SW Turkey Research Articles

Contextualizing Kuruçay Höyük: Assessing the Unexplored Late Chalcolithic Landscape Near the Beginning of Early Social Complexity in SW Turkey

ABSTRACTKuruçay Höyük can be considered a key site for our understanding of Late Prehistory in southwest Turkey and above all, the poorly known Late Chalcolithic (4200–3100 b.c.). Until now, limited research has been conducted on the relationship between the excavated site and its surrounding. This article discusses the Late Chalcolithic results of an integrated survey in the vicinity of Kuruçay Höyük in the Burdur Plain. Drawing upon these results, this paper illustrates that the site was far from an isolated feature during the 4th millennium b.c. The picture that emerges is one of a differentiated settlement system consisting of both larger höyük/tell settlements (like Kuruçay Höyük) and smaller sized, possibly short-lived, flat settlements. These results are further contextualized within the developments that took place in the region during the Chalcolithic, which seem to have opened the door for communities to become more complex during the Early Bronze Age.

Structural properties and tectonic significance of a shear zone discovered within the Tauride orogen near Alanya, SW Turkey

A major shear zone, referred to as the Yeşilöz Shear Zone, was discovered in the lower Mahmutlar Nappe of the Alanya Nappe Complex in Alanya region. The nappe shows early transposed folds with axial metamorphic foliation and upright open folds formed during emplacement. The NW-trending shear zone is around 2 km wide and mappable over a length segment of 10 km. The shear zone consists of the metamorphic rocks of the host nappe, but with the phyllite mylonitized by vertical shear foliation and the quartzite and marble dispersed as lenticular bodies. These brittle rock bodies show broken upright folds similar as in the nappe, and also the phyllite shear lenses bear relics of the nappe metamorphic foliation. Analysis of kinematic indices in the shear zone points to a dextral transcurrent deformation. The emplacement of Mahmutlar Nappe caused mild metamorphism of the upper part of underlying nappe and also affected it with the development of the shear zone that extended downwards. The nappe underwent no further translational movement during and after the shear zone formation, which suggests that the ductile transcurrent deformation probably accommodated a residual shortening induced by the emplacement of the next, younger nappe of the Alanya Nappe Complex.

Coastal geology of Iztuzu Spit (Dalyan, Muğla, SW Turkey)

This study was carried out in İztuzu Spit (IS, Muğla-SW Turkey), which is a special environmental protection zone due to the presence of a loggerhead turtle breeding area. The aims of this study are: (1) to determine surface sediment content, (2) to investigate the İztuzu Spit spatial changes using Google-earth images, and (3) to figure out the controlling factors in the spit development. The main shore of the İztuzu Spit is predominantly composed of medium-grained sands that contain dominantly ophiolitic rock fragments. Five types of ostracods, sixteen types of benthic foraminifera, gastropods, mollusc, and bivalve shell fragments were identified from the sediment sample taken from coastal part of the IS. The main coastal area of the İztuzu Spit attached to mainland initially decreased from 67.4 ha (2004) to 56.8 ha (2013) then increased to 58.5 ha in 2016. Significant erosion of the main beach of İztuzu Spit was observed in the north-western edge. A small coastal region separated from the İztuzu Spit by the Dalyan river mouth shows significant change. The northern side of this region acted as a new sedimentation area, while the southern side was affected by erosion. The reason of these changes is variation in the flow direction of the Dalyan River mouth due to the building of piers in the lagoon side of the İztuzu Spit. The main coastal part of the İztuzu Spit has recently been under the effect of waves, tides, and summer tourism clients, while the river flow direction and anthropogenic effects are the main controlling mechanisms in the development of the NW edge. Therefore, the İztuzu Spit must be monitored continuously and protected as this region is the breeding zone of the loggerhead turtle.

Morphology of coast and textural characteristics of coastal sediments (NE Gökova Graben, SW Turkey)

This study examines the morphology, lithological characteristic and controlling factors of coastal sediments in the northeast Gokova Graben (southwest Turkey). The northeast Gokova Graben is located in a region with several human settlements and tourism activities, in the summer. The analysis used in the study is field observation, Digital Elevation Model (DEM) analysis, 18 sieve (including statistical evaluations) and 18 X-ray Fluorescence (XRF) analyses. Due to the boundary of normal faults, predominantly faulted-rocky coasts are expected. However, four different coast types were determined in the northeast Gokova Graben. Evolution of these coast types is dependent on orientation of the normal faults and also distribution of different coastal rocks and rivers. The predominant coast type, rocky coasts are formed by faulted, high-resistant Jurassic-limestone. Owing to reworking and short transportation via brooks and the force of gravity, narrow gravely shingle beaches are only observable in front of the Quaternary-conglomerate cliff. Perennial streams form two different coasts. Long stream formed the wide sandy beach in the eastern end of Gulf. While short streams, which obliquely cut the graben, formed the sandy-gravely beach at the western end of the study area. Recent beachrock, coastal rock staining and wave notches are indicators for a stable sea level in the study area. Past sea level indicators are the hanging beachrocks and wave notches located in the western part of the study area. Past activities of the interior faults within the graben are responsible for ancient sea level fluctuations. Moreover, global warming increases the risk of sea level rise. A possible rise in the future sea-level may destroy narrow-gravely beaches. This risk may also threaten the wide sandy beach as well as the settlement in the area.

Revised Chrono-biostratigraphy of Lower Miocene deposits of the Eastern Mediterranean (SW Turkey), based on calcareous nannofossils

Lower Miocene deposits of the Guneyce Formation formerly described as the Elmali Formation of Lutetian-Burdigalian age are located near the villages of Gokcebag (Burdur) and Yakaoren (Isparta), (southwestern Turkey), Eastern Mediterranean, and overlie the pre-Neogene tectonostratigraphic units of the Isparta Angle. The purpose of this study is to discuss new biostratigraphic data calibrated to originally classified nannofossil records. Three Early Miocene nannofossil biozones,NN1 - Triquetrorhabdulus carinatus Zone, NN2 - Discoaster druggii Zone and NN3 – Sphenolithusbelemnos Zone, were defined in clastic sediments of the Guneyce Formation. In addition, one Lutetianbio zone, NP16 – Discoaster tanii nodifer Zone, was recognized in the remaining outcrops of the Isparta Formation unconformably underlying the Guneyce Formation. Nannofossil assemblages of shallow marine deposits in the Guneyce Formation contain high amounts of reworked (Palaeogene and Cretaceous) specimens. New biostratigraphic data and sedimentary features of the Guneyce Formation clastics indicate shallow marine deposition and the beginning of the transgression, spreading over an erosional surface on the ophiolitic melangeand Cretaceous to Eocene marine successions rising to the west of the region.

Pleistocene-Holocene tectonic reconstruction of the Ballık travertine (Denizli Graben, SW Turkey): (De)formation of large travertine geobodies at intersecting grabens

Travertine geobodies have been identified as potential reservoir analogues to carbonate build-ups in pre-salt hydrocarbon systems. To investigate travertine geobody deformation, faults were mapped in 35 travertine quarries that excavate the Ballık travertine, i.e. a c. 12.5 km2 large travertine geobody that precipitated at the intersection of the NE margin of the Denizli Basin and neighbouring Baklan Graben (SW Turkey). This travertine precipitated from cooling carbonate-saturated thermal spring waters that resurfaced along the margin fracture/fault network and through Neogene unconsolidated underlying sediments. From the Denizli basin floor to the uplifted graben shoulders, fault orientation is dominantly WNW-ESE oriented with major basin faults showing a left-stepping trend. Along the upper Denizli margin, travertine is only deformed by extensional normal faults. Along the lower margin, travertine starts with a subhorizontal facies but evolves to a travertine facies formed by a sloping topography with a domal architecture. Paleostress inversion of fault-slip data reveals that an Early Pleistocene NNE-SSW extensional-transtensional phase initiated the WNW-ESE oriented, graben-facing normal fault network. In the Middle Pleistocene, the Ballık fault network was left-lateral strike-slip reactivated because it acted as a transfer zone between the NW-SE extending neighbouring Baklan Basin and NW-SE extension along NE-SW oriented margin faults of the DGHS. In this stress configuration, travertine precipitated along the SW margin fault of the Baklan Graben. After strike-slip reactivation, a Late Pleistocene-to-current NNE-SSW extensional stress regime reinstalled during which margin faults widened and active travertine precipitation moved to more central parts of the DGHS. As different tectonic regimes affect graben intersections, reservoir analogues can have a complex deformation history driven by fault reactivation and recurrent stress permutations. This study concludes that large travertine geobodies can form at graben intersections because of their susceptibility to enhanced fluid flow through the complex fault-fracture network.

Origin and evolution of the thermal waters from the Pamukkale Geothermal Field (Denizli Basin, SW Anatolia, Turkey): Insights from hydrogeochemistry and geothermometry

The Pamukkale Geothermal Field (PGF) of the Denizli Basin (SW Turkey) is one of the most distinguished active geothermal fields known in the World. The thermal waters from the PGF are subdivided into two groups (Group 1A: Ca-HCO3 and Group 1B: Ca-SO4 types). The cold waters are also classified into two groups (Group 2A: Ca-HCO3 and Group 2B: Mg-HCO3 types). The hydrogeochemical properties of the PGF thermal waters suggest interactions with the basal metamorphic rocks of the Menderes Massif, tectonically overriding by the carbonate rocks of the Lycian Nappes and sedimentary rocks of the Neogene formations. The bedrock units are stratigraphically overlain by the Neogene sedimentary units of the Denizli Group. The thermal springs of the PGF are affected by several hydrothermal processes including mixing, water-rock interaction and input of mantle volatiles.The thermal water plots of the PGF deviate from the full equilibrium line indicating a low water maturity and/or mixing processes. Mixing models and Na-K-Mg ternary diagram suggest mixing between meteoric and thermal waters during the uprising of the deep-originated fluids. The water-rock interaction leads saturation of calcite and induces travertine precipitation in the discharge area.Low tritium (<1 TU) values of the PGF thermal waters confirm a deep circulation. The δ18O (−9.23 to −8.32‰) and δD (−61.00 to −57.00‰) isotopic values of the PGF indicate that the meteoric waters serve as the source of the thermal waters. Based on the δ18O and δD data, the PGF thermal waters are produced from precipitation in the southern side of Yenice Horst with elevation of 850–880 m.a.s.l. The δ13CDIC values (+6.26 to +8.07‰) of the PGF thermal waters indicate that CO2 in thermal waters is mainly of a metamorphic origin. In order to identify the reservoir temperature of the PGF, various geothermometric methods have been applied. Accordingly, theoretical reservoir temperature ranges from 60 to 125 °C. The total hydrothermal CO2 flux in the PGF is calculated to be approximately 1.4 × 108 mol/year (excluding free CO2 flux) as similar to those of other geothermal fields in the World (e.g., central-southern Italy).This study proposes a conceptual hydrogeological-hydrogeochemical-tectonic model for the PGF: the thermal waters are derived from the infiltration of rainwater through fractures and faults in high recharge areas to the deep hot reservoir. Heating produced by the high geothermal gradient is interpreted in relation with the regional crustal thinning. Thermal waters upwell along WNW-ESE-trending deep faults and fractures (the Pamukkale Fault System) that act as hydrothermal pathways favouring migration of a huge amount of CO2-rich gas from deep geothermal reservoir. The geochemical and isotopic data of the thermal waters and gas indicate that the degassing of both metamorphic CO2 and mantle derived CO2 occurs in the PGF. Helium isotope data indicate that mantle volatiles produce possibly an upwelling into asthenosphere and ascent along these tectonic discontinuities. In this context, the PGF is one of the best example of geothermal fields as an interaction of active magmatism in the actively extending crustal setting.

A new chronostratigraphy (40Ar-39Ar and U-Pb dating) for the middle section of the Burdur-Fethiye Shear Zone, SW Turkey (eastern Mediterranean)

Southwestern Turkey is a tectonically active region where extensional, strike-slip, and compressional tectonics cooccur. The Burdur-Fethiye Shear Zone is located in the middle of this complex area. Understanding the tectonic evolution of this region is crucial, but the controversial Neogene chronostratigraphy does not allow robust synthesis because of poor age control. The middle section of the Burdur-Fethiye Shear Zone includes three basins: the Acipayam, Cameli, and Golhisar basins. All these basins represent restricted portions of ancient larger carbonate lakes. The lacustrine sediments are locally covered or cut by lamproites with sparse intercalations of tuff levels. New 40 Ar- 39 Ar biotite and U-Pb zircon radiometric ages from volcanics and a tuff layer in this study demonstrate that the previously suggested Pliocene ages for these sediments are incorrect and that these Neogene sediments are middle Miocene in age.

Modeling the geochemical evolution of fluids in geothermal wells and its implication for sustainable energy production

In practice, geothermal fluids are sampled under surface conditions for geochemical interpretations. However, the physical and chemical properties of geothermal waters change as the waters flow from a reservoir to the surface along the well due to processes such as mineral scaling, degassing, cooling and boiling. The objective of this study is to estimate the geochemical characteristics of water-dominated geothermal reservoirs and to model the geochemical evolution of fluids in geothermal wellbores to provide information on the parameters that contribute to sustainable energy production. A workflow was developed for commonly used non-commercial software PHREEQC and geochemical modeling approach was demonstrated for fluid samples of four geothermal wells located in the Kizildere geothermal field (SW Turkey). According to the modeled reservoir chemistry, the reservoir type in the field is water-dominated, and the sum of partial pressures of dissolved CO2 and steam in the reservoir varies from 135–160 atm. First gas bubble depths, where an inhibitor should be injected below, were calculated for relevant flow rates of the wells as 1597, 1751, 1884 and 1579 meters. The calculated initial total calcium concentrations in the reservoir are 3.67, 5.93, 5.04 and 6.01 mg/kg. Besides calcite, 16 minerals including silica polymorphs, amphibole, serpentine, pyroxene, carbonate and phyllosilicate groups, are gained precipitation tendency under the separator conditions. To provide sustainable energy production by preventing mineral scaling in reservoirs and wells, the required parameters such as; appropriate depth for inhibitor injection in wellbore, type and initial concentration of scaling minerals, total dissolved gas and steam pressures in reservoir to limit maximum flowrate can be determined for any water-dominated geothermal field by using the proposed workflow in the PHREEQC software.

Rotations of Normal Fault Blocks Quantify Extension in the Central Tauride Intramontane Basins, SW Turkey

AbstractQuantifying the amount of stretching in extensional basin systems is often challenging in the absence of seismic profiles or boreholes. However, when fault spacing and orientation as well as vertical axis rotation patterns are known, map‐view restoration may provide a good estimate of total extension. This integrated structural and paleomagnetic approach provides a relatively straightforward tool in extensional basin restoration and fault zone kinematic analysis. Here we provide results of an extensive paleomagnetic survey of the Neogene Central Tauride intramontane basins (SW Turkey), where previous work revealed a complex array of basin‐bounding normal faults and relay ramps. In total, 437 oriented cores were sampled at 43 sites distributed within Miocene‐Pliocene continental sedimentary rocks from the Ilgın, Altınapa, Yalvaç, and Beyşehir basins. Despite the more or less coherent overall strike of the mountain belt and basins, rotations vary from ~42° clockwise (Yalvaç) to ~10° (Beyşehir), ~21° (Ilgın), and ~30° (Altınapa) counterclockwise. We show that the rotation pattern is related to normal faults and lateral variations in fault displacement superimposed on regional rotation patterns. We restore these to estimate a minimum NE‐SW horizontal extension of ~30–35 km across the basin system. As a consequence of our reconstruction, it appears that the Sultandağları range that exposes low‐grade metamorphic Paleozoic and Mesozoic rocks of the Geyikdağı and Bolkardağ nappes of the Taurides represents a Miocene extensional core complex.

Ekimia ozcan-secmenii (Apiaceae), a new species from Southwest Anatolia, Turkey

Ekimia ozcan-secmenii Şenol & Eroğlu sp. nov. (Apiaceae) is described from SW Turkey. E. ozcan-secmenii differs from its close affinity, E. bornmuelleri, by life form (monocarpic), petal and bracteole morphology, and mericarp features. These data were more supported by the results of nrDNA ITS sequences. The ML tree depicted based on phylogenetic studies aimed to reveal the closeness of the Laserpitium and Prangos species as well as the location the affinity of species in the genus Ekimia. The taxonomic situation of Prangos hulusi was also evaluated based on nrDNA ITS sequences. Since E. ozcan-secmenii is distributed in Sami Soydam Sandalcık hydroelectric power plant in Acıpayam, Denizli, the population is threatening by flooding. Therefore, conservation programs are urgently recommended.

Spatial distribution of some elements and elemental contamination in the sediments of Köyceğiz Lake (SW Turkey)

Elemental accumulation, distribution and relationship profiles for sediment samples taken at 81 localities in the Koycegiz Lake were investigated. Spatial distribution maps for ten elements (Cu, Pb, Zn, Ni, Cr, Co, Mn, Mo, Al, Fe) were created using the ordinary kriging interpolation method. Statistical tests revealed that the sediments taken from areas close to the Namnam (NamSM) and Kargicak (KarSM) stream mouths have the highest element content. In addition, sediments close to NamSM have the highest contamination, according to contamination degree and modified contamination degree values. On the other hand, sediments close to KarSM have the highest value on the pollution load index. The enrichment factor and contamination factor values of Cr and Co, and especially Ni, close to NamSM are striking and have significantly higher values compared to the rest of the lake. There are strong correlations between these three elements, which were also confirmed by cluster analysis. Ni is the element having the highest value on the geoaccumulation index. In addition, according to the toxic unit results, it was found that 84–89% of the element-based toxic effect in the lake is due to Ni alone. According to the mean effect range median quotient values, the sediments of Koycegiz Lake have a potential to show toxic effects of at least 76% in living organisms, which is due to the high levels of Ni. According to the mean probable effect low quotient value, it has been determined that Koycegiz Lake is at a “highly impacted” level, which is the worst possible value on the quality scale.

First record of the Egyptian fruit bat, Rousettus aegyptiacus (Pteropodidae), from Kastellorizo island, Greece

Abstract The Egyptian fruit bat (Rousettus aegyptiacus) is a pteropodid species with a large part of its range in the Palearctic region. It has a quite discontinuous range from sub-Saharan Africa to NW India, including SW Turkey. In this note we present the first record of the Egyptian fruit bat in Greek territory, observed during a zoological expedition on the island of Kastellorizo (Dodecanese, Greece). At least three specimens were observed foraging a white mulberry in the town of Megisti on May 4 2017, but no individual was spotted during a summer expedition in August 2017.

Quantitative analysis of relative tectonic activity in the Acıgöl fault, SW Turkey

This study was conducted in order to determine the relative tectonic activity of the Acigol Fault using geomorphic indices. The Acigol Fault is approximately 50 km long and was separated into four segments. For this purpose, the following geomorphic indices have been used: (1) mountain-front sinuosity (Smf), (2) valley floor width-to-valley height ratio (Vf), (3) basin asymmetry factor (AF), and (4) hypsometric curve and integral (Hi). When the results of Smf and Vf are evaluated, the uplift ratio was calculated as > 0.5 mm year−1 in the middle part of the fault, namely in the second and third segments, whereas this ratio is 0.5–0.05 mm year−1 along the NE nad SW margins of the fault. The Acigol Fault is normal fault based on both relative tectonic activity is moderate to high and downthrow is high in the middle part of the fault and low in the margins. In general, the Acigol Fault has relatively moderate to high tectonic activity and when the length of the fault is taken into consideration, generally speaking, the Acigol Fault has relatively moderate to high tectonic activity, and when the length of the fault is taken into consideration, it was concluded that the fault could produce a high-magnitude earthquake in the future.

Denizli Güneydoğusundaki (GB Türkiye) Kömürlerin Hidrokarbon Türetme Potansiyeli ve Biyomarker Özellikleri

Çalışma alanı Denizli ilinin yaklaşık 45 km güneydoğusundaki Serinhisar ilçesine bağlı Yatağan yöresidir. Çalışma materyalini oluşturan kömürler karasal ve gölsel özellik gösteren birimler içerisinde yer almakta olup, yayılımları ve kalınlıkları azdır. Yatağan Formasyonu olarak adlandırılan birim kırıntılı ve karbonat kayalardan oluşan iki farklı litolojiden meydana gelmiştir ve kömürler karbonat kayalar içerisinde yer almaktadır. Bu çalışmada, Yatağan (Serinhisar/Denizli) kömürlerine ait organik petrografik ve organik jeokimyasal veriler ile biyomarker parametreleri değerlendirilerek kömürlerin hidrokarbon türetme potansiyeli ve çökelme ortamına ait bilgiler elde edilmeye çalışılmıştır. Çalışma alanına ait kömür örneklerinde toplam organik karbon (TOC) ve Rock Eval piroliz analizi ile ince tabaka kromatografi (TLC/FID), gaz kromatografi (GC) ve gaz kromatografi-kütle spektrometri (GC-MS) analizleri gerçekleştirilmiştir. Ayrıca kömürün organik ve inorganik bileşenleri organik petrografi ve X-ışınları difraksiyonu (XRD) çalışmaları ile belirlenmiştir. İncelenen örneklerin TOC değerleri % 0.59 ile % 48.30 arasındadır. Çoğunlukla Tip III kerojen hakim olup, Tmax değerleri 418 oC ile 440 oC arasında değişmektedir. Yatağan (Serinhisar/Denizli) kömürleri, olgunlaşmanın düşük olması ve sığ gömülme nedeniyle hidrokarbon türümü açısından yetersizdir. Organik jeokimyasal veriler Yatağan Formasyonu kömürlerinin oksik ortam koşullarında çökeldiğine işaret etmektedir. Hidrokarbon gruplarının % miktarları; polar + asfaltenler % 73.21-% 98.7, doymuş hidrokarbonlar % 1.09 - % 21.87 ve aromatik hidrokarbonlar % 0.21-% 7.71 olarak belirlenmiştir. İncelenen örneklerde nC27, nC29 ve nC31 gibi tek sayılı n-alkanların baskın oluşu yüksek karasal bitkilerin bolluğu ile açıklanabilir. Ayrıca oldukça yüksek Ʃ(nC21-nC31)/Ʃ(nC15-nC20) oranları ile yüksek karbon tercih indeksi (CPI) ve yüksek karasal/sucul oranı (TAR), tricyclic terpanların baskın olmayışı, C29Ts bileşeninin varlığı, C29Ts/C29Ts + Norhopan oranı ve C29 steran oranının yüksek olması gibi parametreler yüksek karasal bitki kökenli organik maddenin varlığını gösterir. Yüksek moretan/hopan oranı ve oldukça düşük Ts/Ts+Tm oranı ise ısısal olarak olgunlaşmamış organik maddeye işaret etmektedir.

The 2017 July 20 Mw 6.6 Bodrum–Kos earthquake illuminates active faulting in the Gulf of Gökova, SW Turkey

The 2017 July 20 Mw 6.6 Bodrum–Kos earthquake illuminates active faulting in the Gulf of Gökova, SW Turkey

First record of late middle Miocene Moschidae from Turkey: Micromeryx and Hispanomeryx from Catakbağyaka (Muğla, SW Turkey)

Here, we describe remains of Micromeryx sp. and Hispanomeryx sp. from the middle Miocene locality Catakbağyaka (MN 7/8). This is the first record for Miocene Moschidae for the late middle Miocene in Turkey and verifies the importance of Turkey as a corridor for the dispersal of Eurasian mammals. Furthermore, the record from Catakbağyaka confirms that the sympatric co-occurrence of two Miocene moschid taxa in one locality appears to be a common phenomenon.

Dinoflagellate cyst biostratigraphy of Miocene strata in the Adana Basin, Eastern Mediterranean, Turkey

ABSTRACTThe Adana Basin is one of the major Neogene basins situated in SW Turkey with sedimentary successions providing good records of the paleoenvironmental changes that affected the Mediterranean area. Since a detailed biochronostratigraphic framework has not been properly established in the Adana Basin yet, this study will be the first multidisciplinary approach carried out in this region. In addition, a detailed biozonation based on marine palynomorphs was the first ever documented from the Köpekli Formation deposited during the Miocene (from late Burdigalian to Langhian) and the established biozones were correlated with those of planktonic foraminifera and calcareous nannofossils. According to the first occurrences (FOs) and the last occurrences (LOs) of selected taxa, five biozones (P-1, P-2, P-3, P-4 and P-5) based on dinoflagellate cysts; five biozones (M4a, M4b, M5a, M5b and M6) based on planktonic foraminifera; and two biozones (NN4 and NN5) based on calcareous nannofossils were established in the Miocene Köpekli Formation. In order to achieve a worldwide biostratigraphic perspective based on dinoflagellate cysts, the present biozones were compared with those described from NW Europe (Denmark, Germany, the Netherlands), the East Coast of the US and Egypt. After calibration to the established Turkish foraminifera and nannofossils standard, the palynological analysis shows that the recorded dinoflagellate cysts events (e.g. FO of Labyrinthodinium truncatum, Cerebrocysta poulsenii and Unipontidinium aquaeductus and LO of Palaeocystodinium ventricosum) occurred chronostratigraphically earlier in SE Turkey than in NW Europe and on the East Coast of the US.

Determination of Relative Tectonic Activity of the Honaz Fault (SW Turkey) Using Geomorphic Indices

Normal 0 false false false TR JA AR-SA /* Style Definitions */ table.MsoNormalTable {mso-style-name:Normal Tablo; mso-tstyle-rowband-size:0; mso-tstyle-colband-size:0; mso-style-noshow:yes; mso-style-priority:99; mso-style-parent:; mso-padding-alt:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; mso-para-margin:0cm; mso-para-margin-bottom:.0001pt; mso-pagination:widow-orphan; font-size:10.0pt; font-family:Calibri,sans-serif; mso-bidi-font-family:Times New Roman; mso-ansi-language:TR; mso-fareast-language:JA;} Bu calismada, Honaz fayinin goreceli tektonik aktivitesinin belirlenmesi icin, dag onu sinusluluk orani (Smf), ucgen yuzler, vadi taban genisliginin vadi yuksekligine orani (Vf), drenaj havzasi asimetrisi (AF), hipsometrik integral (HI) ve drenaj havzasi sekli (Bs) gibi jeomorfik indisler hesaplanmistir. Indis analizlerinin sonuclari degerlendirilmis ve daha sonra goreceli tektonik aktivite indisi (Iat) olarak tekrar degerlendirme yapilmistir. Farkli Iat degerlerine dayanarak, sonuclari nispeten en dusukten en yuksek tektonik aktiviteye kadar dort sinifa bolunmustur. Honaz Fayi ile Honaz Dagi arasindaki drenaj havzasi alani, goreceli tektonik aktiviteyi test etmek icin ideal bir yerdir. Honaz Dagi'nin kuzey sinir fayi olan Honaz fayi morfolojik olarak Karateke ve Honaz segmentlerine ayrilmistir. Bu iki segmentte hesaplanan indis degerleri, Smf (1.12-1.41), ucgen yuzeyler (Lf/Ls: 0.3-0.46), Vf (0.08-0.7), AF (32-77), HI (0.1-0.6) ve Bs (1.53-5.06)’dir. Bu calismanin sonuclari Honaz Fayinin ozellikle orta kesimlerinde cok yuksek ve yuksek tektonik aktivitenin varligini ortaya koymaktadir. Arastirmanin sonucu, Honaz Dagi’nin bu bolumunun jeomorfik evriminde neotektonizmanin onemli bir rol oynadigini gostermektedir. Elde edilen sonuclarin yani sira bolgedeki sismik aktivite, sicak su kaynaklarina bagli traverten olusumlari ve fay hatlarinin onundeki aluvyon yelpazelerinin varligi bolgedeki yuksek tektonik aktiviteyi desteklemektedir.

Sedimentation in a foreland basin within synorogenic orocline: Palaeogene of the Isparta Bend, Taurides, SW Turkey

AbstractThe Palaeogene Isparta Basin of southwestern Anatolia formed between two convergent arms of the Isparta Bend orocline of the Tauride orogen. The origin of this tightening orocline is hypothetically explained in plate‐tectonic terms. Basin sedimentation commenced on a down‐warped Mesozoic carbonate platform of a crustal block accreted at the end of Cretaceous to the southern margin of the Anatolian plate. The basin earliest deposits are Palaeocene reddish mudstones with a fossil‐barren condensed basal part and increasingly interspersed with thin calcarenitic turbidites towards the top. The supply of turbiditic sediment to the basin plain subsequently increased, as the upper‐bathyal basin plain became surrounded from both sides by a narrow littoral shelf with an advancing turbiditic slope ramp. A major forced regression occurred at the end of Bartonian, causing incision of subaerial to submarine valleys up 600 m deep, filled in with gravelly to sandy turbidites and debrisflow deposits during the subsequent rise of relative sea level. The half‐filled valleys were re‐incised due to a Rupelian forced regression and were fully filled with fluvio‐deltaic bayhead deposits during a final marine transgression that re‐established the basin‐margin biocalcarenitic shelf. The littoral environment then expanded across the shallowing basin, as the basin axial zone was up‐domed and eroded to bedrock level at the end of Oligocene and the basin was tectonically inverted in Miocene. The pattern of intra‐orocline foreland sedimentation documented by this case study provides tentative criteria for the recognition of synorogenic oroclines and for their distinction from post‐orogenic oroclines.