Swachh Bharat Research Articles

Sanitation and Marriage Markets in India: Evidence from the Total Sanitation Campaign

Sanitation and Marriage Markets in India: Evidence from the Total Sanitation Campaign

Effectiveness of social advertisements in promoting adoption of selected health and hygiene practices

The present study was conducted with the objective to assess the effectiveness of social advertisements in promoting adoption of selected health and hygiene practices. The study was conducted in purposively selected two districts of Punjab, India i.e. Gurdaspur and Ludhiana. Total eight villages from four selected blocks of selected districts were randomly selected. From each of the selected village 20 rural women were selected randomly. So, in total 160 respondents made a sample for data collection. The most frequently telecasted five government sponsored social advertisements during the month of June, 2017 on Swach Bharat Abhiyan (Clean India campaign), use of ORS/Zinc during diarrhoea, pregnancy check-up, immunization and breast feeding were selected after consultation with experts. Data was collected using pre-tested structured interview schedule. The effectiveness of social advertisement was assessed in terms of adoption stages i.e. awareness, interest and adoption of health and hygiene practices. The findings revealed that the advertisement of Swach Bharat Abhiyan (Clean India campaign) helped 91.25 per cent respondents to adopt the practice of keeping the environment clean. Most of the respondents i.e. 83.13 per cent immunized their children below 5 years of age. Majority of the respondents (66.38%) were at adoption stage of exclusive breast feeding of infants for first 6 months. Nearly half of the respondents (48.13%) were at the interest stage of adopting the practice of check-up of pregnant women. Nearly two fifth of respondents (42.50%) were at adoption stage of using ORS/Zinc during diarrhoea. It can be concluded that social advertisement plays a significant role in influencing people to adopt health and hygiene practices. It is suggested that more emphasis should be given to produce good social advertisement on different issues to promote adoption of better and improved health and hygiene practices.

Clean India Campaign: Awareness, Adoption, Usage and Barriers

Clean India Campaign: Awareness, Adoption, Usage and Barriers

Using Fuzzy Based Multiple Criteria Decision Making for Selecting Private Firm for Waste Management PPP Contract Arrangement

In Municipal Solid Waste Management (MSWM), intervention and participation of private sector is increasing day by day and various Public Private Partnership (PPP) arrangement is applied to enhance services across different parts of world. In Indian context new initiatives and policies like Swachh Bharat Mission(SBM), Smart City Mission (SCM) and Solid Waste Management(SWM) Rules, 2016 are launched recently to promote more integration of private actors in the MSWM system. Selecting a suitable private firm for PPP arrangement is crucial stage and needs careful assessment and feasibility study. The selection process is complex and decision making is often based on many conflicting attributes under uncertain environment. Therefore, selection of private firm for PPP contract arrangement is Multiple Criteria Decision Making (MCDM) problem. This paper with the aim of aid decision making presents a study of the selecting optimal company for the Design-Build-Finance-Operate-Transfer (DBFOT) contract model of MSWM operations by using Fuzzy based TOPSIS (The Technique for Order of Preference by Similarity to Ideal Solution) Method. The numerical example for the MSWM planning problem of 4 selectable alternatives based on 10 evaluating criteria is also provided to illustrate the approach. The result revealed that approached used in the study can easily applied to any practical case of selection of private firm for PPP arrangement required for SWM services by the cities.

Assessing high-profile public messaging for sanitation behaviour change: evidence from a mobile phone survey in India.

The UN Sustainable Development Goals call for the elimination of open defecation by 2030. Assessing global progress will require learning from India's sanitation efforts because of its ambitious program of high-profile behavior change messaging to tackle open defecation, and because open defecation is widespread in India. In 2014, the Prime Minister announced a policy called the Swachh Bharat Mission (SBM), which aimed to eliminate open defecation by 2019. However, the 2015-16 National Family Health Survey -4 found that about 55% of rural and 11% of urban Indian households lack a toilet or latrine. To assess the extent of public awareness of the SBM, we use a mobile phone survey to ask about people's knowledge of the existence and purpose of the SBM. We report representative estimates of awareness of the SBM among adults in Delhi (2016), Uttar Pradesh (2016), Mumbai (2016-17), Rajasthan (2016-17), Bihar (2018), Jharkhand (2018), and Maharashtra (2018). While much of the SBM's activities took place in its last two years, we find that, at the time of the survey, no more than one-third of adults in any state are aware that the SBM intends to promote toilet and latrine use. Awareness was particularly low in Uttar Pradesh, where one in eight people who defecates in the open worldwide lives. While the SBM was very active in constructing latrines, the lack of awareness we find suggests that the SBM was less successful in raising the awareness required for large-scale behavior change in promoting latrine use.

Water-energy nexus-based scenario analysis for sustainable development of Mumbai

The urban water-energy nexus sits at the intersection of the global phenomena of water scarcity, energy transitions and urbanisation. Research found that end use dominates the water-energy nexus and that this component plays an important role in urban dynamics, but focussed on the Global North. We investigate the nexus of Mumbai and its long-term resource demand. Our tool is a novel system dynamics model representing the urban water-energy nexus and takes into account characteristics such as intermittent water supply and the presence of slums. We devised scenarios around the Sustainable Development Goals and the Swachh Bharat Mission. The model shows that both can be achieved while saving on future water system infrastructure investments compared to business-as-usual. We find that also in Mumbai end use dominates the nexus. Representing end-use interactions increases expected water demand. This work indicates that globally, sustainable development of infrastructure must consider the urban water-energy nexus.

Keeping it clean: exploring discourses of development on Indian community radio

Community radio in India operates within a clear framework of development. This calls into question the fundamental purpose of community radio: communication rights, activism, voice, community participation or development? Drawing on ethnographic research conducted at two rural stations in South India, this research explores the influence of a pervasive development discourse on the grassroots activities and functions of community radio. The starkest example of this was observed through the far-reaching influence of the Government of India’s highly publicised sanitation programme, the Swachh Bharat Mission. This programme represents a pervasive example of the modernisation paradigm in development communication, yet it was found to proliferate throughout community radio, a medium more often associated with participatory communication. This development discourse was found to profoundly impact the way both broadcasters and audience members engage with and experience community radio. The findings highlight a disconnect between the theoretical and ideological frameworks of community radio and the ways in which a development discourse operates through the stations at the grassroots level. As such, this article argues that community radio in India represents a liminal space where multiple development communication paradigms interact and compete with the theoretical underpinnings of the movement.

Making India’s cleanest city: Sanitation, intersectionality, and infrastructural violence

Inaugurated in 2014, India’s Swachh Bharat Mission (SBM) intends to eradicate open defecation in urban and rural areas by 2019. In cities, the scheme ranks municipalities for achieving open defecation-free status and other measures of cleanliness. In 2017, Indore was first nationally recognized with the national Cleanest City award. In the weeks before the city was evaluated, it sponsored a number of activities that demolished housing and sanitation infrastructures, singled out the female body for humiliation, and forced residents to revert back to the very sanitation practices the city was allegedly trying to eradicate. This paper traces the differing articulations of power at work between the extension and demolition of the city’s infrastructure. It focuses particularly on latrines, the metrics, and the urban vision to make Indore the Cleanest City, but also gives attention to the additional infrastructures connected to latrine-making and unmaking, including housing. We specifically explore two dimensions of what we call the “infrastructural intersectionality” of the Clean City Mission, which discloses differing forms of compounding infrastructural violence that include the dissolution of both material and social infrastructures. Firstly, the intersectionality of gender/caste/class/race social identities and power relations that are embedded and reified through infrastructures and, secondly, the intersectionality of multiple infrastructures that are inter-connected and co-constituted through each other. We argue that bringing the lens of intersectionality is critical for recognizing the socially differentiated and gendered dimensions of sanitation infrastructure, the SBM, and its situated infrastructural violence. By exploring two themes related to infrastructure and intersectionality, we show the criticality of embodied and gendered approaches to analyzing the power of infrastructure in the everyday.

An Implementation On Smart Dustbin Monitoring System Using Internet of Things

In the present era as the population is increasing day by day, our ecosystem faces a big challenge to balance a hygienic environment. Rapid growth in population leads to the arise of different series of unnamed diseases due to the more waste disposal. Our present Prime Minister of India, Sri Narendra Modi ji has introduced the concept of implementing 100 smart cities in India. “Swachh Bharat Abhiyaan” was initiated to ensure a clean environment. The proper detection, monitoring and management of wastes is one of the major problems in every smart cities. So we need proper waste management system. In present scenario manual monitoring the wastes in waste bins is a complex, cumbersome process and utilizes more human effort, time and cost which is not compatible with the present day technologies in any way. We have discussed about a IOT based waste Management System which will help to keep the cities clean.

Psychological Foundations of the Cleanliness Initiative in Ahmedabad City of India

Spitting on the roads of and littering around a city in India have been of concern to national leaders and civil servants since the pre-independence years. It was unsurprising, therefore, that the Prime Minister Narendra Modi launched the Swachh Bharat Abhiyan (SBA) as a nation-wide cleanliness campaign on October 2, 2014 at Rajghat, New Delhi. The cleanliness initiative by the Ahmedabad Municipal Commissioner (i) dissuades spitting on the roads and littering around the city, (ii) collects fines from those whose photos are captured by CCTV cameras, and (iii) invites active participation of all residents of Ahmedabad in the cleanliness drive. The authors present psychological foundations of this initiative, arguing that all residents ought to hold the offender and anyone else associated with such an offense as accountable. Further, they raise four new issues with the current cleanliness drive and offer suggestions for how to resolve them.

Comparison of the costs and benefits of the Clean India Mission

Abstract Background The Swachh Bharat (Clean India) Mission (SBM) launched in October 2014 is the world’s largest sanitation campaign. Our aim was to estimate and compare major economic costs and benefits associated with sanitation improvement achieved during three years of SBM from households’ financial and economic perspectives and a broader societal perspective. Methods Cost-benefit model inputs were obtained from household surveys in the twelve Indian states that once contributed to over 90 percent of open defecation in India, published literature and secondary data. Monetized costs included household financial and time investments in building and maintaining toilets, and government’s investments on subsidies and campaign activities. Monetized benefits included reductions in medical costs and mortality associated with diarrheal diseases, productive time saved from fewer diarrhoea cases and accessing outside defecation options, and increase in the property value of having a toilet. Probabilistic uncertainty analysis assessed the combined effect of key modelling assumptions and sampling errors in the inputs to the cost-benefit model. Findings Investment costs average US$ 396 per latrine and average annual operational costs are US$ 37 (financial) and US$ 94 (time costs) 1 . Annual benefits of US$ 727 per household are mainly from savings associated with reduced diarrhoea incidence (55%) and from sanitation access time savings (45%). The estimated Benefit-Cost Ratios (BCRs) are 1.7 (household financial perspective), 4.5 (household economic perspective) and 4.0 (societal perspective) under Open Defecation Free (ODF, corresponding to 100% toilet coverage and usage) scenario. However, under partial-ODF scenario with 85 percent toilet use rate, the BCRs are 1.1, 3.3 and 3.0, respectively. Probabilistic uncertainty analysis shows that the financial BCRs under the partial-ODF scenario can reduce to 0.7, but societal BCR will remain above 2. Interpretation This study shows the sanitation improvements under the SBM are highly cost-beneficial, more when communities are free of open defecation with all households using private improved sanitation facilities. Future SBM investments must ensure not only sustaining the universal toilet coverage and usage, but also ensure safe faecal waste management so that households continue to enjoy full benefits of sanitation.

Swachh Bharat SwachhVidyalaya Campaign: Situation Analysis of Select Schools in Karnataka State, India

Introduction: Swachh Bharat Swachh Vidyalaya (SBSV) campaign was launched to improve the health and hygiene status in schools of India, giving children a better opportunity to perform well overall. Objective: To assess the environment and sanitation status in select government schools as per Swachh Bharat Swachh Vidyalaya campaign guidelines. Methodology: This descriptive study included 95 schools from Mangalore. The data abstraction tool was formulated using the SBSV campaign guidelines. Results: The findings of this study showed that most schools (88%) had gender segregated toilets and 93.8% schools had regular sanitary napkins supply although 57.5% of them did not have any appropriate provision for their disposal. There were no arrangements for solid waste disposal in 59% of the schools. Majority of the schools (96.8%) provided clean water for drinking. Conclusion: The study findings have implications in few key areas ensuring adherence to the campaign guidelines and promote health of the children.

Pattern and Convergence in Access to Individual Household Latrine Facility in Indian States and the Impact of Swachh Bharat Intervention

Backgorund: Access to improved sanitation facility for all is an essential to maintain good health and well being. However in India, millions of people suffer from diseases and infections due to lack of adequate sanitation. Realising the importance of sanitation and hygiene, Government of India announced the flagship programme Swachh Bharat Mission (SBM) in 2014. One of the important features of SBM is to provide financial assistance to construct individual household latrine facility. It is important to understand the impact of SBM on pattern and access of households to latrine facility in Indian states. Objective: This paper tries to examine the pattern and trends in access to individual household latrine facility from an inter-state perspective and convergence in access to latrine facility among the states after the implementation of SBM. Methods: Data have been obtained from Census, reports from Ministry of Drinking Water and Sanitation, GOI and Swachh Bharat Mission Gramin website for the period 2011 to 2018. Sigma and beta convergence techniques have been employed to analyse the convergence in access to toilet facility and percent and ratios are employed to analyse the pattern. Results: The findings of the study confirmed the positive impact of SBM in increasing the access to toilet facility in rural India and convergence in access to toilet facility among Indian states in post SBM implementation. During the period 2014-2018, ie, after implementation of SBM, the increase in sanitation coverage at national level is four times higher than the progress made during the decade of 2001 to 2011. Many of the States have reported 100 percent open defection free Villages in the year 2018. So Implementation of SBM not only improves the share of households having latrine facility, but it has widely reduced the gap between high and low income states in access to the sanitation facility.

Coalescing IoT and Wi-Fi technologies for an optimized approach in urban route planning.

The quality of air that we breathe is one of the more serious environmental challenges that the government faces all around the world. It is a matter of concern for almost all developed and developing countries. The National Air Quality Index (NAQI) in India was first initiated and unveiled by the central government under the Swachh Bharat Abhiyan (Clean India Campaign). It was launched to spread cleanliness, and awareness to work towards a clean and healthy environment among all citizens living in India. This index is computed based on values obtained by monitoring eight types of pollutants that are known to commonly permeate around our immediate environment. These are particulate matter PM10; particulate matter PM2.5; nitrogen dioxide; sulfur dioxide; carbon monoxide; lead; ammonia; and ozone. Studies conducted have shown that almost 90% of particulate matters are produced from vehicular emissions, dust, debris on roads, and industries and from construction sites spanning across rural, semi-urban, and urban areas. While the State and Central governments have devised and implemented several schemes to keep air pollution levels under control, these alone have proved inadequate in cases such as the Delhi region of India. Internet of Things (IoT) offers a range of options that do extends into the domain of environmental management. Using an online monitoring system based on IoT technologies, users can stay informed on fluctuating levels of air pollution. In this paper, the design of a low-price pollution measurement kit working around a dust sensor, capable of transmitting data to a cloud service through a Wi-Fi module, is described. A system overview of urban route planning is also proposed. The proposed model can make users aware of pollutant concentrations at any point of time and can also act as useful input towards the design of the least polluted path prediction app. Hence, the proposed model can help travelers to plan a less polluted route in urban areas.

Effectiveness of social advertisements in promoting adoption of selected health and hygiene practices

The present study was conducted with the objective to assess the effectiveness of social advertisements in promoting adoption of selected health and hygiene practices. The study was conducted in purposively selected two districts of Punjab, India i.e. Gurdaspur and Ludhiana. Total eight villages from four selected blocks of selected districts were randomly selected. From each of the selected village 20 rural women were selected randomly. So, in total 160 respondents made a sample for data collection. The most frequently telecasted five government sponsored social advertisements during the month of June, 2017 on Swach Bharat Abhiyan (Clean India campaign), use of ORS/Zinc during diarrhoea, pregnancy check-up, immunization and breast feeding were selected after consultation with experts. Data was collected using pre-tested structured interview schedule. The effectiveness of social advertisement was assessed in terms of adoption stages i.e. awareness, interest and adoption of health and hygiene practices. The findings revealed that the advertisement of Swach Bharat Abhiyan (Clean India campaign) helped 91.25 per cent respondents to adopt the practice of keeping the environment clean. Most of the respondents i.e. 83.13 per cent immunized their children below 5 years of age. Majority of the respondents (66.38%) were at adoption stage of exclusive breast feeding of infants for first 6 months. Nearly half of the respondents (48.13%) were at the interest stage of adopting the practice of check-up of pregnant women. Nearly two fifth of respondents (42.50%) were at adoption stage of using ORS/Zinc during diarrhoea. It can be concluded that social advertisement plays a significant role in influencing people to adopt health and hygiene practices. It is suggested that more emphasis should be given to produce good social advertisement on different issues to promote adoption of better and improved health and hygiene practices.

Toilets first, temples second: adopting heritage in neoliberal India

ABSTRACT India’s BJP government headed by Hindutva icon Narendra Modi came to power in 2014 with a campaign slogan: ‘Toilets first, temples second.’ Drawing on Gandhi’s philosophy and legacy some 150 years after his birth, Swachh Bharat or Clean India is a monumental project with sweeping programs, propaganda, and political agendas. Gandhi famously said that ‘sanitation is more important than independence’ and Modi has leveraged that sentiment to fuel everything from urban renewal and heritage gentrification to outsourcing controversial corporate-funded infrastructures within World Heritage properties. India’s vast archaeological and historic legacy is now being marketed, tendered, auctioned, and ‘adopted’ by corporations within a neoliberal strategy that leverages the past for the future. And while it is easy to cynically caricature these moves, it is more difficult to offer pragmatic alternatives for a nation of 1.3 billion people, millions of whom are without basic services like water and sanitation. How is the burden of protecting a vast patrimonial landscape justified when necessities for the nation’s citizenry are so precarious?

Digital Dustbin - Smart Bins for Smart Cities

This paper researches around the area of the solution of the garbage disposal and waste management with the help of technology. It gives a detailed model of how we can achieve the goal of ‘Clean India’ together with the use of sensors, cameras, servers, and even human psychology. With the revolutions taking place all over the world on the subject of the climate crisis and global warmings, it becomes a duty of every citizen to contribute to the future lifestyle. Satisfying all the parameters, at first, past researches have been compared, objectives have been defined and then a working model is thus presented. It has always been difficult to change the mind-set of a whole lot of people, and thus in this research paper, addressing this problem, the solution of such product development is given which satisfies the need of the citizens and also contributes effectively to the waste management system. The model is proved with a prototype, and all the facts& figures are provided, which are necessary

India’s Education System as a Catalyst for the Swaach Bharat (Clean India) Mission

Since 2014, India’s Swaach Bharat Mission (Clean India), launched by Prime Minister Narendra Modi, has garnered international attention for dispersing millions of toilets across the subcontinent. T...

Swachh Bharath (Clean India) Campaign and the Indian Tourism Industry: Strategic Challenges and Cultural Impediments

Swachh Bharath (Clean India) Campaign and the Indian Tourism Industry: Strategic Challenges and Cultural Impediments

Pattern and Convergence in Access to Individual Household Latrine Facility in Indian States and the Impact of Swachh Bharat Intervention

Pattern and Convergence in Access to Individual Household Latrine Facility in Indian States and the Impact of Swachh Bharat Intervention