Sweet Fruit Research Articles

The analysis of approaches to assessing the sugar content of fruit and vegetable products

The relevance of this study is due to the growing interest of modern consumers in healthy eating, where fruit and vegetables play an important role, which should not only be aesthetically pleasing but also have high taste potential. The purpose of the article is to analyse and compare different approaches to assessing the sugar content of fruit and vegetable products, their effectiveness, and to substantiate areas for improvement. For this purpose, the author analysed the literature and regulatory and technical documents. Traditional methods for determining the sugar content are considered: total content, soluble solids content, and total soluble solids content. It has been established that the soluble solids content and the total soluble solids content of fruits cannot be equated and should be adjusted using an appropriate coefficient based on the percentage of sugars. It has been shown that the content of total soluble substances does not always correctly reflect the sugar content and does not correlate with the taste of sweetness of fruit and vegetables. The necessity of taking into account acidity, which significantly affects the perception of sweet taste, has been established. High acidity can inhibit the sweet taste of fruit and vegetables, even with a very high sugar content. It is proposed to use the ratio of sugar content to titratable acidity for a comprehensive assessment of the sugar content and taste of products. The necessity of using the BrimA and sweetness indices, which combine the indicators of sugars and acidity, as well as reflect the contribution of a single carbohydrate to the total sugar content of the product, is substantiated. These indices allow for a comprehensive assessment of sugar content and predict the sensory perception of fruit and vegetable raw materials. The absence of a single standardised approach and the need for comparative analysis to select optimal methods for measuring the sugar content of fruit and vegetable products are noted, so there is an urgent need to standardise such approaches to improve data comparison. The results of the article can be used to select the most informative methods of sugar content analysis. This will optimise quality control procedures and standardisation of measurements in the food industry

Sorbitol metabolism plays a key role in the differential accumulation of sugar in two plum cultivars.

Sugar is vital for plant growth and determines fruit quality via its content and composition. This study explores the differential sugar accumulation in two plum varieties, 'Fengtangli (FTL)' and 'Siyueli (SYL)'. The result showed that 'FTL' fruit displayed higher soluble solids and sugar content at various development stages. Metabolomic analysis indicated increased sorbitol in 'FTL', linked to elevated sorbitol-6-phosphate-dehydrogenase (S6PDH) activity. Transcriptome analysis identified a key gene for sorbitol synthesis, PsS6PDH4, which was significantly higher expressed in 'FTL' than in 'SYL'. The function of the PsS6PDH4 gene was verified in strawberry, apple, and plum fruits using transient overexpression and virus-induced gene silencing techniques. The results showed that overexpression of the PsS6PDH4 gene in strawberry, apple, and plum fruits promoted the accumulation of soluble solids content and sorbitol, while inhibition of the gene reduced soluble solids content and sorbitol content. Meanwhile, analysis of the relationship between PsS6PDH4 gene expression, sorbitol, and soluble solids content in four different plum varieties revealed a significant correlation between PsS6PDH4 gene expression and soluble solids content as well as sorbitol content. This research discovered PsS6PDH4 as a crucial regulator of sugar metabolism in plum, with potential applications in improving fruit sweetness and nutritional value in various fruit species. Understanding these molecular pathways can lead to innovative approaches for enhancing fruit quality, benefiting sustainable agriculture and consumer preferences in the global fruit industry.

Utilization of Citrus Peel Waste Into Anti-Mosquito Spray Preparations as An Alternative to Malaria Prevention

Malaria is one of the infectious diseases that is still a health problem for the community. Anopheles sp mosquitoes are vectors for spreading malaria caused by plasmodium sp. parasites. The content of citric acid in oranges, makes this fruit has a sour taste that gives a fresh aroma. Essential oils found in orange peels can generally be used as anti-mosquito spray deodorizers. Orange peels can repel mosquitoes because mosquitoes do not like the smell of fragrances. Essential oils contain gologan organic compounds terpenes and terpenoids that are oil-soluble (lipophilic). This study aims to determine the use of citrus peel waste into mosquito repellent spray preparations as an alternative to malaria prevention with variations of active substances infusion of orange peel F1 (20%), F2 (40%). The sample used in this study was an infusion of citrus fruit peel (Citrus Sinensis L). The results of organoleptis test research have a distinctive aroma of sweet orange fruit peel, yellow color and liquid form. While the average pH for all is to have a pH of 5, and for homogeneity tests all three homogeneous formulas are seen in macroscopic and microscopic ways. Test mosquito protection power, in this study the average results obtained for F1 is 43%, and F2 63% for mosquito protection standards is 90%

Comparative Transcript Levels of Sugar Metabolism Genes Between the Canary Melon and a Vietnamese Non-Sweet Melon Cultivar

Two different melon cultivars, Canary and Vietnamese non-sweet melons, are used to compare the fruit's sweetness levels. The results indicate that the Canary melon is much sweeter than the non-sweet melon. The transcript levels of the sugar metabolism genes, including <em>Cucumis melo ACID INVERTASE 2</em> (<em>CmAIN2</em>) and <em>SUCROSE SYNTHASE 1</em> (<em>CmSUS1</em>), are examined in two fruit tissues. PCR using cDNA and the electrophoresis assays indicate that the <em>CmAIN2</em> and <em>CmSUS1 </em>primer sets are specific, and only one band of PCR product is obtained from all tested samples. The quantitative reverse transcription PCR (RT-qPCR) assay is applied to compare the transcript levels of the <em>CmAIN2</em> and <em>CmSUS1 </em>genes in fruit tissues of the Canary and the Vietnamese non-sweet melons. Consistent with the sweetness levels, the <em>CmAIN2 </em>and <em>CmSUS1 </em>transcript levels are higher in the Canary melon than those in the non-sweet melon. These results imply that the local sugar metabolism in the fruits may also play an essential role in determining fruit sweetness. In addition, practically, the transcript levels of the <em>CmAIN2 </em>and <em>CmSUS1 </em>genes can be accessed and used to predict the sweetness of melon fruits early.

The relationship between weight status and food environments, peer influence and dietary intake among high-school students: a case-control study

Purpose The purpose of this study is to evaluate the relationship between weight status and food environments, peer influence and dietary intake among high-school students in Shiraz, Iran. Design/methodology/approach Applying a case-control design, 406 adolescents (n = 203 overweight or obese and n = 203 normal weight) aged 14–18 years were selected using a multistage cluster random sampling method. Demographic information, physical activity level and anthropometric indices were collected. Dietary intake was determined using a 147-item food frequency questionnaire. Food environment (home and out of home) and peer influence were determined by a validated questionnaire. Findings The type of food purchased using pocket money was different between adolescents with overweight or obesity and normal weight adolescents (p < 0.001). The out-of-home food environment score was not different between groups, but the home food environment score (p = 0.004) and the peer influence score (p = 0.001) were higher in normal weight adolescents. Adolescents with overweight or obesity consumed higher amounts of carbohydrate (p = 0.006) and lower amounts of protein (p = 0.01) and more sweet junk foods (p = 0.01), nonstarchy vegetables (p = 0.03) and fruits (p = 0.01) compared to the normal weight group. Originality/value Home food environment, peer influence, differences in macronutrient intake and dietary patterns may be contributing factors to adolescent weight status.

Differences in primary metabolism related to quality of raspberry (Rubus idaeus L.) fruit under open field and protected soilless culture growing conditions.

The raspberry (Rubus idaeus) fruit is characterized by good taste and high acceptability by consumers. Thus, the impact on the quality attributes and metabolites related to raspberry taste should be evaluated in crop alternatives such as the protected soilless culture. This study aimed to evaluate the metabolic changes during fruit development and postharvest of raspberry grown in open field and protected soilless culture and their relationship with quality parameters and sensory perception. In this study, the quality parameters and polar metabolites -sugar and amino acids- content were evaluated during raspberry ripening. In addition, ripe fruit was stored at 1 °C for five days, followed by one day of shelf life at 20 °C. The physiological and quality parameters showed typical changes during ripening in both growing conditions: a constant production of CO2, a drastic loss of firmness, an increase in weight and soluble solids content, loss of acidity, and a turning to red color from the green to fully ripe fruit stages in both growing conditions. Fruit from the protected soilless culture had significantly higher weight but a lower soluble solids content. The metabolic analysis showed differences in primary metabolites content during ripening and storage at 1 °C between both growing conditions. The raspberries grown in the open field showed higher contents of sugars such as D-glucose and D-fructose. On the contrary, the fruit from the protected soilless culture showed higher contents of some amino acids such as L-alanine, L-serine and L-valine, among others. The sensorial panel showed significant differences in the perception of the sweetness, acidity, color and firmness of ripe fruit from both growing conditions. The present study provides interesting and useful results with direct commercial application for this alternative growing system, mainly in areas where soil and water scarcity are a reality.

Empowering Durian Farmer Groups through the Application of Cultivation Technology

Abstract. Kokap sub-district is the sub-district with the largest area when compared to other sub-districts in Kulon Progo Regency. The administrative area of Kokap District consists of 5 subdistricts, namely Hargomulyo, Hargorejo, Hargowilis, Kalirejo and Hargotirto. The types of plants cultivated in the Kokap area include food crops, crops, plantations and horticulture such as vegetables and fruits. Durian is not included in the list of plants grown in the Kokap District area, because Durian is still cultivated in residents' yards with not as many other plants. Nonetheless, the PCM Kokap durian farmer organization has expressed the difficulties related to durian cultivation, including the problem of fruitless durian trees and the poor taste of the fruit's flesh, even when it succeeds in yielding fruit. The lack of knowledge about proper durian production methods is another issue that the locals must deal with. In addition, they have no idea how to take care of durian plants to ensure that they yield fruit with a sweet flavor. The solution offered to overcome this problem is counseling and cultivation practices and maintenance of durian plants in accordance with Good Agricultural Practices so that it is hoped that durian plants can bear fruit with a sweet taste of fruit flesh. The results of the activity show an increase in knowledge and skills of durian farmers regarding durian cultivation practices that are in accordance with good agricultural practices and efforts to make durian plants bear sweet fruit. Farmers' awareness of applying fertilization or booster/hormonal treatments to plants increased by 17%.

Safe Farming: Ultra-Fine Sparkling Water can Reduce Insect Pests and Increase Melon Yield and Quality

Melon pest control relies on over-application of pesticides. Reducing pesticide spraying has become a global issue for environmental sustainability and human health. Therefore, it is important to develop a new growing system that is sustainable and environmentally friendly. This study found that melon seedlings irrigated with ultrafine water containing H2 and O2 (UFW) produced more root hairs, increased branch height, and produced more flowers than the control irrigated with reverse osmosis (RO) water. Surprisingly, we also found that UFW irrigation significantly reduced aphid infestations in melons. Based on cryoscanning electron microscopy (cryo-SEM) observations, UFW treatment enhanced trichome development and prevented aphid infestation. To investigate whether it was H2 or O2 to prevent insect damage, we prepared UF enriched water with H2 (UF+H2 ) and O2 (UF+O2 ) alone and irrigated the melons. Cryo-SEM results show that UF+H2 and UF+O2 can increase the density of trichomes in melon leaves and petioles. RT-qPCR showed that UF+H2 significantly increased the gene expression level of the trichome-related gene GLABRA2 (GL2). We grow muskmelons in plastic greenhouses and use ultrafine water-rich hydrogen (UF+H2 ) and oxygen (UF+O2 ). The SPAD value, photosynthetic parameters, root weight, fruit weight, and fruit sweetness are all better than those without ultrafine water irrigation of comparison. UFW significantly promoted the development of trichomes, enhanced insect resistance, and improved fruit traits. The system therefore provides useful water management for pest control and sustainable agricultural production.

The best examples of citrus crops from the breeding fund FRC SSC RAS

The Federal Research Centre, the Subtropical Scientific Centre of the Russian Academy of Sciences (FRC SSC of RAS), maintains and sustains a unique collection of citrus crops, comprising 144 varieties collected from different geographical zones. The collection serves as a foundation for breeding work aimed at developing new varieties adapted to the extreme conditions of the humid subtropics in Russia. The breeding focus is on early-ripening, high-yielding, large-fruited citrus varieties with high fruit quality parameters. An extensive hybrid pool has been created, with the study of 165 forms of citrus from various origins, of which 60 are identified as promising and 28 as elite. Through comprehensive evaluation of elite forms, early-ripening and large-fruited forms have been identified, characterized by good yields and high fruit quality characteristics. Early-ripening hybrids of C. reticulāta 02-1, 2-5, and 2-2; 01-04; 01-4 ripen in the second decade of October. Promising forms of C. paradīsi G-A-2 and G-A-1, characterized by large fruit size ranging from 240.1 to 345.1 g, have been selected. The largest fruits are observed in C. Bergamia 16; P-22, with an average weight ranging from 350.8 to 430.40 g. High vitamin C content is noted in forms of C. paradīsi G-A-1; G-A-2 (54.1-43.7 mg/100g) and C. maxima P-20 (42.3 mg/100g). The sweetest fruits are found in the form of C. Bergamia 16, with a sugar content of 255.94 g/liter. The selected forms hold significant value for further breeding research.

Exogenous brassinosteroids application in purple passion fruit plants grafted onto a sweet calabash passion fruit rootstock and under water stress

The purple passion fruit is a fruit species of great importance in high Andean areas, but it can be affected by water deficit conditions. The objective of this study was to determine the effect of the application of brassinosteroids on purple passion fruit grafted on Passiflora maliformis and under water deficit. The plants were subjected to different levels of irrigation (100%, 50% and 25% of the evaporated amount) and some were applied with brassinosteroid analogue (DI-31). The fresh and dry mass of the aerial part and the root, leaf area, height of the aerial part, electrolyte loss, relative chlorophyll content, stomatal conductance, and maximum PSII quantum efficiency (Fv/Fm) were determined. It was observed that water stress negatively affected the height, leaf area, and fresh and dry masses of the plants at 84 days after treatment (dat). On the other hand, the results indicate a positive effect of the brassinosteroids on the height, leaf area, and fresh and dry masses of the plants at the different levels of irrigation at 84 dat. An effect of water stress or the exogenous application of brassinosteroids on electrolyte loss was not detected, but these factors did affect Fv/Fm at 28 dat. These results are important for the formulation of integrated management plans for the cultivation of Passiflora edulis f. edulis Sims in a climate change scenario.

Effect of sterilization of sweet fennel fruits (Foeniculum vulgare var. dulce Mill.) on essential oil yield and composition

The sweet fennel fruits (Foeniculum vulgare var. dulce Mill.) are processed to obtain their essential oil. It is part of the composition of various products from the food industry, pharmacy, medicine and cosmetics. The scope is to investigate the influence of the fruits sterilization with superheated water steam on the yield and composition of the essential oil, before the fruits processing by water distillation. The main components in the essential oil, obtained from fruits before sterilization, are trans-anethole (67.10%), fenchone (21.58%), methyl chavicol (3.14%), and α-pinene (2.31%). The essential oil, obtained from fruits after sterilization, has the same main components in its composition but their amount is different: trans-anethole (71.38%), fenchone (16.75%), methyl chavicol (2.89%), and α-pinene (2.26%).

Metabolites profiling of Sapota fruit pulp via a multiplex approach of gas and ultra performance liquid chromatography/mass spectroscopy in relation to its lipase inhibition effect.

Sapota, Manilkara zapota L., are tasty, juicy, and nutrient-rich fruits, and likewise used for several medicinal uses. The current study represents an integrated metabolites profiling of sapota fruits pulp via GC/MS and UPLC/MS, alongside assessment of antioxidant capacity, pancreatic lipase (PL), and α-glucosidase enzymes inhibitory effects. GC/MS analysis of silylated primary polar metabolites led to the identification of 68 compounds belonging to sugars (74%), sugar acids (18.27%), and sugar alcohols (7%) mediating the fruit sweetness. Headspace SPME-GC/MS analysis led to the detection of 17 volatile compounds belonging to nitrogenous compounds (72%), ethers (7.8%), terpenes (7.6%), and aldehydes (5.8%). Non-polar metabolites profiling by HR-UPLC/MS/MS-based Global Natural Products Social (GNPS) molecular networking led to the assignment of 31 peaks, with several novel sphingolipids and fatty acyl amides reported for the first time. Total phenolic content was estimated at 6.79 ±0.12 mg gallic acid equivalent/gram extract (GAE/g extract), but no flavonoids were detected. The antioxidant capacities of fruit were at 1.62 ±0.2, 1.49 ±0.11, and 3.58 ±0.14 mg Trolox equivalent/gram extract (TE/g extract) via DPPH, ABTS, and FRAP assays, respectively. In vitro enzyme inhibition assays revealed a considerable pancreatic lipase inhibition effect (IC50 = 2.2 ±0.25 mg/mL), whereas no inhibitory effect towards α-glucosidase enzyme was detected. This study provides better insight into sapota fruit's flavor, nutritional, and secondary metabolites composition mediating for its sensory and health attributes.

Microbial Test: Combination of Kefir Milk, Star Fruit, and Red Ginger

One of drinks with high nutritional value and good for health is milk kefir. The advantage of milk kefir compared to yogurt (another fermented beverage) they are richer with probiotics. Goat's milk kefir contains more nutrients than cow's milk. To increase the production of sweet star fruit plants, the innovation of kefir milk drink combined with sweet star fruit juice and red ginger juice can be used as an alternative health drink that can increase body immunity. Each ingredient has the same benefits such as having antioxidant, antibacterial, anti-inflammatory, antiviral and immunomodulatory activities. In this study, researchers wanted to know the microbiological quality of the combination of milk kefir, sweet star fruit Juice and red ginger. The study was conducted from February to May 2021. Microbiological tests carried out were Methylene blue test, MPN test and total plate count test. The research design used a completely randomized design which focused on one factor, namely the concentration of red ginger extract (control concentration 0%, 4.5%, 6%, 7.5%). This experiment was used with replicas 3 times. The results showed that kefir fermented goat milk with the addition of sweet star fruit juice and ginger juice was good for consumption, namely in treatment group 1 (containing 20% ​​star fruit juice and 4.5 percent red ginger juice).

柔顺障碍环境下收获甜椒末端执行器的设计与试验

Picking sweet peppers by hand is often time-consuming and laborious. To overcome this, in the current study, we developed an end effector for mechanized and non-destructive harvesting of sweet pepper. The design includes grip modules, shear modules and control systems. Based on the establishment of an approximate mathematical model of sweet pepper fruit and the analysis of the biomechanical characteristics of sweet pepper fruit, a pinch finger was proposed. The proposed mechanism is able to successfully achieve non-destructive and stable fixation of sweet pepper and fruit bunches. Key parameters of peduncles cutting were obtained by the cutting test. A cutting mechanism was then designed to achieve efficient separation of the fruit and fruit stem. The designed end effector achieves precise control through a single-chip microcomputer and multi-sensor integrated control system to achieve mature target fruits. The test results showed that the picking success rate, damage rate and picking time of peppers were 93.3%, 1.6% and 5 seconds, respectively. The end effector designed for sweet pepper picking has a simple and reliable structure, which provides a reference for further research on sweet pepper picking robots.

Amelioration of non-irrigated stress and improvement of sweet pumpkin fruit quality by <i>Kushneria konosiri</i> endophytic bacteria

Amelioration of non-irrigated stress and improvement of sweet pumpkin fruit quality by <i>Kushneria konosiri</i> endophytic bacteria

Efficacy of bio-based extracts on shelf life and quality of orange (citrus sinensis) fruits during storage in Makurdi, Nigeria

Experiment was conducted at the Biological Sciences Laboratory of Benue State University, Makurdi, Nigeria to determine the efficacy of bio-based extracts (Aloe vera and Gum arabic) on shelf-life and quality of sweet orange. Healthy orange fruits of two varieties (Valencia and Washington) used in the trial were picked at harvest maturity. The experimental design was a 2 x 4 factorial combination, fitted in a completely randomized design and replicated three times. The treatments consisted of two varieties of sweet orange and four extracts regimes (Aloe vera, Gum arabic, Aloe vera+Gum arabic and Control). The orange fruits were treated by dipping in extracts the various treatments until they were completely coated while the control fruits were not treated. The treated fruits and control were stored at ambient conditions of light and temperature for four weeks. Percentage weight loss, total soluble solids, fruit firmness, Vitamin C/Ascorbic acid content, pH, titratable acidity, decay percentage (DP %), marketability and shelf life of the fruits were recorded. The data were subjected to Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) using GENSTAT statistical package, and mean separation was done using Fisher’s Least Significant Difference (F-LSD) at 5% level of probability. Percent weight loss, fruit firmness, % decay and fruit marketability were significantly higher (P≤0.05) in Valencia compared with Washington. Fruits treated with Gum Arabic had significantly lower % weight loss and % decay compared with the control (P≤0.05). Fruit firmness was significantly higher (P≤0.05) in fruits treated with Gum Arabic + Aloe Vera while marketability was significantly higher in Aloe Vera treated fruits. All the treated fruits had significantly higher (P≤0.05) shelf life compared with the control. With respect to nutritional values, TSS was significantly higher (P≤0.05) in Valencia compared with Washington while Vitamin C and pH were significantly higher (P≤0.05) in Washington compared with Valencia. The TSS was significantly higher (P≤0.05) in Aloe Vera and Aloe Vera + Gum Arabic treated fruits compared with the control. The Vitamin C content of fruits treated with Gum Arabic was significantly (P≤0.05) higher followed by Aloe Vera + Gum Arabic compared with the control. All the treated fruits had significantly higher pH while TA was significantly lower (P≤0.05) compared with the control. Percent weight loss was positively and significantly correlated with % decay while marketability, shelf life, TSS, and TA were negatively and significantly correlated. The botanicals tested are environmentally friendly, cost-effective, easy to produce and also safe for consumers. The bio-based extracts of Aloe vera and Gum Arabic are recommended in the storage of flesh sweet orange fruits.

Why does ingestion of watermelon trigger headache attacks in patients with migraine?

Several triggers can trigger a migraine attack, including food. By the way, food only triggers headache in migraine sufferers. The foods that most trigger headache attacks are these: cheese, chocolate, citrus fruits and some sweet fruits, such as watermelon.

Effects of low-temperature storage on the aroma composition and quality of Golden Empress Hami melons: A transcriptomic and metabolomic analysis

Low-temperature storage is frequently employed to prolong the shelf life of Hami melons. Nevertheless, extended low-temperature storage can hamper the synthesis of aroma compounds in these fruits. This study investigated the effects of storage at 3 °C (LT) and 21 °C (RT) on the aroma quality of Golden Empress Hami melons (GEHMs) during a shelf life of 24 d. Further, the transcription levels of genes related to aroma metabolism were also examined during this period. After 12 d, the intensity of sweet aroma (LT: 2.3, RT: 8.2) and fruit aroma (LT: 2.1, RT: 8) was significantly lower in GEHMs stored at LT than in those stored at RT. Correspondingly, between-group differences in the content of esters with sweet and fruity aromas (RT: 782.76 ± 128.41 μg/kg, LT: 53.69 ± 24.32 μg/kg) and alcohols (RT: 2252.98 ± 297.65 μg/kg, LT: 448.80 ± 106.13 μg/kg) peaked at 12 d. Furthermore, the expression levels of 52 genes related to aroma volatile biosynthesis were significantly different between GEHMs stored at RT and LT. Specifically, the expression levels of genes encoding ethanol dehydrogenase (ADH), long-chain acyl-CoA synthetase (ACSL), and branched-chain amino acid aminotransferase (ilvE) which are involved in the production of alcohols and esters— were significantly lower in GEHMs stored at LT than in those stored at RT. This study provides a deeper understanding of aroma-related biosynthetic pathways of GEHMs during postharvest storage. Additionally, it offers valuable metabolomic and transcriptomic resources for the regulation of aroma compound metabolism in postharvest GEHMs.

THE USE OF CADAVERS IN HUMAN ANATOMY CLASSES. TRADITIONAL METHOD, OUTDATED OR INDISPENSABLE?

Introduction: It is known that practical classes with a corpse awaken different feelings among students and it is common to observe behaviors of fear, disgust at the touch, anxiety, euphoria and/or deep respect. Records of corpse manipulations predate the sec. III a. Even so old, the dissected human body is still the most extraordinary, most complete and most complex resource among the tools currently used in teaching anatomy. Despite this, the use of cadavers in practical classes has been gradually replaced by other resources such as artificial models, even in medical graduation courses, raising discussions and calling into question the quality of training for new professionals. Objective: to analyze differences in the perception and quality of use of human anatomy content by students with and without the use of human cadavers in medical curricula. Methods: This study is a descriptive research, of the Integrative Literature Review (RIL) type. The search resulted in 21 articles, of which 10 articles form the corpus of this review. Results and Conclusion: Like a tree that bears sweet fruit, human dissection is always being stoned even by those who delight in its knowledge and secrets. Its importance surpassed fear, taboos, superstitions, dogmas, laws and time. It is indeed the basis of anatomical knowledge, resisting all adversities over time and remaining as the foundation of the training of health professionals from the most different segments.

Content of Organic Acid and Essential Fatty Acid in Natural Sweet Chestnuts Growing in Giresun/Turkey

This study investigated organic acid and volatile fatty acid components of sweet chestnut fruits collected from naturally growing chestnut trees within the borders of Giresun province. For this purpose, chestnut samples were collected from 10 trees in different regions of Giresun province. The organic acid composition of chestnuts was determined by high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). Essential oil components were determined by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). Five different organic acids, including oxalic, quinic, maleic, citric and succinic acid, were investigated in chestnut samples, and the highest oxalic and citric acid concentrations were found in chestnut samples. In the GC-MS analysis of chestnut samples, 18 fatty acids were detected and terpilonene (TPO) was the most abundant among them. Another vital component found in chestnut samples is limonene.