Swapping Mechanism Research Articles

ТИПОЛОГІЯ МОДЕЛЕЙ СКОРОЧЕННЯ НЕРІВНОСТІ В УМОВАХ ГЛОБАЛЬНОГО РОЗВИТКУ

Introduction . Recently there has been an increase in income inequality in almost all countries. This poses a threat to political, economic and social stability in the country. In most countries, there is no strategy to reduce inequality or little attention is paid to it. Therefore, there is a need to develop concrete practical measures to strike a balance between equal access to economic independence and social justice. Purpose . The research aims is to analyze and identify models of reducing inequality (social justice) in the face of global development. Results . Equity is seen as the optimum level of inequality, so a fair distribution of national income (national wealth) is the most important component of socio-economic development that affects economic growth and its determinants. It is established that social justice provides the necessary link between social structure of society and economic efficiency. Five concepts of social justice are analyzed: egalitarian, utilitarian, rosian, market and meritocratic, their principles, main tenets, advantages and disadvantages are revealed. It is established that most modern models of social justice (distribution) are mixed in nature and combine in different proportions the principles of market model, economic efficiency and social justice. Studying the experience of implementation of different models of social justice has allowed to establish the following features: they acquire signs of universality, institutions of equalization and incentive policy are being formed, they are changing according to the spatial, external and internal challenges of the present. It is argued that in today's global development, justice models are gradually transforming and inclusive. The inclusive development model is a hybrid model of social justice that focuses on equitable distribution of goods, sustainable economic growth in incomes and the level of protection and quality of life. Originality . The categorical apparatus of the concept of “justice” has been improved, which, unlike the existing ones, is proposed to be considered as a certain order that ensures equal opportunities for everyone and an honest distribution of wealth, benefits and income between members of society. Scientific and practical approaches to the formation of an inclusive model of social justice are proposed, which is a kind of clone of different models of justice, takes into account the combination of a number of development factors and uses swap mechanisms that will allow moving to a multi-level and multi-polar system of balanced development. Firstly, this is budgetary maneuvering to ensure a minimum level of social protection with the following options: 1) redistribution of current government spending; 2) an increase in tax revenue; 3) expansion of insurance premiums; 4) reducing the illegal movement of financial resources and establishing control over the dynamics of capital; 5) additional assistance, credit or restructuring of existing debt to free up resources; secondly, reorientation to the development of policies aimed at social protection of certain social categories and equalization of income (as is the practice in European countries); thirdly, ensuring conditions of social integration and equality in the provision of common services: expanding universal access to health care, education, and culture. Conclusion . The problem of inequality is perceived when the distribution of common goods is considered unfair. In practice, countries use various types and elements of socio-economic policy that dominate and are implemented in models of state development: liberal-democratic, corporatist (continental), conservative, social-democratic. The universal model of reducing inequality should be an inclusive model of social justice, which follows the principles of: accessibility of basic needs for each member of society; equal access to basic needs: education, medicine, etc.; compensation - the actual distribution between persons of the benefits (income) that the company receives from cost-effective changes. An inclusive justice model should be accompanied by a steady increase in population incomes, economic opportunities, security and quality of life, and not just simple GDP growth.

On Intelligent Hierarchical F-PMIPv6 based Mobility Support for Industrial Mobile Networks

In this paper, we propose a new mobility management network scheme which is called i2FP (Industrial Intelligent Fast Proxy IPv6) to solve the existing problem and improve the signaling efficiency for industrial networks such as smart factory networking. To enable MN (Mobile Node) to move other network in one domain, i2FP employs three network entities which are SFA (Smart Factory Anchor), FAG (Factory Access Gateway) and MN from PMIPv6 (Proxy Mobile IPv6) with extension concept. In i2FP, The three network entities can reduce the handover delay time of MNs. Also, i2FP uses an IP header swapping mechanism to avoid the traffic overhead and improve the throughput of network. To evaluate the performance of i2FP, we measure new framework of i2FP, HMIPv6(Hierarchical Mobile IPv6) and PMIPv6 which are legacy protocols of local mobility management. Therefore, we show the i2FP has good performance than other network schemes in terms of the total cost.

Corrosion of Si, C, and SiC in molten salt

Corrosion of Si, C, and SiC in fluoride salt has been studied byab initio molecular dynamics. The standard dissolution potential for Si is found to be smaller (easier to corrode) than that of C. The dissolved Si attracts F−ions and forms SiF62-, whereas the dissolved C species forms neutral CF4molecules. A swapping mechanism is identified for the initial corrosion stage, where Si first comes to the surface and then is dissolved, leaving behind chain- and ring-like C structures. A strategy to suppress SiC corrosion is also discussed based on Be doping, including avoiding Be2C formation.

EMotion: An SGX extension for migrating enclaves

Software Guard Extensions (SGX) is a good candidate to address sensitive information disclosure in cloud computing because SGX creates enclaves for applications that protect security sensitive code and data from malicious access. However, existing SGX-enabled Virtual Machine Managers (VMMs) do not provide live migration of SGX-enabled Virtual Machines (VMs). This management operation is impossible because the VMM cannot directly access the Enclave Page Cache (EPC) pages where the VM’s enclaves reside. SGX supports the EPC page swapping mechanism that evicts the EPC pages into the untrusted memory which the VMM can access. However, this mechanism has the limitations to be applied to enclave migration. In this paper, we propose an SGX extension for migrating enclaves called eMotion that adds additional instructions and migration support to the SGX architecture for enabling the secure managed migration of running enclaves. eMotion allows that the participating hosts establish a key used in enclave migration and the VMMs in the hosts migrate running enclaves using the established key. We implement a prototype on top of OpenSGX, an open source SGX emulator, to demonstrate the operations of eMotion and to estimate the impact on enclave migration.

Dynamics of Vitrimers: Defects as a Highway to Stress Relaxation.

We propose a coarse-grained model to investigate stress relaxation in star-polymer networks induced by dynamic bond-exchange processes. We show how the swapping mechanism, once activated, allows the network to reconfigure, exploring distinct topological configurations, all of them characterized by complete extent of reaction. Our results reveal the important role played by topological defects in mediating the exchange reaction and speeding up stress relaxation. The model provides a representation of the dynamics in vitrimers, a new class of polymers characterized by bond-swap mechanisms which preserve the total number of bonds, as well as in other bond-exchange materials.

The Integrative Conjugative Element (ICE) of Mycoplasma agalactiae: Key Elements Involved in Horizontal Dissemination and Influence of Coresident ICEs.

ABSTRACTThe discovery of integrative conjugative elements (ICEs) in wall-less mycoplasmas and the demonstration of their role in massive gene flows within and across species have shed new light on the evolution of these minimal bacteria. Of these, the ICE of the ruminant pathogen Mycoplasma agalactiae (ICEA) represents a prototype and belongs to a new clade of the Mutator-like superfamily that has no preferential insertion site and often occurs as multiple chromosomal copies. Here, functional genomics and mating experiments were combined to address ICEA functions and define the minimal ICEA chassis conferring conjugative properties to M. agalactiae. Data further indicated a complex interaction among coresident ICEAs, since the minimal ICEA structure was influenced by the occurrence of additional ICEA copies that can trans-complement conjugation-deficient ICEAs. However, this cooperative behavior was limited to the CDS14 surface lipoprotein, which is constitutively expressed by coresident ICEAs, and did not extend to other ICEA proteins, including the cis-acting DDE recombinase and components of the mating channel whose expression was detected only sporadically. Remarkably, conjugation-deficient mutants containing a single ICEA copy knocked out in cds14 can be complemented by neighboring cells expressing CDS14. This result, together with those revealing the conservation of CDS14 functions in closely related species, may suggest a way for mycoplasma ICEs to extend their interaction outside their chromosomal environment. Overall, this report provides a first model of conjugative transfer in mycoplasmas and offers valuable insights into understanding horizontal gene transfer in this highly adaptive and diverse group of minimal bacteria.

<i>In Situ</i> Synchrotron X-Ray Topography Observation of Double-Ended Frank-Read Sources in PVT-Grown 4H-SiC Wafers

We present in-situ observations of the dynamical operation of multiple double-ended Frank-Read dislocation sources in a PVT-grown 4H-SiC wafer under thermal gradient stresses. The nucleation of these sources is facilitated by a specific configuration consisting of one basal plane dislocation (BPD) segment pinned by two threading edge dislocations (TEDs). This configuration is formed during PVT crystal growth by deflection of TEDs on to the basal planes by macrosteps and re-deflection of resulting BPDs back into TEDs. Under the influence of thermal gradient stresses induced by heating inside a double ellipsoidal mirror furnace, the pinned BPD segment glides and activates dislocation multiplication by the double Frank-Read source mechanism. A more intricate mechanism of swapping of TED pinning points between Frank-Read sources lying on same basal plane is identified, enabling one dislocation loop to effectively “pass through” the other dislocations on same basal plane.

Triffin Dilemma and International Monetary System : Evidence from Pooled Mean Group Estimation

This study is motivated based on concern from some renowned scholars and central bankers whom have raised the issue of the sustainability of the International Monetary System (IMS). Using the panel data set of four major international currencies, USD, JPY, EUR and GBP from 1973 to 2013 with Pooled Mean Group (PMG) estimator, to re-examine whether Triffin dilemma still exists through investigating the relationship between the reserve share, current account balance and real effective exchange rate. The evidence from the result indicates that Triffin dilemma exists only in the long run, and shows that in the long-run, current account balance is proportionate to the increased real effective exchange rate while varies inversely with the reserve shares. However, the estimation for the short-run is not significant to prove the existence of Triffin dilemma. In addition, we investigated the non-dollar panel sample and found that the international monetary system still suffers from Triffin dilemma even without the dollar. To overcome Triffin dilemma, immediate step such as having currency swap mechanism is recommended. In medium term, a multi-polar Monetary System is suggested, and in the longer time, a supranational currency will be used to replace all the currencies in the world.

Cyclic trimer of human cystatin C, an amyloidogenic protein - molecular dynamics and experimental studies

Human cystatin C (HCC) is a cysteine protease inhibitor that takes a series of oligomeric forms in solution (e.g., dimers, trimers, tetramers, decamers, dodecamers, and other higher oligomers). The best-known form of cystatin C is the dimer, which arises as a result of a domain swapping mechanism. The formation of the HCC oligomeric forms, which is most likely due to this domain swapping mechanism, is associated with the aggregation of HCC into amyloid fibrils and deposits. To investigate the structure of a specific HCC oligomer, we developed a covalently stabilized trimer of HCC. An atomic model of this HCC trimer was proposed on the basis of molecular docking and molecular dynamics simulations. The most stable model of the HCC trimer obtained from the molecular dynamics simulations is characterized by a well-preserved secondary structure. The molecular size and structural parameters of the HCC trimer in solution were also confirmed by Small Angle Neutron Scattering and Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Diffusometry.

Gelsolin pathogenic Gly167Arg mutation promotes domain-swap dimerization of the protein.

AGel amyloidosis is a genetic degenerative disease characterized by the deposition of insoluble gelsolin protein aggregates in different tissues. Until recently, this disease was associated with two mutations of a single residue (Asp187 to Asn/Tyr) in the second domain of the protein. The general opinion is that pathogenic variants are not per se amyloidogenic but rather that the mutations trigger an aberrant proteolytic cascade, which results in the production of aggregation prone fragments. Here, we report the crystal structure of the second domain of gelsolin carrying the recently identified Gly167Arg mutation. This mutant dimerizes through a three-dimensional domain swapping mechanism, forming a tight but flexible assembly, which retains the structural topology of the monomer. To date, such dramatic conformational changes of this type have not been observed. Structural and biophysical characterizations reveal that the Gly167Arg mutation alone is responsible for the monomer to dimer transition and that, even in the context of the full-length protein, the pathogenic variant is prone to form dimers. These data suggest that, in addition to the well-known proteolytic-dependent mechanism, an alternative oligomerization pathway may participate in gelsolin misfolding and aggregation. We propose to integrate this alternative pathway into the current model of the disease that may also be relevant for other types of AGel amyloidosis, and other related diseases with similar underlying pathological mechanisms.

A Review on Load Balancing Model Using Best Partition Technique

Load balancing makes cloud computing greater knowledgeable and could increase client pleasure. At reward cloud computing is among the all most systems which offer garage of expertise in very lowers charge and available all the time over the net. However, it has extra vital hassle like security, load administration and fault tolerance. Load balancing inside the cloud computing surroundings has a large impact at the presentation. The set of regulations relates the sport idea to the load balancing manner to amplify the abilties in the public cloud environment. This textual content pronounces an extended load balance mannequin for the majority cloud concentrated on the cloud segregating proposal with a swap mechanism to select specific strategies for great occasions.

The enigma of the near-symmetry of proteins: Domain swapping.

The majority of proteins form oligomers which have rotational symmetry. Literature has suggested many functional advantages that the symmetric packing offers. Yet, despite these advantages, the vast majority of protein oligomers are only nearly symmetric. A key question in the field of proteins structure is therefore, if symmetry is so advantageous, why do oligomers settle for aggregates that do not maximize that structural property? The answer to that question is apparently multi-parametric, and involves distortions at the interaction zones of the monomer units of the oligomer in order to minimize the free energy, the dynamics of the protein, the effects of surroundings parameters, and the mechanism of oligomerization. The study of this problem is in its infancy: Only the first parameter has been explored so far. Here we focus on the last parameter–the mechanism of formation. To test this effect we have selected to focus on the domain swapping mechanism of oligomerization, by which oligomers form in a mechanism that swaps identical portions of monomeric units, resulting in an interwoven oligomer. We are using continuous symmetry measures to analyze in detail the oligomer formed by this mechanism, and found, that without exception, in all analyzed cases, perfect symmetry is given away, and we are able to identify that the main burden of distortion lies in the hinge regions that connect the swapped portions. We show that the continuous symmetry analysis method clearly identifies the hinge region of swapped domain proteins–considered to be a non-trivial task. We corroborate our conclusion about the central role of the hinge region in affecting the symmetry of the oligomers, by a special probability analysis developed particularly for that purpose.

Refinery swap: An efficient swap mechanism for hybrid DRAM–NVM systems

Emerging Non-Volatile Memory (NVM) technologies have shown great promise for enabling high performance swapping mechanism in embedded systems. Most of existing swap mechanisms have limited performance for lacking the knowledge of memory accesses and cause large overhead of swap operations by entirely avoiding direct writes to NVM. This paper, we find out the feature of “write count disparity”, i.e., most pages are rarely written and most writes are concentrated on a few pages. With the observations in mind, this paper rethinks and re-designs the swap mechanism to reduce the number of swap operations and writes to NVM in hybrid DRAM–NVM systems by tolerating small writes to NVM. A new swap mechanism, Refinery Swap, is proposed with a (1+ε)-competitive algorithm for swap-in operations, a multilevel priority algorithm for selecting the victim pages of swap-out operations, and a swap-based wear-leveling algorithm for NVM. Extensive experiments are conducted with standard benchmarks. Compared with Dr.Swap, the state-of-the-art swap mechanism, Refinery Swap reduces more than 90% of swap operations and writes to NVM. Refiner Swap achieves encouraging improvements over existing swap mechanisms in the aspects of performance, energy consumption, and the lifetime of NVM.

Overall conformation of covalently stabilized domain-swapped dimer of human cystatin C in solution

Human cystatin C (HCC), a small protein, plays a crucial role in inhibition of cysteine proteases. The most common structural form of human cystatin C in crystals is a dimer, which has been evidenced both for the native protein and its mutants. In these structures, HCC dimers were formed through the mechanism of domain swapping. The structure of the monomeric form of human cystatin C was determined for V57N mutant and the mutant with the engineered disulfide bond (L47C)–(G69C) (known as stab1-HCC). On the basis of stab1-HCC, a number of covalently stabilized oligomers, including also dimers have been obtained. The aim of this study was to analyze the structure of the covalently stabilized dimer HCC in solution by the small angle X-ray scattering (SAXS) technique and synchrotron radiation. Experimental data confirmed that in solution this protein forms a dimer, which is characterized by the radius of gyration RG = 3.1 nm and maximum intramolecular distance Dmax = 10.3 nm. Using the ab initio method and program DAMMIN, we propose a low resolution structure of stabilized covalently cystatin C in solution. Stab-HCC dimer adopts in solution an elongated conformation, which is well reconstructed by the ab initio model.

Optimal Investment and Financing with Macroeconomic Risk and Loan Guarantees

In this paper, we consider an entrepreneur who has no assets in place but possesses an option to invest in a project incurring a lump - sum investment cost, of which a fraction must be financed by entering into an equity-for-guarantee swap. The entrepreneur is exposed to macroeconomic risk as well as idiosyncratic risk. The former is described by a regime-switching process, while the latter is described by a geometric Brownian motion. We derive the corporate security prices, guarantee costs, optimal investment and financing policy. Numerical analysis demonstrates that the entrepreneur post-pones investment in a boom but accelerates it in a recession. The optimal leverage ratio is countercyclical when the project’s idiosyncratic risk is low and vice versa. The swap mechanism eliminates ex post agency conflicts between borrowers and lenders, but conflicts of interest between borrowers and insurers appear, which lead to inefficiencies from asset substitution and debt overhang. These are generally not so obvious in a boom or if a boom occurs frequently. The swap discussed here overcomes financial friction and increases firm value as well.

Optimal investment and financing with macroeconomic risk and loan guarantees

In this paper, we consider an entrepreneur who has no assets in place but possesses an option to invest in a project incurring a lump-sum investment cost, of which a fraction must be financed by entering into an equity-for-guarantee swap. The entrepreneur is exposed to macroeconomic risk as well as idiosyncratic risk. The former is described by a regime-switching process, while the latter is described by a geometric Brownian motion. We derive the corporate security prices, guarantee costs, optimal investment and financing policy. Numerical analysis demonstrates that the entrepreneur post- pones investment in a boom but accelerates it in a recession. The optimal leverage ratio is countercyclical when the project’s idiosyncratic risk is low and vice versa. The swap mechanism eliminates ex post agency conflicts between borrowers and lenders, but conflicts of interest between borrowers and insurers appear, which lead to inefficiencies from asset substitution and debt overhang. These are generally not so obvious in a boom or if a boom occurs frequently. The swap discussed here overcomes financial friction and increases firm value as well.

An Asymmetric Runaway Domain Swap Antithrombin Dimer as a Key Intermediate for Polymerization Revealed by Hydrogen/Deuterium-Exchange Mass Spectrometry.

Antithrombin deficiency is associated with increased risk of venous thrombosis. In certain families, this condition is caused by pathogenic polymerization of mutated antithrombin in the blood. To facilitate future development of pharmaceuticals against antithrombin polymerization, an improved understanding of the polymerogenic intermediates is crucial. However, X-ray crystallography of these intermediates is severely hampered by the difficulty in obtaining well-diffracting crystals of transient and heterogeneous noncovalent protein assemblies. Furthermore, their large size prohibits structural analysis by NMR spectroscopy. Here, we show how hydrogen/deuterium-exchange mass spectrometry (HDX-MS) provides detailed insight into the structural dynamics of each subunit in a polymerization-competent antithrombin dimer. Upon deuteration, this dimer surprisingly yields bimodal isotope distributions for the majority of peptides, demonstrating an asymmetric configuration of the two subunits. The data reveal that one subunit is very dynamic, potentially intrinsically disordered, whereas the other is considerably less dynamic. The local subunit-specific deuterium uptake of this polymerization-competent dimer strongly supports a β4A-β5A β-hairpin runaway domain swap mechanism for antithrombin polymerization. HDX-MS thus holds exceptional promise as an enabling analytical technique in the efforts toward future pharmacological intervention with protein polymerization and associated diseases.

Monte-Carlo Simulation of the Ionic Transport of Electrolyte Solutions at High Concentrations Based on the Pseudo-Lattice Model

The theoretical understanding of the ionic transport in electrolyte solutions is not yet well-established at high concentrations, such as at C/M > 1. In our present study, two transport phenomena---self-diffusion and ionic conduction---of the electrolyte solution at high concentrations (roughly 0.05 ≤ C/M ≤ 3) are computationally simulated by a kinetic Monte-Carlo scheme. A swap mechanism in the three-dimensional pseudo-lattice is proposed to model the movement of ions and solvent, in which only the nearest-neighbor interaction is considered. The energy difference between the before- and after-swap states, based on which the stochastic Monte-Carlo process occurs, is found to be expressed in only two energetic terms; the coulombic repulsion between ions with the identical sign, +εii, and the heat of dissolution of the ionic crystal, Δdiss H. The self-diffusion coefficients of both ions and solvent decrease with the increase in the ionic concentration, which qualitatively agree with the experimental observation. The asymmetric bell-shape of the specific conductivity, σ, principally originates from the coulombic repulsion. The ionic concentration at which the maximum σ occurs well coincides with that of the experimentally observed results. The Δdiss H-dependency reveals that, ceteris paribus, σ marks the highest at around -2kT < Δdiss H< 0, out of the range of which σ is attenuated by either the ion-ion or ion-solvent interaction. Finally, the limitations in the model are addressed. The detail of the study is in press at the date of 15 April 2016 in J. Electrochem. Soc. Figure 1

In-memory file system with efficient swap support for mobile smart devices

As the number of file I/O intensive mobile applications increase, in-memory file systems have gained attention. In-memory file systems provide a fast access to file data, but the main memory of the corresponding mobile devices often suffers due to its capacity limit. To provide mobile applications with more free space, the swap mechanism has been an essential technique for the overcoming of this space insufficiency; however, the existing swap mechanism is inadequate for the file I/O of mobile applications. In this study, a new in-memory file system is devised to improve the current swap mechanism in the legacy in-memory file system, whereby strip-based layouts with separated file-swap partitions are used and unnecessary file- I/O overheads are eliminated. To evaluate the proposed in-memory file system, experiments with the file-I/O benchmark were conducted. The experiment results show that, compared to the current swap scheme, the proposed swap scheme improves the overall performance by ten times on average1.

Optimizing guest swapping using elastic and transparent memory provisioning on virtualization platform

On virtualization platforms, peak memory demand caused by hotspot applications often triggers page swapping in guest OS, causing performance degradation inside and outside of this virtual machine (VM). Even though host holds sufficient memory pages, guest OS is unable to utilize free pages in host directly due to the semantic gap between virtual machine monitor (VMM) and guest operating system (OS). Our work aims at utilizing the free memory scattered in multiple hosts in a virtualization environment to improve the performance of guest swapping in a transparent and implicit way. Based on the insightful analysis of behavioral characteristics of guest swapping, we design and implement a distributed and scalable framework HybridSwap. It dynamically constructs virtual swap pools using various policies, and builds up a synthetic swapping mechanism in a peer-to-peer way, which can adaptively choose different virtual swap pools.We implement the prototype of HybridSwap and evaluate it with some benchmarks in different scenarios. The evaluation results demonstrate that our solution has the ability to promote the guest swapping efficiency indeed and shows a double performance promotion in some cases. Even in the worst case, the system overhead brought by HybridSwap is acceptable.