System

Several innovative ground improvement techniques were presented by various researchers throughout the globe for modification of the existing poor soils. Granular Pile-Anchors (GPA) were found to be more promising in resisting the heave behavior of the expansive soils in recent times. The engineering behavior of the soil can be improved by this technique apart from resting the swell. This technique is a modification on the existing granular pile technique with an anchor plate beneath the granular pile that is connected to the foundation by means of an anchor rod or cable. Numerous scale model tests were discussed in this paper to understand the heave and pull-out behavior of Granular Pile-Anchor Foundation (GPAF) system. The effect of spacing was studied by using two granular piles at varied spacing. It was observed that the swell potential was reduced to about 68.09% for 50mm dia GPA, compared to the virgin expansive soil. The swell potential was found to be further reduced at twice the diameter of the pile spacing. The pull-out capacity was found to be increased by about 393% by providing a 50mm diameter GPA in the expansive soil.

Swell-shrink behaviour of an expansive soil stabilised by CCR-fly ash (FA) columns and CCR-FA blends

ABSTRACT This paper presents the results of laboratory-scale swell-shrink tests performed in an oedometer on an expansive soil stabilised by calcium carbide residue-fly ash (CCR-FA) columns. The expansive soil used in this study had a swell potential of 11.56%. The CCR-FA columns (3 mm in diameter) were seven in number diametrically arranged in the oedometer. In another series of tests, the expansive soil was directly mixed with the CCR-FA blends. The 3-D volumetric shrinkage of the samples was measured using digital image analysis in five swell-shrink cycles. The results were compared with the shrinkage measured manually. The impact of this treatment on soil morphology was interpreted using SEM. A significant reduction of 62% was observed in swell potential when CCR-FA columns were used at the CCR:FA ratio of 20:80. Uneven swelling patterns for some of the cycles indicate partial loss of cementation. The results of the 3-D volumetric shrinkage indicated only partial success of the treatment in preventing shrinkage. The digital image analysis estimated slightly higher 3-D volumetric shrinkage than that observed through manual measurement. SEM demonstrated the observed changes in soil morphology due to swell-shrink cycles. Further studies would be required to conclude on prevention of shrinkage.

GIS-Based Data Integration Approach for Rainfall-Induced Slope Failure Susceptibility Mapping in Clayey Soils

AbstractRoadside slopes in clayey soils with high swelling and shrinkage potential are prone to rainfall-induced shallow slope failures. Identification of slope segments susceptible to rainfall-ind...

Adaptive mitochondrial response of the whiteleg shrimp Litopenaeus vannamei to environmental challenges and pathogens.

In most eukaryotic organisms, mitochondrial uncoupling mechanisms control ATP synthesis and reactive oxygen species production. One such mechanism is the permeability transition of the mitochondrial inner membrane. In mammals, ischemia-reperfusion events or viral diseases may induce ionic disturbances, such as calcium overload; this cation enters the mitochondria, thereby triggering the permeability transition. This phenomenon increases inner membrane permeability, affects transmembrane potential, promotes mitochondrial swelling, and induces apoptosis. Previous studies have found that the mitochondria of some crustaceans do not exhibit a calcium-regulated permeability transition. However, in the whiteleg shrimpLitopenaeus vannamei, contradictory evidence has prevented this phenomenon from being confirmed or rejected. Both the ability ofL. vannameimitochondria to take up large quantities of calcium through a putative mitochondrial calcium uniporter with conserved characteristics and permeability transition were investigated in this study by determining mitochondrial responses to cations overload. By measuring mitochondrial swelling and transmembrane potential, we investigated whether shrimp exposure to hypoxia-reoxygenation events or viral diseases may induce mitochondrial permeability transition. The results of this study demonstrate that shrimp mitochondria take up large quantities of calcium through a canonical mitochondrial calcium uniporter. Neither calcium nor other ions were observed to promote permeability transition. This phenomenon does not depend on the life cycle stage of shrimp, and it is not induced during hypoxia/reoxygenation events or in the presence of viral diseases. The absence of the permeability transition phenomenon and its adaptive meaning are discussed as a loss with biological advantages, possibly enabling organisms to survive under harsh environmental conditions.

Improvement of an Extremely Highly Plastic Expansive Clay with Hydrated Lime and Fly Ash

In this study, extremely highly plastic soil samples were collected from clay deposits in the Akyurt district of Ankara (Turkey), near Esenboga Airport. Hydrated lime and fly ash were applied as chemical stabilizers. The clay samples were mixed with a stabilizing agent considering the dry weight (lime content: 1%, 3%, 5%, 7%, and 9%; fly ash content: 5%, 10%, 15%, 20%, and 25%). The engineering properties of the improved soil samples were determined via laboratory tests. The changes in engineering properties, especially in regard to the swell potential and compressive strength, were analyzed in this paper. Correlations between index properties, swell percentage and swell pressure were established. The effective lime content reducing the liquid limit and plasticity index ranged from 4 to 5%, whereas approximately 8% lime was necessary to attain an allowable swell percentage. Fly ash did not effectively improve the extremely highly plastic clay in reasonable amounts (i.e., 20 to 25%) in terms of its swelling properties.

Hydro-mechanical response of crushed argillite and bentonite mixtures as sealing material

Mixture of excavated Callovo-Oxfordian (COx) argillite and MX80 bentonite has been proposed as potential sealing material for the French deep geological disposal facility of radioactive waste. The mixtures hydro-mechanical behaviour was studied in order to assess their response on design requirements. At the as-compacted state, soil fabric analysed by the MIP technique, showed single-modal pore distribution for pure COx and bimodal pore distribution for samples containing MX80. All tested mixtures developed homogeneous behaviour during compaction with no effect of MX80 presence. Swelling potential was evaluated by hydration tests under 4 MPa on highly compacted material (2.0 Mg/m 3 ). Swelling increase and saturated permeability reduction was obtained on bentonite content increment. Combining results of the present experimental work and remarks of previous researchers, the characteristic saturation potential slope was determined and exploited to estimate the swelling under 1, 4 and 7 MPa for various COx/MX80 mixtures compacted at different pressures. The experimental verification of the adopted method suggested an approach of identifying possible combinations in terms of compaction and bentonite content that can fulfill design requirements. • Mixtures compressibility at initial water content is governed by COx argillite. • Bentonite presence results in bimodal pore size distribution. • Saturation potential slope estimates swelling under varied stresses for OC samples.

Preparation, Characterization, Swelling Potential, and In-Vitro Evaluation of Sodium Poly(Styrene Sulfonate)-Based Hydrogels for Controlled Delivery of Ketorolac Tromethamine.

The objective of the current study work was to fabricate sodium poly(styrene sulfonate-co-poly acrylic acid) (SPSPAA) hydrogels by using a free radical co-polymerization method for controlled delivery of ketorolac tromethamine (KT). Polymer (sodium poly(styrene sulfonate) (SPS) polymerized with monomer acrylic acid (AA) in the presence of initiator ammonium peroxodisulfate (APS) and cross-linker N′,N′-Methylene bisacrylamide (MBA). Different combinations of polymer, cross-linker and monomer, were employed for development of polymeric hydrogels. Various studies such as sol-gel, drug loading, dynamic swelling, and drug release studies were carried out to know the sol and gel portion of SPSPAA, swelling behavior of hydrogels at different pH media (1.2 and 7.4), quantification of drug loaded by fabricated hydrogels, and amount release of KT at pH 1.2 and 7.4. Higher dynamic swelling was found at pH 7.4 compared to pH 1.2, and as a result, greater percent release of drug was perceived at pH 7.4. Thermal stability, crystallinity, confirmation of functional groups and development of a new polymeric system, and surface morphology were evaluated via Thermogravimetric Analysis (TGA), Differential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC), Powder X-ray Diffraction (PXRD), Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR) and Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) respectively. The results showed that the present work could be used as a potential candidate for controlled delivery of KT.

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