SW Turkey Research Articles

The Early Pleistocene freshwater mollusks of the Denizli Basin (Turkey): a new long-lived lake fauna at the crossroads of Pontocaspian and Aegean-Anatolian realms

We describe here a newly discovered, diverse fossil fauna of freshwater gastropods and bivalves from the Denizli Basin in SW Turkey. The material was collected from the Kolankaya Formation, for which latest chronostratigraphic and magnetostratigraphic data indicate an Early Pleistocene age, which is much younger than previously assumed for the fossil-bearing strata of the Denizli Basin. The fauna consists of at least 27 species (25 gastropods, 2 bivalves) and includes a new genus,Harzhauseriagen. nov., and 6 new species within the Hydrobiidae: Falsipyrgula ? coronatasp. nov., Graecoanatolica ? alcicekorumsp. nov.,Harzhauseria schizopleuragen. et sp. nov.,Iraklimelania minutissimasp. nov.,Iraklimelania submediocarinatasp. nov., and Xestopyrguloides ? sagittasp. nov.Additionally, we define lectotypes forStaja orientalis(Bukowski, 1896) andValvata orientalisFischer, 1866, as well as a neotype forTheodoxus percarinatus(Oppenheim, 1919). Nine of the recovered species (33.3%) are only known from the Denizli Basin. Almost half of the fauna (44.7%) is endemic to the Aegean–Anatolian region, with biogeographical affinities to the Pliocene–Early Pleistocene faunas of Rhodes, Kos, and mainland Greece, as well as the Çameli and Eşen Basin in Turkey. On the genus level, the fauna also contains several typical Pontocaspian elements. The composition points toward a typical long-lived lake environment with oligohaline conditions.

Paleobiodiversity and paleoenvironments of the eastern Paratethys Pleistocene lacustrine-palustrine sequence in the Baklan Basin (SW Anatolia, Turkey)

The Lower-Upper Pleistocene sedimentary record of the Baklan Basin, a long-lived continental half-graben basin in SW Turkey, is characterized by shallow lacustrine and palustrine deposits. The paleoenvironmental changes recorded in the basin succession allow for a multiproxy approach in reconstructing the paleoclimatic, paleoecological, and paleobiogeographical evolution of southwestern Anatolia during the Early-Late Pleistocene. Based on sedimentological, paleontological, and geochemical data, three main types of depositional intervals have been identified, corresponding to different phases of a lake expansion cycle: The first interval is characterized by the perennial shallow lake environment (PSL deposits), which represents the very early stage of the Early Expansion System Tract (VEEST). This suggests a very early stage of lake transgression in arid climate conditions. The second interval is represented by the palustrine carbonate lake center environment (PLC deposits), which corresponds to the late stage of the Early Expansion System Tract (LEEST). This indicates a late early stage of lake transgression in semiarid to subhumid climates. The third interval is marked by the palustrine lake margin environment (PLM deposits), which represents the Late Expansion System Tract (LEST) under humid conditions.The Lower-Upper Pleistocene successions of the Baklan Basin provide an excellent example of lacustrine and palustrine deposition in a laterally extensive, low-gradient, shallow lake system in the semi-isolated Pontocaspian freshwater to slightly brackish water (oligohaline-low mesohaline) long-lived lake. The presence of Pontocaspian ostracod and mollusc faunas in the studied successions indicates that the largest major Caspian transgression around 2.6 millon years ago extended to SW Anatolia. The studied successions represent a rich archive of landscape, climate, and biotic development in the eastern Paratethys region during the Early-Late Pleistocene. The biogeographic signature of fossil faunas (mammals, ostracods, molluscs, and fishes) and floras (Characeae) is predominantly modern Palearctic and Holarctic, with a minor amount of endemic Pontocaspian elements. This study presents the Pleistocene Pontocaspian species of the Anatolian lakes that may have served as refugia for the Palearctic taxa during adverse time intervals. Consequently, this study shows that Lower-Upper Pleistocene lacustrine to palustrine sedimentation in the Baklan Basin has been controlled by the combination of tectonics, climate changes, and the largest major Caspian Sea transgression. The findings of this study could be used to evaluate the impact of similar allocyclic factors on the sedimentological, hydrological, and geochemical development of other intermontane lake basins.

Heritage education and active learning: Developing community and promoting diversity in Turkey

ABSTRACT Heritage education is part of the global response to destruction of archaeological sites in Middle East and North Africa (MENA) countries and will be important in achieving the secondary integration priorities of the Turkish state and NGOs working with Syrian migrants in Turkey. However, the effectiveness and pedagogy of heritage education interventions in diverse MENA communities is under-researched. We present here quantitative and qualitative evaluation data from a pilot project involving 169 teachers and c.2,800 children in Fethiye, SW Turkey. Educational games based on the pedagogic principle of Active Learning were well-received and raised participants' awareness of heritage but teacher confidence in delivering them remained low, even after training. Active Learning effectively engages both local and migrant groups with the shared space that they inhabit, even where its heritage has contested meanings, and heritage education and may have long-term social benefits for communities experiencing disruption and migration caused by conflict.

Trace and Rare Earth Element (REE) Geochemistry of Recently Formed Stromatolites at Lake Salda, SW Turkey

Stromatolites are the oldest recognized fossil recordings of life on Earth. Therefore, their study of them represents one of the most interesting topic that investigates the physio-chemical environmental conditions (formations and precipitations) at which the stromatolites formed. This work deals with the rare earth elements (REEs) geochemical characteristics and the redox-sensitive trace elements behavior of the stromatolites newly formed in Salda Lake, a closed system alkaline lake surrounded by serpentinite rocks in SW Turkey. The representative stromatolite samples collected from Salda Lake show higher contents of MgO (up to 41.5 wt.%), CO2+OH (up to 56.6 wt.%), and MgO/CaO ratio (up to 42.2 wt.%) referring to the stromatolites had been controlled by microorganisms and deposited in subtidal areas having hydro-magnesite and aragonite mineralogy. The average trace element contents of the stromatolites are 8.4 ppm V, 0.09 ppm Cr, 3.50 ppm Co, 95.6 ppm Ni, 0.73 ppm Cu, 1.55 ppm Rb, 37.6 ppm Sr, 0.59 ppm Y, 17.7 ppm Zr, 3.60 ppm Nb, 21 ppm Ba, 0.05 ppm Hf, 3.5 ppm As, 0.02 ppm Cd, 0.05 ppm U, 0.05 ppm Th, 2.85 ppm Pb, and 6.60 ppm Zn. The Post-Archean Australian Shale (PAAS)-normalized REE patterns of the stromatolites reveal that the heavy REEs (HREEs) are enriched relative to the light REEs (LREEs) with highly negative Y and Ce-anomalies and positive Eu-anomalies. This refers to the stromatolites formed in predominantly oxidizing environmental conditions at partially warm lake waters. In addition, the hydromagnesite composition of the Salda Lake stromatolites indicates that they were precipitated from the waters influenced by Mg-rich meteoric waters fed from the serpentinite rocks around the Lake.

Probabilistic Seismic Hazard Analysis of Burdur City

The aim of this study is to assess seismic hazard for Burdur City (SW Turkey) using a probabilistic approach. A new earthquake catalog for Burdur City and its vicinity, with unified moment magnitude scale, was prepared in the scope of the study. Seismicity of the area was evaluated by the Gutenberg-Richter recurrence relationship. For hazard computation, R-CRISIS (v18) software was used. New Generation Attenuation models were used for analyses. Seismic hazard maps were developed for peak ground acceleration and for bedrock with hazard levels of 2% and 10% probability of exceedance in 50 years. Results of the study show that peak ground acceleration values on bedrock with hazard levels of 2% and 10% probability of exceedance in 50 years change between 0.70-0.75 g and 0.44-0.48 g, respectively.

Paleoseismological features and tectonic setting of the Fethiye-Burdur fault zone (SW Turkey)

The Fethiye?Burdur fault zone is not a single line. Still, it consists of discontinuous northeasterly trending fault segments developed parallel to each other between the Gulf of Fethiye and Burdur Lake. The NE?trending and leftlateral oblique?slip Fethiye?Burdur fault zone bounds the Isparta Angle to the west and is probably a continuation of the Pliny fault zone of the Hellenic arc. Year 1914, 1957, and 1971 earthquakes occurred in the Fethiye?Burdur fault zone, with magnitudes of 7.1, 7.0, and 6.1, respectively. The epicenter distribution of the earthquakes of the last century indicates the continuation of the Fethiye? Burdur fault zone under the Gulf of Fethiye, probably to Rhodos Island. According to GPS measurements, the Fethiye?Burdur fault zone is the southern limit of the Aegean extensional region. The Aegean region is characterized by coherent motion toward the SW at 30 mm/yr relative to the Eurasian plate. Field observations and fault plane solutions of recent earthquakes in and around the Burdur Lake region reflect normal and left?lateral oblique faulting considering the NE extension of the fault zone. According to the proposed kinematic model, the different seismotectonic behaviors of the Fethiye?Burdur fault zone originate in the rigid influence of Ye?ilova peridotite massif of the Lycian nappes that occur to the SW of Burdur Lake. The kinematic interactions between the mainly NE?trending enechelon fault constituents of the Fethiye?Burdur fault zone result in different seismotectonic characteristics. Consequently, a new kinematic model is obtained for Burdur Lake and its surroundings.

The Impacts of Heat Waves on Hospital Admissions and Mortality in the Fethiye Province of Turkey

tHeat waves (HWs) are one of the most important atmospheric events that negatively affect human health. In this study, HWs which occurred between May 1 and September 30, 2019 in Fethiye Province (SW Turkey) were investigated for their effects on human health. For this purpose, as a first step, percentile-based threshold criteria and at least three consecutive days’ methodology were applied to the daily maximum temperatures to identify HWs. Using these criteria, a total of 3 HWs (HW 1, HW 2, and HW 3) with lengths of 6, 7, and 5 days, respectively, were found in 2019. In statistical analyses, hospital data recorded on HW days (including the 3 lag days) on reference days were compared using the logarithmic Z test method. Hospital data between May 1 and September 30 in the 5 years between 2014 and 2018 were used as reference data. As a result, in the 3 HWs that occurred in 2019, the risk ratios (RRs) and their confidence intervals in HW 1, HW 2, and HW 3 at hospital admissions were 1.09 (95% CI: 1.06–1.12), 1.11 (95% CI: 1.08–1.14), and 1.13 (95% CI: 1.09–1.16), (p < 0.05), respectively. When the effect of HW on death was examined, the RR values and confidence intervals in HW 1, HW 2, and HW 3 were 1.90 (95% CI: 1.04–3.46), 1.96 (95% CI: 1.03–3.75), and 2.18 (95% CI: 1.13–4.20), (p < 0.005), respectively. As a result, it was found that a total of 22 extra deaths occurred when three HWs were recorded in 2019. When the deaths were analysed by age, it was seen that the most affected group was the elderly (≥65 years), accounting for 82% of deaths. It was determined that 64% of the deaths were male, and 36% were female. These results show that HWs in Fethiye are an important natural disaster that negatively affects human health.

Geological and Geostatistical Modeling of Geogenic Radon Potential of Minarets in Muğla Province (SW Turkey)

Radon (222Rn), derived from the Uranium (238U) series and emitted from Geological Formation (soil, rock) (Qg), Fault (Qf) and Construction Material (Qm), which cannot be detected by the five senses, is an inert radioactive gas. Radon negatively affects people's health (such as lung cancer) as a result of excessive (&amp;gt;200 Bq/m3) accumulation in buildings. The aim of this study is to measure the radon emission concentrations of the components (Qg, Qf, Qm) that make up the Total Radon Gas Concentration (Qt) in the building (for the purpose of this study, mosque minarets) close to the fault or the possible fault in Muğla province (SW Turkey) and order their sizes. The Indoor Radon Concentration (IRC) of 841 minarets in Muğla province was measured with a portable RadonEye device (made in South Korea). At least 5 Soil Radon Concentration (SRC) measurements were made perpendicular to the fault lines near 14 minarets with a portable Markus 10 device (made in Sweden). About 10% of the 841 minarets were found to be above the European Indoor Radon Reference Value (EIRRV) (200 Bq/m3). When evaluated according to the 13 districts, it is seen that the district with the highest IRC in the 841 minarets is Marmaris (Çetibeli town, 2809 Bq/m3), and the district with the lowest is Ula (Armutçuk town, 217 Bq/m3). The highest IRC was measured inside a minaret made of volcanic rocks in the Marmaris district (Çetibeli town, 2809 Bq/m3). The lowest SRC was obtained in Datça district (Kızlan town, 5830 Bq/m3) where serpentinites outcropped, and the highest SRC was found in Bodrum district (Gürece town, 120000 Bq/m3) where volcanic rocks outcropped. It has been determined that there is a Qf&amp;gt;Qg&amp;gt;Qm relationship between the magnitudes of the factors (Qg, Qf, Qm) affecting Qt in the minarets close to the fault and possible faults. As a result, IRC measurements in all buildings where people live should be done periodically and regularly by the relevant institutions.

Determination of karst spring characteristics in complex geological setting using MODKARST model: Azmak Spring, SW Turkey

Determination of karst spring characteristics in complex geological setting using MODKARST model: Azmak Spring, SW Turkey

Assessment of trace metal pollution in the coastal sediments of Fethiye-Göcek Bay (SW Turkey) and evaluation of pollution sources

This research evaluated the trace metal pollution and the pollution sources in the coastal sediments of Fethiye-Göcek Bay by using the spatial distribution maps, correlation and statistical analysis, which were acquired from 69 sampling points. Spatial distribution maps for eleven elements (namely Al, As, Co, Cr, Cu, Fe, Mn, Mo, Ni, Pb, Ti, V, and Zn) revealed that there is an enrichment of the studied elements, especially near Fethiye harbor. Moreover, the contamination evaluation carried out by using different evaluation methods suggests considerable contamination of As, Co, Cr and Ni. There is a high correlation between Ni, Co, and Fe, Even the minimum Ni concentrations are 9 fold enriched relative to the Earth Crust's values. The controlling factors for element distribution in the area are both natural and anthropogenic. The natural sources are related to the weathering of the geological units and hydrothermal activity. In contrast, various anthropogenic sources include coal smoke, fuel oils used near the crowded harbors, urbanization and the increase in the population recently. When the ecological risk of these enriched elements is considered, the level of probability of toxicity comes out to be the highest, which demonstrates that the accumulation of trace metals in harbor sediments should be considered in the near future to prevent any contamination toward biota and human.

Appraisal of groundwater pollution risk by combining the fuzzy AHP and DRASTIC method in the Burdur Saline Lake Basin, SW Turkey.

To ensure sustainable groundwater management, water resources must be protected in terms of quantity and quality. In this context, it is important to reveal the potential of existing groundwater resources to be affected by environmental and/or geogenic pollutants. In the present study, groundwater vulnerability assessment was performed using DRASTIC model by fuzzy AHP and GIS integration for Burdur Saline Lake basin, SW Turkey. In addition, validation and sensitivity analyses were performed in the study. Weight and rating values assigned for DRASTIC parameters and sub-parameters were determined by fuzzy AHP method, and these values were used in GIS analyses. In the validation analysis of the obtained groundwater vulnerability map, NO3 ion was considered since the agricultural activities are intense in the study area. In addition, sensitivity analyses were performed to determine the most effective parameter. According to the obtained results, 26.43% of the study area was determined as the highly vulnerable areas, while 11.44 and 62.13% were moderate vulnerable and low vulnerable, respectively. Impact of the vadose zone, depth to water table, and net recharge parameters were determined as more effective than other parameters. The nitrate concentrations of the groundwater in the region confirm the vulnerability map obtained by the study. Therefore, it is recommended to take realistic and urgent protection measures aimed at sustainable use of groundwater in highly vulnerable areas.

Fingerprinting stealth metasomatism in ophiolitic peridotites

Mantle wedge peridotites are characterized by extraordinarily depleted compositions and their genesis is still controversial. In this study, we present microstructural observations and mineral chemical analyses of mantle harzburgites in the Lycian ophiolite of SW Turkey that reveal their formation in a suprasubduction zone mantle wedge. The textures of clinopyroxene in the harzburgites, particularly chromite-clinopyroxene symplectites and grains containing mineral inclusions, do not support a partial melting origin. Zoning textures and the presence of additional phases within the orthopyroxene porphyroclasts indicate that they underwent melt/fluid infiltration. Olivine crystals and interstitial grains are enclosed in orthopyroxene porphyroclasts, implying that the orthopyroxene grains crystallized by consuming olivine. Chromite grains in the harzburgites not only have zoned, but also contain a variety of mineral inclusions. Amphibole grains in some of the harzburgites also have compositions similar to those in the chromitites. Therefore, all mineral phases in the Lycian harzburgites have well-preserved metasomatic signatures that overprinted their partial melting features. The enrichment of fluid-mobile elements, such as Cs, Rb, U, and Pb in clinopyroxene and amphibole, coupled with their high Mg# values (92.8–95.6 and 93.7–96.4, respectively), suggest formation by Cr- and Mg-rich, hydrous metasomatic melts/fluids. The consistent compositions of clinopyroxene and chromite in the harzburgites and chromitites, together with the decreasing intensity of alteration and crystallization temperature of amphibole in the chromitite pods through dunites to harzburgites, imply that the hydrous melts/fluids were partially released from chromite surfaces during chromitite formation and/or from dehydration of the metamorphic sole, which likely attributed to metasomatism at different depths. Moreover, chromite-hosted inclusions in the harzburgites may reflect the reaction before solidification of an inclusion-rich zone possibly signifying a rapid increase of chromite-oversaturated melt. Positive correlations between Cr and Al in pyroxenes of ophiolites are widely preserved in metasomatic mantle peridotites from different tectonic settings and thus they provide a robust chemical proxy for the metasomatism. • Direct evidence of stealth metasomatism for harzburgites in the mantle section of the Lycian ophiolite; • The depleted Cr and Mg-rich hydrous melts/fluids are released from chromite surfaces or heating dehydration of the metamorphic sole; • The positive Cr and Al correlation of pyroxene suggest that metasomatism in the lithospheric mantle is widespread

Cosmogenic 36Cl surface exposure dating of glacial landforms on Mt. Barla (SW Turkey)

Investigating Quaternary glaciations by terrestrial cosmogenic nuclide dating provides unique insights into glacial landscapes. However, postglacial processes may reshape these topographies via weathering, erosion and deposition, especially after the glaciers have entirely disappeared. Understanding the timing of Quaternary glaciations in the areas developed under different geomorphological processes may be challenging. In this study, we produced a detailed geomorphological map of Mt. Barla in the Western Taurus Mountains of Turkey. We found that geomorphological processes such as karstification and mass movements provided favourable settings for the valleys to be carved by glaciers during the Late Pleistocene. We applied in-situ cosmogenic 36Cl surface exposure dating to moraine boulders to reveal the glacial chronology and the geomorphological evolution. We dated moraine boulders (n = 11) from two glacial valleys that show at least two and possibly three deglaciations during the Late Pleistocene. For Gedik Valley, the left lateral moraine marks the Late-glacial glacier retreat by 16.6 ± 2.6 ka (MIS 2). On the other hand, the terminal moraine indicates that the most extensive glaciation occurred at 42.1 ± 5.2 ka (pre-global LGM) in this valley. The outer terminal moraine age (45.5 ± 6.8 ka) in Kapıdere Valley confirms this MIS 3 extension. Our results also imply even a possible earlier glaciation in Kapıdere Valley at 78.5 ± 17.6 ka (MIS 5), even though more data are needed to confirm this extent.

Genesis and high-pressure evolution of the Köyceğiz ophiolite (SW Turkey): Mineralogical and geochemical characteristics of podiform chromitites

Textural and compositional characteristics of mineral inclusions in podiform chromitites flourish thoughtful information about the genesis of the Köyceğiz ophiolite (SW Turkey). In the chromitite bodies, olivine, orthopyroxene, clinopyroxene, and sulfide inclusions are mostly sub-rounded or globular. Less abundant needle-shaped silicate inclusions (10–50 μm-long) are aligned along crystallographic orientations in the host magnesiochromite grains. Raman spectroscopy and micro analytical data indicate that these lamellar inclusions have consistently a diopside composition. Uncommon, discrete micro-diamonds and moissanite (SiC) particles, observed in some magnesiochromite grains, may suggest formation under ultra-high pressure (UHP) super-reduced (SuR) conditions.The Köyceğiz chromitites are characterized by variable platinum-group element (PGE) abundances (80–441 ppb), with unfailing IPGE > PPGE contents. Fractionated chondrite-normalized PGE patterns of chromitites and associated peridotites and data scatter in thePd/Ir versusPt/Pt* space indicate chromitite formation by partial melting of the associated mantle rocks. The variable 187Os/188Os(i) (0.1278–0.1380) and γOs (−0.38 to +7.54) values demonstrate extensive contamination of crustal components, likely in a supra-subduction zone (SSZ) setting. Combined with the occurrence of unusual ‘exotic’ mineral inclusions, geochemical and isotopic characteristics of the Köyceğiz chromitites replicate superimposed deep mantle processes, recycling and subduction-related phase transformations.

The Namaras rock avalanche: Evidence of mid-to-late Holocene paraglacial activity in the Central Taurus Mountains, SW Turkey

The Namaras rock avalanche (NRA) deposit originated from the northern flank of the glaciokarstic Geyikdağ Mountain in the Central Taurus Range, SW Turkey. The deposit has an area of ~0.430 km2 and an estimated average thickness of 10 m, corresponding to 4.3 million m3 volume. The fan-shaped deposit area consists of house-sized Jurassic-Cretaceous neritic limestone boulders that overlie lateral and hummocky moraines down into the valley. We used geomorphological mapping and 36Cl surface exposure dating to obtain six boulder ages which unravelled the NRA age, the number of events and their geometric features. Our results indicate that the NRA consists of two successive mid-to-late Holocene events; the first high magnitude main event with a weighted average age of 4.59 ± 0.25 ka followed by a second low magnitude event with a weighted average age of 3.77 ± 0.20 ka. 36Cl exposure dating of the lateral moraine covered by the rock avalanche deposit yielded approximately an age of ~12.30 ± 1.20 ka. The older event with a maximum runout distance of 1550 m and 600 m elevation loss yielded in a travel angle of 21°. Similarly, the younger event with 1720 m maximum runout length and 640 m vertical elevation loss resulted in a travel angle of 20°. The bedded limestone with cross-joints in the glacial cirque preconditioned the NRA slope failure. The significant lag time between deglaciation and the rock avalanche indicates that the glacial erosion and debuttressing acted as preparatory factors. Based on the low seismic activity in the Central Taurus Range and the synchronicity of the rock avalanche with mid-to-late Holocene climatic transitions, we propose that climatic factors may have triggered the NRA failure. The age of the older main event coincides with the warm drought period of the mid-Holocene associated with torrential rainfalls in the Taurus Mountains, while the age of the younger event correlates with the long wet period in the late Holocene. Thus, the main NRA event may have been triggered by the influence of warm temperatures and intense rainfall, while the second event may have been triggered by prolonged period of high precipitation. The two events of the NRA are coeval with the enhanced rock slope failures dating back to 5–3 ka in the Alps.

Revised late Cenozoic foraminifer biostratigraphy of the Eskiköy Formation (Aksu Basin), SW Turkey and its paleoenvironmental conditions

The Aksu Basin, near Antalya, is an important area from many aspects of the geology as it hosts the youngest marine deposits of the western Taurides in southwestern Turkey. These marine deposits play an important role in revealing the response of the Eastern Mediterranean coasts to the post-Zanclean transgression following the Messinian Salinity Crisis and provide a chronological record for detailing the late Cenozoic regional tectonic and sedimentary features. Therefore, biostratigraphic reconstruction of this basin is essential to enhance our understanding of the late Cenozoic evolution of the region and the response of the Eastern Mediterranean realm to climatic shifts. Here, we present an updated foraminifer biostratigraphy of the topmost part of the Eskiköy Formation in the Aksu Basin, a member of the Neogene Antalya basins. The studied Kargı section, located in the northern part of the Aksu Basin, contains planktic foraminifer species such as Neogloboquadrina pachyderma , Globigerinoides tenellus , Globigerinoides obliquus obliquus, and Globoturborotalita rubescens, and benthic foraminifers Bulimina marginata and Saidovina karreriana. These species are important bioevent markers in the Mediterranean Region. Accordingly, we update the stratigraphic range of the Eskiköy Formation found in southwestern Turkey extending it to the Pleistocene falling in MPle1a Neogloboquadrina spp. sx Interval Subzone, more specifically between 1.54 and 1.36 Ma, which previously was considered to be of Pliocene age. This age interval is also in agreement with the previous studies that reported Calabrian-Chibanian aged marine deposits in the Mut Basin, southern Turkey. • Pleistocene bioevent marker planktic and benthic foraminifers were identified. • The sedimentation of the Aksu Basin in southwestern Turkey did not end in the Late Pliocene but continued during the Calabrian. • The Aksu Basin marks a period of low temperatures and lowered sea-level stands during the Calabrian.

ISPARTA AÇI BÖLGESİ (GÜNEYBATI TÜRKİYE) YAPILARIN SINIR TESPİTİ VE DERİNLİK TAHMİNİ ÜZERİNE HAVA MANYETİK VERİLERLE BİR ARAŞTIRMA

This paper aims to delineate the subsurface structures and their depths located in the Isparta Angle region (SW Turkey) through the aeromagnetic data. The dataset has been processed via the well-known mathematical tools such as spectral analysis and derivative methods. First, to separate these anomalies from each other, the spectral analysis has been completed and high anomaly regions have been determined around Isparta city. This could be attributed to the fact that these values might be stem from magnetic bodies (like volcanic cones, caldera) located in the Golcuk volcanic region. In addition, the average depths of deep and shallow causative bodies have been calculated to be 6.72 km and 0.31 km, respectively. Secondly, to delineate the exact location and the depth to top of the sources, analytic signal transformation and tilt method have been applied to the residual anomalies. The maps show six regions which have the high magnetization values and these anomalies have been investigated in detail to delineate the upper depths of subsurface structures. Especially, the study showed that Golcuk volcanic occurrences, which are one of the crucial structures in the region, have a deeper root (around 3.47 km) and larger lying magnetic bodies underneath the surface.

Geochemical insights into mantle metasomatism from cogenetic plutonic xenoliths in pyroclastic deposits of Gölcük volcano and their alkaline host rocks (Isparta, SW Turkey)

Geochemical insights into mantle metasomatism from cogenetic plutonic xenoliths in pyroclastic deposits of Gölcük volcano and their alkaline host rocks (Isparta, SW Turkey)

Earthquake history of the Gökova fault zone by paleoseismologic trenching, SW Turkey

Earthquake history of the Gökova fault zone by paleoseismologic trenching, SW Turkey

3-D numerical constraints for the Triassic mafic igneous system of Antalya (SW Turkey): Magma generation associated with southern Neotethyan slow seafloor spreading

A ~ 400 m thick Middle-Late Triassic volcano-sedimentary succession crops out in a relatively narrow corridor ~75 km long and ~ 25 km wide close to Antalya Gulf, SW Turkey. The volcanic and subvolcanic rocks represent the majority of the succession and are associated with epiclastic breccia, turbiditic sediments as well as chert and limestone layers. The igneous rocks are alkali basalts, with incompatible element content matching the classical HiMU-OIB types. These are considered as the precursors of a rift system that would have later evolved into a mature Neotethyan oceanic system, with emplacement of massive tholeiitic basalt sequences, not recorded in the investigated area.Clinopyroxene-melt thermobarometric constraints indicate the presence of two main magma chambers, one equilibrated at ~7–10 km depth and ~ 1070 °C and the other at ~15–21 km depth and ~ 1300 °C. Based on these estimates, a 3-D finite element modelling has been applied, simulating the presence of ellipsoidal magma chambers at different depths and with variable sizes, applying different boundary loading conditions. The scenario that best fits the distribution of the volcanic rocks assumes the contemporaneous presence of two magma reservoirs. One is shallow, with a size of ~17 × 1.5 × 1.5 km, and the second is deeper, with a size of ~37 × 3 × 3 km. Numerical simulations show maximum 6 m opening and dilation through horizontal plane at the surface during the Permian/Triassic intracontinental rift phases. Morphological constraints of this rift zone, with the presence of massive lava eruptions also as pillow facies, have been simulated with the existence of a slowly opening rift system. In order to produce the voluminous magma batches in the Antalya region, pure extensional tectonic regimes seem insufficient, and the presence of a transtensional regime must have accompanied the tectonic forces during the Triassic intracontinental rifting stage.