Sweet Milk Research Articles

TDIQ (5,6,7,8-tetrahydro-1,3-dioxolo[4,5- g]isoquinoline) inhibits the consumption of “snacks” in mice

There is considerable evidence that α 2-adrenergic receptor activity exerts a pivotal role in initiation of feeding behavior. The appetite suppressant and monoamine release effects of TDIQ (5,6,7,8-tetrahydro-1,3-dioxolo[4,5- g]isoquinoline), a putative selective α 2-adrenergic compound, were compared to those of fenfluramine, a reference drug that produces an anorectic effect via presynaptic release and reuptake inhibition of serotonin. The drugs were administered to two groups of mice that had learned to consume either sweet milk or chocolate pellets (i.e. “snacks”) during the low-activity/reduced-feeding “light” portion of their light/dark cycle. The selectivity of the drugs to suppress the consumption of snacks was determined by comparing doses of each drug that inhibited the animals' consumption of snacks to doses of each drug that have been shown, or were shown, to impact the motor (i.e. locomotor, rotarod, and inclined-screen side effect-like tests) or conditioned taste aversion (CTA) behavior of mice. An evaluation of TDIQ as a releaser of monoamines was determined in rodent brain synaptosomes. The administration of TDIQ or fenfluramine inhibited the consumption of the snacks, and a comparison of their ED 50 doses indicated that TDIQ is about 3 times more potent than fenfluramine (1.3 mg/kg vs. 4.2 mg/kg, respectively) in the sweet milk test and almost equipotent to fenfluramine (19.4 mg/kg vs. 18.4 mg/kg, respectively) in the chocolate pellet assay. The selectivity of the appetite suppressant effect of TDIQ was differentiated from that of fenfluramine on the basis that TDIQ exhibited a wide separation between its dose–response effects that suppressed snack consumption and its minimal effects in tests that measured behavioral impairment. Moreover, TDIQ was distinguished from fenfluramine in that it displayed very low potencies as a presynaptic releaser of monoamines. Finally, TDIQ (0.3 mg/kg–30.0 mg/kg) did not induce a conditioned taste aversion. TDIQ may represent a novel chemical entity that exhibits a significantly favorable therapeutic-like (i.e. appetite suppressant) effect to side effect-like ratio.

Performance and health of dairy calves fed limited amounts of acidified milk replacer

To compare growth performance of Brown Swiss calves fed acidified milk replacer (AMR) at 8% of birth weight, 20 newborn calves were reared under a new calf-feeding programme. Body weights, total weight gains and gains in body measurements, feed intake and feed efficiency values determined at different stages of growth of AMR-fed calves were comparable to those of calves fed sweet milk replacer (SMR). Faecal consistency scores and percent days with diarrhoea of calves offered AMR from four to 35 days of age were respectively 0.4 and 19.1% lower than those fed SMR. Most of the behavioural parameters studied were not unfavourably influenced by acidification of the replacer. In conclusion, growth, feed intake and feed efficiency characteristics of Brown Swiss calves fed AMR or SMR were not different from each other. However, incidence of diarrhoea of the young calves was decreased and health status of the calves was improved with the feeding of acidified milk.

Effects of MCH and a MCH1-receptor antagonist on (palatable) food and water intake

Melanin concentrating hormone (MCH) is a regulator of ingestive behavior, but several issues regarding its effects on specific components of ingestive behavior remain to be elucidated. Therefore, we injected, in the 3rd ventricle of male Wistar rats, saline, MCH (5 μg), MCH (5 μg) together with a MCH1-R antagonist (A, 10 μg) and the antagonist alone (A, 10 μg). Our results show that (1) central administration of MCH stimulates food intake (lab chow and medium high fat diet) and this can be blocked by a MCH1-R antagonist; (2) the MCH-induced increase in food intake is mediated through increased meal number, meal duration and meal size; (3) the MCH1-R antagonist is able to significantly reduce the intake of a highly palatable food (condensed sweet milk) and is more effective in blocking MCH-induced food intake when rats are fed a palatable medium high fat food; and (4) MCH stimulated water intake independently from and disproportionately to food intake. In conclusion, our results point to an involvement of endogenous MCH in the enhanced intake of palatable food. Furthermore, they confirm that MCH stimulates not only food intake but also water intake.

Independent ingestion and microstructure of feeding patterns in infant rats lacking CCK-1 receptors

Otsuka Long-Evans Tokushima fatty (OLETF) rats are a strain of Long-Evans Tokushima Otsuka (LETO) rats that do not express CCK-1 receptors, developing in adulthood, hyperphagia, obesity, and non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (NIDDM). We examined weight gain and meal patterns during a 30-min independent ingestion test on postnatal days 2-4 and again on days 9-11 in OLETF and LETO rat pups. OLETF pups were significantly heavier compared with their LETO controls at both ages, and they consumed significantly more of the sweet milk diet. The difference in intake can be attributed to a significant increase in meal size and duration. Number of clusters and bursts of licking within a meal were greater in OLETF rat pups, with no difference between strains in burst and cluster size. Interlick interval (ILI) was not significantly different between OLETF and LETO pups. This measure decreased on days 9-11 compared with days 2-4 in both strains. Latency to start feeding was significantly shorter on days 2-4 in OLETF vs. LETO pups, but this difference disappeared at the second test at the older age. Two- to four-day-old OLETF pups consumed a larger volume of milk during the first minute of feeding, and their initial lick rate and decay of lick rate were significantly larger compared with their LETO controls. Lack of CCK-1 receptors, or other OLETF-related abnormalities, therefore, resulted in a satiation deficit, leading to increased meal size, hyperphagia, and increased weight gain as early as 2-4 postnatal days.

Early Hungers

REFLECTION Early Hungers Bo Ball At the Presley two-room school, dinner was butter and sugar biscuits. Or tomato slices bleeding into the bread. Bees fought you for those. Some children "packed" milk and crumbled cornbread in half-gallon lard cans that spelled out Armour. Buttermilk, usually, for it lasted longer. A thunderclap, a fork of lightning, and sweet milk blinked. The Johnsons brought their pone unbroken—atop the pail. ("Don't like my milk'nbread mushy," they said.) The Fletchers substituted lassies (molasses) for milk, and their cornbread also rested on the lids. Poor families rarely had wheat bread, not even for breakfast. Meal (from their own corn) could be batter-fried into goodness. And, to this day, I prefer cornmeal gravy to the fancy kind offered in cookbooks. Yet our neighbors hungered for wheat. Marybell Johnson would darken our door at breakfast and beg, "Sissie wonts a piece of wheat bread, and I do too." My mother gave out cat-head biscuits (the Johnsons then brought salt to swap for sugar). Mid-recess at the Presley School, and, weather allowing, we gathered on the big rock just below the dirt road: the primer and first grade on the lowest slope; second and third graders all the way up to the highest, the seventh. About forty in all, and only the wormy children without food. Lice knitted crusts into their heads. They sometimes got dibs on 'materbiscuits. Or lard pails. The Bible said the poor would always be with us. We nodded to that notion every day. Jo and I played with the nit-heads, the worm-gullets. We invited them to spend nights with us. A guarantee of a crop of lice (and kerosene dousings). Sometimes ringworm that would kill you if it circled just right. Pink eye. Three kinds of itch. Our mother always had pintos, angurns, and cornbread. "I like 'ese beans, I do," a Barton would say and rub what could have been a stomach. "'Ese beans is good, dey is," a Hess would say. Without the protein in pintos, rickets and pellagra would have ravaged Appalachia. The world traveler and writer Sherwood Anderson—when he moved to southwest Virginia—wrote that no other place on earth served beans as good as those in Appalachia. He couldn't figure out the mystery. Slow cooking on a wood stove? An 33 overnight soaking in water flavored by limestone? The mystery is the lowly pork skin—not thrown to dogs, but salted down and used for "seasoning," sometimes with the hair still decorating the pores. When the pintos were cleaned from the bowl, the nit-heads fought for the rubbery skin. Toughened in time, it became their chewing gum into evening. In bed, Jo and I hugged our swollen little bellies and talked of what we'd do when we grew up and "excaped" to campfires way out West. Our first crime involved the nit-heads, the worm-gullets. On our way home from school we passed two stores. The first, a little room, was tended by Mrs. Hale. She sometimes gave Jo and me a broken cookie. A mashed moon pie (her drunk husband, Marion, came to our house and threw pennies into the air for us to fight over). Mrs. Hale had few customers. She liked to hear us talk about boogeymen. About ole Billy Nolley Peck. Raw Bones and Bloody Skull. When we filed in with the nit-heads, though, she kept her eyes on her counter display of Baby Ruths and Fifth Avenues. The second store—Roosevelt Lambert's—would have held Presley School. Glass showcases guarded against grimy hands. From the ceiling hung tubs and country hams. Jo and I were not supposed to charge up, but one rainy day she pointed to a Hershey bar and whispered, "Daddy said set it down." I nodded to Roosey it was so. We divided the little squares with the Bartons. Else they'd bash our heads in. From that one Hershey we graduated to moon pies. Power Houses. Treats for Jo and me, but dinner and breakfast for the Bartons and their hookworms. (And we knew that squirm. The scalding pain. The quick vomit...

Effects of the cannabinoid receptor antagonist SR 141716, alone and in combination with dexfenfluramine or naloxone, on food intake in rats.

Recent studies in animals have implicated endogenous cannabinoids in the regulation of palatable food intake, but it is not yet clear to what extent pharmacological agents acting on this system may have sustained actions and applicability to different feeding protocols. In the present study, we examine the effects of the cannabinoid CB1 receptor antagonist SR 141716 on food intake of rats, and its behavioral specificity. We examine whether tolerance develops to the anorectic actions of SR 141716, and whether it has either additive or synergistic actions with dexfenfluramine or naloxone. Undeprived rats were trained to eat a daily sweet milk dessert and on test days were administered single or combination drugs and intakes were recorded. In other studies, rats were deprived for 24 h of either food or water and intakes recorded after drug administration at the end of this time. In one study, rats were fed ad libitum chow with SR 141716 added. SR 141716 (1-3 mg/kg) suppressed both palatable food intake in undeprived rats and food, but not water, intake after deprivation. Using an isobolographic analysis, SR 141716 had an additive anorectic effect with dexfenfluramine. In contrast, SR 141716 in combination with naloxone had a significantly supra-additive anorectic action. SR 141716 was also effective orally and no tolerance to its anorectic effect developed over 3 days. These data show that SR 141716 is an effective anorectic agent using both palatable foods and bland chow, and is selective because water intake was unaffected. SR 141716 is also effective orally and has an effect sustained for at least several days. There appears to be a synergistic interaction between opioid and cannabinoid systems in the regulation of feeding, whereas the combination of a serotonin releasing agent and the CB1 antagonist is additive.

Gastric negative feedback produced by volume and nutrient during a meal in rats.

To investigate the gastric negative-feedback control of eating during a meal, we implanted male rats with pyloric cuffs and gastric catheters and gave them access to sweet milk for 30 min after overnight deprivation. Ingested milk and infused milk or saline were confined to the stomach because the pyloric cuffs were closed in all tests. Rats received five consecutive tests with no gastric infusion or with infusions of 3, 6, or 12 ml of milk or saline during the first 6 min of the test meal. Only 12-ml infusions decreased intake significantly compared with no infusion. Because 12 ml of saline inhibited intake as much as 12 ml of milk, the decreased intake was due to volume or rate of infusion, not nutrient. Although infusions of 3 and 6 ml of milk did not decrease intake, they decreased the number of licks after the infusions significantly more than equal volumes of saline. Thus a large volume or rapid rate of gastric infusion decreases intake, and some other aspect of small milk infusions decreases the rate of licking.

Estradiol treatment increases feeding-induced c-Fos expression in the brains of ovariectomized rats.

The steroid hormone estradiol decreases meal size by increasing the potency of negative-feedback signals involved in meal termination. We used c-Fos immunohistochemistry, a marker of neuronal activation, to investigate the hypothesis that estradiol modulates the processing of feeding-induced negative-feedback signals within the nucleus of the solitary tract (NTS), the first central relay of the neuronal network controlling food intake, and within other brain regions related to the control of food intake. Chow-fed, ovariectomized rats were injected subcutaneously with 10 microg 17-beta estradiol benzoate or sesame oil vehicle on 2 consecutive days. Forty-eight hours after the second injections, 0, 5, or 10 ml of a familiar sweet milk diet were presented for 20 min at dark onset. Rats were perfused 100 min later, and brain tissue was collected and processed for c-Fos-like immunoreactivity. Feeding increased the number of c-Fos-positive cells in the NTS, the paraventricular nucleus of the hypothalamus (PVN), and the central nucleus of the amygdala (CeA) in oil-treated rats. Estradiol treatment further increased this response in the caudal, subpostremal, and intermediate NTS, which process negative-feedback satiation signals, but not in the rostral NTS, which processes positive-feedback gustatory signals controlling meal size. Estradiol treatment also increased feeding-induced c-Fos in the PVN and CeA. These results indicate that modest amounts of food increase neuronal activity within brain regions implicated in the control of meal size in ovariectomized rats and that estradiol treatment selectively increases this activation. They also suggest that estradiol decreases meal size by increasing feeding-related neuronal activity in multiple regions of the distributed neural network controlling meal size.

Hypertonic glucose preloads act preabsorptively to decrease intake in rats on postnatal day 18

To determine if preloads of glucose act preabsorptively or postabsorptively to inhibit intake, 18-day-old rat pups were deprived for 24 h and then provided with sweet milk during a 30-min independent ingestion test. Five minutes before the test, gastric preloads (5% body weight, BW) or intraperitoneal injections (4 ml/kg BW) of isotonic, hypotonic, and hypertonic solutions of glucose or 2-deoxy- d-glucose (2-DG) were administered. There were two major results: First, preloads of 20% glucose decreased intake much more than intraperitoneal injections of 20% glucose. Second, a preload of 20% 2-DG, which decreases, rather than increases glucose utilization, was as effective as a preload of 20% glucose in decreasing intake. These results are consistent with a preabsorptive osmotic mechanism, but not with a postabsorptive metabolic mechanism, for mediating most, if not all, of the inhibition of intake 5 min after preloads of 20% glucose in rats on postnatal day 18 (P18).

A cholecystokinin receptor antagonist blocks milk-induced but not maternal-contact-induced decrease of ultrasonic vocalization in rat pups

The role of cholecystokinin (CCK) in reducing separation-induced ultrasonic vocalization (USV) was examined by peripheral administration (of the selective CCK(A) receptor antagonist devazepide to 10-11-day-old rats. Pups placed alone for 2 min emitted a mean of 55.1 USV/min. When placed on a paper towel wet with warm, sweet milk, USV rate decreased to 23.2/min for the following 8 min. Devazepide (150-600 microg/kg IP) prevented this USV reduction, but did not increase feeding. In contrast, USV reduction produced by contact with the anesthetized dam was not affected by devazepide. Similarly, the opiate antagonist naltrexone (0.5 and 1.0 mg/kg) has been shown to block morphine-induced USV decrease in pups away from the dam, but was ineffective when USV reduction was induced by the presence of the dam (Blass et al., 1990; Carden & Hofer, 1990). The current findings suggest that CCK's role is specific, in that it mediates milk- but not dam-induced quieting of USV. The results, however, are not incompatible with the possibility that CCK and opioids are part of multiple, redundant pathways that mediate the quieting of USV by the dam.

Linkages of history in the narrative of Close Sesame

Close Sesame is the third and final novel of Nuruddin Farah's trilogy entitled Variations on the Theme of an African Dictatorship. The other two are Sweet and Sour Milk (1979) and Sardines (1981). Close Sesame brings together events, characters, and themes from the two books and adds new insights to focus on the immensity of the dictatorship in the Somalia of the novel. From a close analysis of the novel, this paper aims to establish how the text links two historical aspects, namely, colonial and post‐colonial dictatorship. It examines this theme in the context of pre‐colonial, colonial and post‐colonial Somalia as a way of establishing both the discontinuity and disruption brought about by the encounter between Somali cultural traditions and various forms of imperialism. Focusing on the central character's progress through the novel, the paper examines the various ways in which pre‐colonial, colonial, and post‐colonial Somalia are linked. An examination of the pivotal character's experience and relationships throughout the novel establishes the various processes by which the lessons of the past are understood and transmitted to the young.

‘Pour the sweet milk of concord into hell’: Theories of Unity and Disunity in Late Beethoven

Music AnalysisVolume 18, Issue 1 p. 127-142 ‘Pour the sweet milk of concord into hell’: Theories of Unity and Disunity in Late Beethoven James Parsons, James Parsons Southwest Missouri State University, Springfield, USASearch for more papers by this author James Parsons, James Parsons Southwest Missouri State University, Springfield, USASearch for more papers by this author First published: 23 January 2003 https://doi.org/10.1111/1468-2249.00085Citations: 1AboutPDF ToolsRequest permissionExport citationAdd to favoritesTrack citation ShareShare Give accessShare full text accessShare full-text accessPlease review our Terms and Conditions of Use and check box below to share full-text version of article.I have read and accept the Wiley Online Library Terms and Conditions of UseShareable LinkUse the link below to share a full-text version of this article with your friends and colleagues. Learn more.Copy URL Share a linkShare onFacebookTwitterLinkedInRedditWechat Citing Literature Volume18, Issue1March 1999Pages 127-142 RelatedInformation

Phospholipid-rich butter milk decreases the gastro-intestinal survival and translocation of listeria in rats

Metabolites of phospholipids possess powerful biologic activity towards prokaryotic cells. For instance, they may cause surfactant-induced lysis of cells. Gram-positive bacteria are sensitive to the lyric action of surfactants. In this study we, therefore, investigated the effect of dietary phospholipids on the Gram-positive food-borne pathogen Listeria monocytogenes. Methods: The listericidal effect of lecithin and lysolecithin was tested in vitro by culturing techniques. In addition, male Wistar rats were fed purified diets based on lactase-treated skim milk powder (1.7 lamol phospholipids/g diet) or sweet butter milk powder (10.4 pmol phospholipids/g diet). After adaptation to these diets, animals were orally infected with 4 x 109 CFU Listeria monocytogenes 4B. Results: Lysolecithin, in contrast to lecithin, inhibited growth of Listeria in vitro. Infection parameters in vivo are summarized in the table (* P < 0.05).

Recollections of An Unrepentent Researcher-Bill's Soliloquy

Now I arrive at my 68th year, about to reflect on a life-long career. The whole thing began with DNA; A mother, a father, the old-fashioned way. Born in a land of ice, snow, and blizzards, famous for lobsters and myelin wizards. As a youth I was drawn to chemistry and math. Fumes and vile odors I saw as my path. First Bowdoin, then Princeton for graduate studies with learned professors and billiard room buddies. (Author's note: It's a little known fact that Bill and his billiard buddies won the team billiard championship at Princeton in 1952). When DuPont beckoned I answered the call. Free radicals became my major enthrall. But then I took a trip to the Bronx where I met Saul Korey, and other wise wonks They told me 'young man it really is true; You too can become a neural guru'. 'We need guys like you', big Saul said to me. 'Our field will advance with more chemistry.' So I hastened to Einstein, alert and clean shaven, eager to become a myelin maven. With colleagues like Katzman, Scheinberg and Terry; imposing figures, awesome and scary. And down the hall were Ledeen and Suzuki, the ganglioside ghouls, high strung and a bit kooky. While upstairs there labored a guy named Rapport, who pushed lipid haptens and myths of that sort. My postdoc completed, a beard was soon grown. Rabbi Norton of Einstein, I came to be known. Some graduate students then came on the scene. First there was Lucy, later Irene. And hard-working postdocs by dozens appeared; George, Alex, Wendy—hardly one with a beard. Until there came Oliver of future book fame. 'I'm a seeker of truth', he did stoutly proclaim. 'And I have a mission', he went on to state, 'to obtain kosher myelin from an invertebrate'. Weeks later I told him, 'please transfer to rehab before you destroy the rest of my lab'. But the magic hands of Shirley and Farooq gave ultra results that were one for the book. We had some help from the immuno clique; Celia and Murray and omniscient Cedrique. My colleagues to me did the journal entrust, and hundreds of manuscripts soon bit the dust. I served ASN on the governing team; no spicy scandals in my regime. The research continued, data on cue; many papers were published, some of them true. Sweet milk did flow from the NIH cow. Playing the grant game was the cat's meow. But the times they have changed, my colleagues are blue. What once gave us milk now gives us 'moo'. To the next generation we now look for guidance. I've had a full life, and not all in science. Whiskey, wild women, even cigarettes; I've done it all and I have no regrets.

Brothers and Sisters in Nuruddin Farah's Two Trilogies

By JACQUELINE BARDOLPH Nuruddin Farah's two trilogies are organized on the basis of political and historical themes. The title of the first set of novels, Variations on the Theme of an African Dictatorship, follows the gradual disillusionment with the regime of General Siyad Barre on the part of those who had set their hopes on the new Somalia. More generally, it reflects the hopelessness a nation feels in fighting against a tyranny it has helped create, and the questions raised are broad enough to apply to other times and places. After all, at the time he was composing the opening installment of the first trilogy, Sweet and Sour Milk (1979), the author also had in mind the Greece of the Colonels. The titles of the three novels that con-

Fourth ventricular injection of the bombesin receptor antagonist [ d-phe 6]bombesin(6–13)methyl ester, but not BW2258U89, increases food intake in rats

To investigate the role of endogenous bombesin-like peptides in the caudal brainstem for the short-term control of food intake, we evaluated the effects of fourth-ventricular injections of two different bombesin (BN) receptor antagonists, [ d-Phe 6]BN(6–13) methyl ester and BW2258U89, on intake of sweetened, condensed milk in male rats. Although fourth-ventricular administration of BW2258U89 (0.125–20 ng) had no effect on food intake, fourth-ventricular injections of 1.0–20.0 ng of [ d-Phe 6BN(6–13) methyl ester resulted in an inverted U-shaped, dose-response curve with a maximal effect at 2.5 ng. Microstructural analysis of the licking behavior indicated that the increase in intake was primarily the result of an increased number of licks and an increase in lick efficiency. Behavioral time sampling demonstrated that these changes in intake occurred without the appearance of any competing behavior or significant change in the overall pattern of behavior. Because [ d-Phe 6BN(6–13) methyl ester appears to be a preferential antagonist at the GRP-preferring receptor, the increased intake that occurred after its administration suggests that an endogenous GRP-mechanism in the caudal brainstem is necessary for the normal, short-term control of sweet milk intake under these conditions.

Effect of Milk Replacement by Whey Protein Concentrates on the Rheological Properties of Dulce de Leche

The flow behaviour of commercial samples of Dulce de Leche (sweet milk spread) was determined as a model for the development of products containing ultrafiltration whey protein concentrate. The spreads followed the Herschel-Bulkley model with a flow behaviour index of 0.67 and a significant yield stress constant. The consistency coefficients and yield stress constants varied in a broad range. Samples prepared with a 50% replacement of milk proteins by whey proteins showed the same theological behaviour as the commercial product and could not be distinguished from those prepared exclusively with milk.

The Effect of pH and Temperature on the Rheological Behavior of Dulce De Leche, A Typical Dairy Argentine Product

The rheological behavior of commercial samples of Dulce de Leche (sweet milk) for household and confectionery use was studied. Both products have thixotropic and pseudoplastic characteristics. Apparent viscosity, determined at 25, 40, and 55°C, demonstrated that this magnitude decreased with increased temperature. Activation energies were 9.9 and 10.4 kcal/mol for household and confectionery types, respectively.Apparent viscosities of household samples were determined at pH = 3.0, 6.1, and 8.3. At acid pH, the apparent viscosity was lower than that of the original sample (pH = 6.1); at alkaline pH viscosity was higher than that of the original. The effect of pH becomes more pronounced with time.From shear stress and shear rate flow diagrams, the Herschel-Bulkley model was adequate for both types of Dulce de Leche investigated.

Feeding Acidified or Sweet Milk Replacer to Dairy Calves

The objective of this study was to compare performance of calves fed acidified milk replacer or regular (sweet) milk replacer twice daily at 10% of BW. Thirty-seven female Holstein calves were fed replacers reconstituted to 12.5% DM for 4wk At 28 d, half of the amounts of milk replacer consumed during wk 4 were fed during wk 5 and calves weaned from replacer at d 35 of age. A pelleted starter feed was offered for ad libitum access throughout the 42-d trial. Body weight was recorded at birth, d 3 of age, and weekly thereafter. Fecal consistency scores were recorded. Other parameters were measured on d 3 and 42. Average daily gains (d 3 to 42) for calves fed sweet and acidified milk replacers were .33 and .38 kg/d. Starter consumption was similar for both treatments. Calves fed acidified milk replacer (d 3 to 28) had a lower (1.4 vs. 1.6) fecal consistency score than those fed sweet milk replacer (scale of 1 to 4, 1 = normal and 4 = watery). Benefits of feeding acidified milk replacer at 10% of BW per day may be in reducing the incidence of some infectious scours, although further experiments are needed to verify this.

3. Unwritable Realities: The Orality of Power in Nuruddin Farah's Sweet and Sour Milk

3. Unwritable Realities: The Orality of Power in Nuruddin Farah's Sweet and Sour Milk