Swachh Bharat Research Articles

Sanitation ladder in rural and urban India: can subsidy from the Swachh Bharat Mission ensure transition to safely managed toilets?

ABSTRACT The Swachh Bharat Mission, globally the biggest public programme to support sanitation, has focused on subsidised construction of household toilets in rural areas, while aiming for solid waste disposal and behavioural changes in urban areas. In spite of that, India witnesses a huge gap from the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) related to usage of safely managed sanitation associated with more environment-responsive technology and hygiene management. The Joint Monitoring Programme (2017) created a hierarchical sanitation ladder identifying categories of toilets, namely, safely managed, basic, limited, unimproved, and open defecation. This study attempts to contribute to the existing literature by locating the empirical estimation of the sanitation ladder in India across both rural and urban settings, using nationally representative unit-level National Sample Survey Office data (2018). Results find that only 38% of urban and 6% of rural households in India use safely managed toilets. Also, using logistic regression, the study posits that receiving subsidy for toilet construction can significantly improve usage of safely managed toilets along the ladder only among the poorest class of urban India and the factor is generally more potent in rural areas. The findings identify that there is hardly any benefit in subsidizing the middle-income class and hence highlight a need to redesign the subsidy-driven sanitation policy.

Development of 1 ×1 km gridded emission inventory for air quality assessment and mitigation strategies from open biomass burning in Karnataka, India

In this work, we have developed a high-resolution (1 ×1 km grid) emission inventory of greenhouse gases and air pollutants from open biomass burning (OBB) in Karnataka for 2000, 2005, 2010, 2015, 2020, and 2022. Secondary and field datasets were used to validate the emission inventories. The GIS-based statistical model and activity data were used to estimate greenhouse and air pollutant gas emissions from OBB (Forest, grassland, and crop fires). The uncertainty analysis of the emissions were done using the Monte Carlo Simulation (MCS) model and Low Emission Analysis Platform (LEAP) tool was used for projecting the emissions to 2050 based on the annual average growth rate. According to our results, the total OBB burned areas (%) in Karnataka during the aforementioned years were 24.43, 15.69, 15.95, 11.41, 26.73, and 5.78. The results showed that total annual average OBB emissions in Karnataka for 2000–2022 in Gg were SO2 (6.67), NOx (9.48), NH3(9.80), CO (670.12), OC (59.78), BC (5.09), CO2 (11071 .11), CH4(33.68), PM10(84.29), PM2.5(81.08), NMVOC (74.13), and NO2 (4.80) respectively. The districts of Kalburgi, Raichur, Bagalkot, Uttara Kannada, and Shivamogga have the highest emissions from OBB in Karnataka from 2000 to 2022. The emission uncertainty results showed ±26.92, ±28.17, and ±30.27 % for the crop, grassland, and forest fires, respectively. Under the business-as-usual (BAU) scenarios, the CH4 emissions from forest, grassland, and crop fires are projected at 8823, 2.64, and 5262 metric tonnes by 2030 and 58046, 10, and 30700 metric tonnes by 2050, respectively. The developed high-resolution inventories are the most up-to-date surface emission datasets with hotspots in Karnataka from OBB emission. National Clean Air Programme (NCAP) and India’s Net-Zero Emission target by 2070, our high-resolution emission inventories and mitigation strategies may be helpful for air quality monitoring, health benefits analysis, and policy-making studies in Karnataka, India.

Performance Characteristics of a Compression Ignition (CI) Engine Using an Environmentally Friendly Waste Plastic Fuel

Due to growing demands and depleting reserves of petroleum-based fuel, there is a necessity to find an alternative fuel for IC engines. Also, environmental concerns and globally faced problems like lots of garbage generated through plastics is a major issue in India. There is a significant disparity between plastic production and waste plastic generation. Therefore, the need for alternative fuels derived from municipal plastic waste has emerged to enhance the performance of IC engines, decrease emissions, and address other environmental concerns in line with the “Swachh Bharat Mission of India”. In this study, the alternative fuel was produced from a municipal mix of plastic waste by pyrolysis process. The experiments were carried out with a constant speed of 1500 rpm at different load conditions and fueled with standard diesel, waste plastic fuel and other blends to investigate IC engine performance and combustion and emissions in terms of brake thermal efficiency, brake power, brake specific fuel consumption, cylinder pressure, net heat release, mean gas temperature, rate of pressure rise, andbrake specific CO2, NOx, CO and HC emissions parameters were investigated and it is compared with standard diesel. The overall result shows that WPO20D80 and WPO30D70 exhibit the peak performance (torque, BP, BTE and BSFC) and lowest emissions (HC, CO, NOx) at all load conditions. Moreover, according to all the performance results, the lowest BSFC with maximum brake thermal efficiency and variations was 24.01% and 0.346 Kg/kWh for the WPO30D70 blend at part load condition. The minimum brake-specific NOx produced by the diesel blend at peak load conditions (WPO20D80) is 138.66 ppm, which is higher than other blends. This phenomenon may be attributed to an elevated proportion of pre-combustion and an extended ignition duration, resulting in a high cylinder temperature and an enhanced rate of heat release. This analysis contributes to a deeper understanding of the environmental implications associated with different fuel blends and load conditions. Notably, the blends ranging from 10% to 50% showed good tendencies to be utilized with diesel engines and consistently exhibit favourable brakespecific emission profiles, suggesting its potential as an environmentally friendly alternative fuel.

Swachh Bharat Mission Gramin: Uptake and challenges in rural Coimbatore

ABSTRACT Introduction: Water, sanitation, and hygiene (WASH)-related infectious diseases contribute to approximately 5% of the global disease burden. Despite sanitation being a human right, 673 million people worldwide had limited access to toilets. To tackle the same, Swachh Bharat Mission-Gramin (SBM-G) was launched in 2014 to facilitate the construction of over 100 million individual household latrines (IHHLs) across India. However, literature evidence on acceptance of SBM-G in Tamil Nadu, particularly in Coimbatore, is scarce. Objectives: The primary objective was to investigate the utilisation of the SBM-G scheme and its associated factors in rural Coimbatore. Materials and Methods: In 2022, a mixed-methods study incorporating quantitative (using a purpose-designed questionnaire) and qualitative (using in-depth interviews and focus group discussions) components was conducted among 60 SBM-G beneficiaries in Kovai Medical Center and Hospital Institute of Health Sciences and Research (KMCH IHSR)’s rural field practice area. Quantitative data were analysed using Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS) v23 and qualitative data using manual thematic content analysis. Results: Before IHHL construction, 93.7% of respondents practiced open-air defecation (OAD). The issues perceived with OAD were distance (28.8%) and privacy concerns (12.5%). After SBM-G implementation, 78.3% reported using the IHHL ‘all the time’, reflecting a substantial shift in behaviour. Most respondents received financial aid within about six months (INR 8,000), often in a single instalment. The majority had constructed their IHHLs before 2015. The expenditures incurred varied significantly, with 58.3% spending extra costs ranging between INR 10,000 and 30,000. Water supply to households significantly influenced IHHL usage. Conclusion: While rural villagers appreciate the SBM-G financial assistance for IHHLs, concerns about the inadequacy of the sanctioned amount for proper piped water supply and septic tanks persist. Nonetheless, there is a clear demonstration of positive behavioural change, marked by reduced OAD and increased IHHL usage.

Sustaining Current Policies and Introducing New Initiatives: Strategic Five-year Plan for the Government of India

A review of key documents, including political manifestos and reports from NITI Aayog and WHO, outlines healthcare priorities for 2024-2029, aligned with Viksit Bharat 2047 and the UN SDGs. Key actions include expanding Universal Health Coverage through Ayushman Bharat, improving rural healthcare, addressing medical staff shortages, and leveraging digital health, telemedicine, and interoperable records. National missions targeting disease prevention, mental health, and non-communicable diseases aim to promote healthier lifestyles. Strengthening public health preparedness and health information systems, while promoting traditional medicine, is also essential. Expanding maternal and child health programs, increasing access via AB-PMJAY, ensuring quality through NQAS, and driving innovation with R&D funding are vital. Enhanced tobacco control through COTPA, higher taxes, and NTCP campaigns, along with investments in WASH infrastructure through Swachh Bharat and Jal Jeevan Missions, will improve health outcomes. Geriatric care, digitalisation, digital health, mental health, community health workers, and partnerships are critical. Initiatives like healthcare innovation hubs, mobile clinics, and health equity programs will build a resilient, inclusive healthcare system and improve national health.

EVALUATING THE EFFECTIVENESS OF KAYAKALPA PRACTICES AMONG HEALTHCARE WORKERS IN SOUTH ZONE PHCs OF BENGALURU DISTRICT: A CROSS-SECTIONAL STUDY

Background: Kayakalpa practices, introduced under the Swachh Bharat Abhiyan, focus on improving cleanliness, hygiene, and infection control in healthcare facilities. Evaluating their effectiveness, particularly among healthcare workers (HCWs), is crucial for ensuring these objectives are met. Objective: This study aims to evaluate the awareness, adherence, and perceived effectiveness of Kayakalpa practices among healthcare workers in the South Zone PHCs of Bengaluru District, as well as to identify the factors influencing these outcomes. Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted among 200 healthcare workers from selected PHCs in the South Zone of Bengaluru, using stratified random sampling to ensure representation across different job roles. A structured questionnaire was administered to assess awareness, adherence, perceived effectiveness, and barriers to adherence. Data were analyzed using SPSS software, employing descriptive statistics, chi-square tests for associations, correlation analysis, and multiple regression analysis to identify predictors of adherence and perceived effectiveness. Results: Awareness of Kayakalpa practices was high, with 75% of participants reporting knowledge of the guidelines. However, adherence was lower at 55%. Chi-square tests revealed significant associations between job role and adherence (χ² = 12.34, p < 0.05), and between perceived effectiveness and the frequency of training (χ² = 9.67, p < 0.01). Correlation analysis showed a significant positive relationship between awareness and adherence (r = 0.45, p < 0.01). Multiple regression analysis revealed that both awareness (β = 0.35, p < 0.05) and availability of resources (β = 0.28, p < 0.05) were significant predictors of adherence. Perceived effectiveness was significantly associated with adherence (β = 0.42, p < 0.01) and regular training (β = 0.31, p < 0.05). Discussion: The study highlights a gap between awareness and adherence to Kayakalpa practices among HCWs, with adherence being influenced by both awareness and resource availability. The effectiveness of the practices was found to be closely linked to adherence and the provision of continuous training. The chi-square analysis underscores the role of job role and training frequency in adherence and perceived effectiveness. Conclusion: While awareness of Kayakalpa practices is relatively high, adherence remains a challenge, limiting the overall effectiveness of the initiative. Targeted interventions, including regular training and improved resource allocation, are necessary to enhance adherence and maximize the impact of these practices on hygiene and infection control in PHCs. KEYWORDS: Kayakalpa, healthcare workers, primary health centres, awareness, adherence, infection control, multiple regression, chi-square

Communicative Competence in the Select Speech of Shri Narendra Modi: A Linguistic Analysis

The close connection between language and ideology has long been a recurring subject of study among linguists. Politicians often rely on language manipulation to convey specific messages, discussing topics that seem familiar but may not be fully understood by the audience. This study uses critical discourse analysis to identify the presuppositions and entailments, and thus the ideology, in a speech delivered by the Prime Minister of India, Shri Narendra Modi. The speech is an appeal from Modi to the people of India. A closer examination reveals that Prime Minister Modi employed various persuasive strategies to achieve political and ideological goals. The analysis of the selected speech of Shri Narendra Modi for Swachh Bharat mission on Independence Day establishes the social practises followed and the text that influences the people to bring changes in our society. The level of text and the level of context is analysed for linguistic analysis in six categories like phonology, syntax, semantics, conceptual, belief and para linguistics.

Review of Menstrual Hygiene Management Practices Among Adolescent Girls: Challenges, Health Implications, and Future Directions

Although a woman's menstruation is a normal biological process that is essential to her reproductive life, managing menstrual hygiene is still a major worldwide issue, especially for teenage girls in low- and middle-income nations. Maintaining dignity and one's physical and mental health depend on practicing proper menstrual hygiene. However, barriers to good menstrual hygiene habits persist due to cultural taboos, a lack of resources, and inadequate knowledge. Examining national and international policies targeted at resolving these concerns, this analysis examines the relationship between menstrual hygiene, adolescent health, and the right to health. The conversation emphasizes how important it is to manage menstrual hygiene in an appropriate way to prevent a girl's period from interfering with her everyday activities or undermining her self-esteem. A variety of menstruation items are assessed, with a focus on choosing the right goods to preserve hygiene, including sanitary pads, tampons, menstrual cups, and period underwear. The review also touches on the effects of menstruation problems on women's lives. The support that national and international initiatives like the Swachh Bharat Abhiyan, Beti Bachao Beti Padhao (BBBP), Rashtriya Kishor Swasthya Karyakram (RKSK), and the Scheme for Promotion of Menstrual Hygiene provide for the management of menstrual hygiene and adolescent health are examined. In order to guarantee that teenage girls may have healthy, productive lives with dignity and respect, the article emphasizes the need for ongoing efforts to enhance menstrual hygiene management via education, access to sanitary products, and the breakdown of societal taboos.

Toilet construction under the Swachh Bharat Mission and infant mortality in India

Improvement of water and sanitation conditions may reduce infant mortality, particularly in countries like India where open defecation is highly prevalent. We conducted a quasi-experimental study to investigate the association between the Swachh Bharat Mission (SBM)—a national sanitation program initiated in 2014—and infant (IMR) and under five mortality rates (U5MR) in India. We analyzed data from thirty-five Indian states and 640 districts spanning 10 years (2011–2020), with IMR and U5MR per thousand live births as the outcomes. Our main exposure was the district-level annual percentage of households that received a constructed toilet under SBM. We mapped changes in IMR and U5MR and toilet access at the district level over time. We fit two-way fixed effects regression models controlling for sociodemographic, wealth, and healthcare-related confounders at the district-level to estimate the association between toilets constructed and child mortality. Toilet access and child mortality have a historically robust inverse association in India. Toilets constructed increased dramatically across India following the implementation of SBM in 2014. Results from panel data regression models show that districts with > 30% toilets constructed under SBM corresponds with 5.3 lower IMR (p < 0.05), and 6.8 lower U5MR (p < 0.05). Placebo, falsification tests and robustness checks support our main findings. The post-SBM period in India exhibited accelerated reductions in infant and child mortality compared to the pre-SBM years. Based on our regression estimates, the provision of toilets at-scale may have contributed to averting approximately 60,000–70,000 infant deaths annually. Our findings show that the implementation of transformative sanitation programs can deliver population health benefits in low- and middle-income countries.

Swachh Bharat Mission and Municipal Reforms in India

As India advances toward its aspirations of a cleaner nation, integrating the Swachh Bharat Mission (SBM) with effective municipal reforms will be critical in ensuring sustainable sanitation practices that benefit all citizens, ultimately leading to improved public health and enhanced quality of life. The SBM is closely intertwined with municipal reforms, which are essential for the efficient implementation of sanitation programs at the local level. This editorial explores the SBM’s objectives, its impact on municipal reforms, the challenges faced, and the way forward.

Do green banking practices improve the sustainability performance of banking institutions? The mediating role of green finance

Purpose This study aims to examine the mediating role of green finance in the relationship between green banking practices and the sustainability performance of banking institutions in developing economies. Design/methodology/approach The authors performed an empirical investigation by applying the “partial least squares structural equation modeling (PLS-SEM)” based on a representative sample of 414 bank employees working in the National Capital Region, India. Findings The study’s outcome confirms that employee, top-management, operation and policy related practices substantially influence green finance and banks’ sustainability performance. On the contrary, customer related practices insignificantly influence banks’ sustainability performance. Further, green finance substantially influences the sustainability performance of banking institutions. Practical implications This study shed light on green banking practices that can assist in achieving the vision of the “Clean India Mission” of the Indian government. In addition, it encourages policymakers and bank managers to fulfill their social responsibility by engaging employees and customers in cleaner operations to promote banks’ sustainability performance. Originality/value This is ground-breaking research that enriches the understanding of green banking practices and green finance by providing a novel theoretical framework concerning the sustainability performance of banking institutions. Theoretically, this paper also broadens the scope of corporate social responsibility literature by applying the resource-based view theory in finance and banking.

How to Make Future Cities Smart in the Realm of Environmentally Friendly Healthy Cities? Looking from the Perspective of Ease of Living Index

Rapid urbanization and environmental issues have led the Government of India to implement urban development initiatives like Heritage City Development and Augmentation Yojana, Atal Mission for Rejuvenation and Urban Transformation, Smart Cities Mission, Deen Dayal Antyodaya Yojana-National Urban Livelihood Mission, and Swachh Bharat Mission-Urban to improve citizens' quality of life. The Ease of Living Index (EOL), developed to assess the outcomes of these initiatives, is a data-driven assessment tool aligned with the Sustainable Development Goals that enables cities to adopt evidence-based planning and execution. It assesses the well-being of citizens in 111 cities, including cities under the Smart Cities Mission, capital cities, and cities with populations over one million. The concept of healthy cities gained popularity in the South-east Asian Region of the World Health Organization, with the Healthy City Network Assessment Tool being introduced in 2021 to help cities assess their health profile in its eleven member countries, including India. In view of NITI Aayog's 2021 recommendation for the development of 500 healthy cities by 2030, there is a need to expand the scope of the existing EOL Index (2020). This research aims to integrate the healthy city evaluation criteria from WHO's South-east Asia Regional Guidelines with the EOL Index 2020 to develop an integrated tool for data-driven assessment of India's proposed healthy cities program. The study based on literature review and comparative analysis identifies 8 determinants, 28 sub-determinants and 112 indicators, enhancing the comprehensiveness of the EOL Index to promote smart, environmentally friendly, healthy, and sustainable urban development.

Transforming Hospital Housekeeping: The Kayakalp Journey.

The Kayakalp guidelines for public healthcare facilities under the Swachh Bharat Abhiyan (Clean India Mission) focus on improving sanitation, cleanliness, and infection control at public hospitals in India. This study was conducted in a 960-bed tertiary-level teaching hospital in eastern India. Housekeeping has been a challenge in public institutions, with factors like overcrowding and resource constraints. Tobacco and betel nut chewing, spitting, poor sanitation practices, and open urination are major challenges in ensuring sanitation at the hospital. The research objective was to study the implementation of the Kayakalp guidelines for quality improvement in housekeeping services at the institution. A pre- and post-interventional study was conducted using the Plan-Do-Check-Act (PDCA) quality tool. Plan phases included the gap assessment using the Kayakalp checklist with numerical scoring. Necessary interventions were done under three headings: structure, processes, and outcomes in the "Do" phase. The "Check" phase included monitoring of the activities followed by the "Act" phase, which included a review of the action plan. External experts nominated by the government conducted the final assessments and recommended it as one of the cleanest hospitals. A 360-degree improvement was observed in hospital services, with assessment score improvement from 73.68% to 95.0%. The institution received the first prize in 2020 and 2021 and runners-up Kayakalp National Award under category "B" (Institute of National Importance) Hospitals in 2019. The implementation of Kayakalp guidelines of the Government of India proved to be efficient in the improvement of housekeeping and infection control practices in the institution.

Ultrasound‐assisted synthesis of biodiesel in the presence of a novel catalyst recovered from waste effluent/water: A mini‐review

AbstractThe government of India has mainly focused on waste management, environment protection acts, and control of energy demand, which will lead to the development of a clean and green India. Nowadays most of the drinking water is getting polluted due to the harmful gases released by well‐renowned industries mining operations, alloy industries, and dye industries. The presence of more amounts of heavy metals in drinking water leads to a rise in chemical levels than the constrained level in the environment, inside a human body, and any living being. Protection of the environment through the recovery of heavy metals from waste effluents through a chemical activation process using bio‐derived activated carbons as adsorbents is one of the known strategies in the current decade that can be adopted. The application of these heavy metals as catalysts in the synthesis of biodiesel from nonedible oils through an ultrasound (US)‐assisted process is one of the emerging strategies that will help in the reduction of energy demand. In the current review, the recovery of heavy metals from the waste effluents through a conventional chemical activation process and their applications as catalysts in the US‐assisted synthesis of biodiesel from nonedible oils is discussed.

Understanding global perspectives for the acceptance of community sanitation welfare schemes through a localised qualitative survey in Kho Nagorian, Jaipur, India

Community sanitation is a fundamental human right and need. Every year, as per the World Bank, total cost of providing sanitation services is estimated at around 114 billion USD per year. In India, Swachh Bharat Abhiyan (SBA), a public welfare scheme (PWS), is aimed at addressing community sanitation problems. Despite the successful implementation of SBA, local communities still practise open defaecation. To deduce the behavioural patterns governing communal toilet use, interviews were conducted with the local communities in the Kho Nagorian area of Jaipur, Rajasthan, India. This qualitative survey examined attitudes towards the construction of a toilet, awareness towards the SBA scheme, and the willingness to use excreta-based pit humus. The study then discusses the factors that increase the local community’s willingness to use these toilets. Results show that open defaecation is still prevalent in society. One way to foster the adoption of toilets is that the construction materials should mainly consist of local materials. As a recourse, places of worship could be used to influence people’s perception of hygiene. In addition, community toilets should be cleaned often as well. PWS should not be made accessible at no cost to prevent a sense of entitlement among the people. A small sum should be charged to increase social responsibility towards the PWS. Another way to curb open defaecation is to tap into the sense of entitlement by making effective use of social campaign programs. Further, cross-table analysis revealed that the locals were inclined to use a toilet if they have invested in it. Advertisements were found to be ineffective, and proposals were made to make them effective. These findings aid in understanding public perceptions and can guide the development of public policies. The findings also assist in making tax distribution decisions that reflect public concerns, attitudes, and values.

Analysing Circular Economy Policies and Initiatives in India and the Way Forward (Presence of Circular Policy Practices in India and the Road Ahead)

The circular economy model, the most recent solution in the drive to achieving sustainable development goals. The concept goes beyond the purview of pure economics and finds itself within the threads of state policy as well. The circular economy model refers to a system where goods live beyond their primary use to be recycled, reduced and prevented from becoming a pollutant. The model works on the principle of minimal yet efficient use of resources. Circular economy models have applications in a variety of fields: from water conservation and energy resources to waste management. This model however has inherent problems which are being observed and worked upon over time. Some of these problems are the systematic application of policy to the deficit in technological information. This paper focuses on various policies based on this model applied in India, their impact and challenges. India is committed to fulfilling Sustainable Development Goals in every aspect, therefore it is imperative to study the effect of the initiatives proposed and executed by the state. This paper touches upon policies such as Swachh Bharat Abhiyan, National Resource Efficiency Policy, Atal Innovation Mission, Financial Incentives, Resource Efficiency and Circular Economy Industry Coalition (G20 Initiative). This paper also tries to understand the challenges that are faced by the model, some of them include a lack of finance to develop infrastructure and develop production units, research to study more energy and cost-efficient systems and awareness that impacts consumer patterns that encourage sustainability-based commercial activities; and presents recommendations to resolve these challenges, awareness and global platforms are examples of the same. as well as conducts an introspection of policies implemented by other nations.

Temporal geographies of premature death: Caste, law, and infrastructure in Swachh Bharat

Why do sewage and manual cleaning workers, who mostly belong to Dalit communities, die prematurely? In answering this question, I argue that the mutually reinforcing relationship between law and infrastructure enables their premature deaths. The gaps in law and those in urban sanitation infrastructure in India, combined with deeply entrenched Caste ethos, and the commodification of cleanliness, create conditions where the deaths of sewage workers are a regular occurrence. I situate deaths of sewage workers within the Clean India Campaign, a government program for clean public infrastructure and managing fecal matter to posit that the relentless pursuit of cleanliness results in its commodification, which in turn exacerbates the exploitation of the sewage cleaning workers.Using a theoretical lens drawn from Black studies and Dalit-Bahujan scholarship, I demonstrate that the temporality of law and infrastructure makes the cleaning workers invisible to the planners and implementers of the Clean India Campaign. Under such conditions, the cleaning workers gain recognition from law only when they die. Their appalling working conditions and the near absence of workplace protections hardly get any attention. It is only when they die that the law recognizes their personhood. I draw attention to how law and infrastructure influence each other and contribute to Black Studies and Dalit Studies by framing caste as racializing assemblages—contextualizing the temporal geographies of premature death and the role of infrastructures as an assemblage.

IOT Enabled Smart Washroom

While progress is undoubtedly being made in the cutting-edge globe, our country's cleanliness is in jeopardy. The purpose of this paper is to supply hygienic and clean restrooms. Every public restroom ought to be hygienic and spotless. The government of our nation launched the "Swachh Bharat" (Clean India) program. One of the goals of the Clean India initiative is to maintain uncontaminated toilets. This study has the potential to support the clean India initiative. It may eventually demonstrate the major role in the Clean India Plan. The smart bathroom system integrates features like an automatic water tap for hands-free operation, water leakage detection to prevent waste, and an exhaust fan with odour sensing for improved air quality. It dispenses auto air freshener based on bad smell detection linked to overall air quality monitoring. Users can control and monitor these functions through a mobile app. Additionally, an auto-cleaning mechanism activates after every 10 entries to ensure a hygienic space. This system aims to enhance efficiency and convenience in the bathroom environment.

Navigating Cleanliness: A Comprehensive Examination of Swachh Bharat Mission Urban through Comparative Analysis between Indore M.P &amp; Chandigarh

The largest survey in the world, the Swachh Survekshan Survey, the Indian government initiated a major cleaning campaign known as Swachh Bharat Abhiyan (SBA) to advance health technology and hygiene knowledge. in order to chart the campaign's effectiveness. With the observation of 73 cities at the start of the Swachh Survekshan Campaign in 2016, the Indian government created the largest cleanliness survey in the world, with 4242 cities participating. Along with additional observations based on other factors, the survey covers the population of each area separately—rural and urban. The aim of this research is to conduct a comparative analysis between Gwalior, which was renowned for its cleanliness and beauty and significantly dropped in the Swachh Survekshan Ranking, and Indore City, which has regularly rated among the top cities in2017 to 2022 surveys. The research has analysed the differences in two cities' adherence to the Swachh Bharat Mission parameters using an exploratory research technique and secondary data from the Swachh Survekshan Survey 2022. Keywords—World’s largest cleanliness survey, swachh survekshan ranking, cleanliness movement,

Review of Municipal Organic Waste Management in Uttar Pradesh State, India

Organic waste is the main fraction of municipal solid waste in most developing countries. Despite various efforts, municipalities often fail to properly handle generated waste due to poor source segregation, inefficient collection system, insufficient financial resources, and a lack of proper treatment and disposal facilities. In India, organic waste mainly ends up in open dumpsites. The Government of India launched the Swachh Bharat Mission and enacted legislation to improve solid waste management. This notwithstanding, the most populous state of the country, Uttar Pradesh (UP), faces serious challenges in terms of achieving the national environmental policy goals. This study attempts to assess organic management practices in UP by analyzing the existing situation. The study reviewed the legal and financial frameworks governing the waste sector, the responsibility of stakeholders, waste segregation and collection mechanisms in place, and treatment and disposal methods. The identified gaps were analyzed to provide recommendations for the local conditions. The study recommends the control of incoming materials in centralized facilities compost facilities to enhance compost quality and enhance the management of organic waste via source segregation, animal feeding, and treatment in a decentralized manner.