Polynomial Support Vector Machine Research Articles

Sentiment Analysis on Skincare Product Reviews Using Lexicon-Based and Comparison of SVM Kernel

The skincare industry has seen remarkable growth in recent years, fueled by increasing public awareness of skincare and beauty. As awareness of the importance of skincare grows, skincare products are becoming more popular. The skincare brands available on the market today are diverse. However, not all skincare products offer the same quality, and some are more suitable for specific skin types or concerns, depending on the ingredients used and product formulation. To help consumers understand skincare reviews, this study conducts sentiment analysis on skincare products, identifying whether reviews tend to be positive, negative, or neutral. The sentiment analysis utilizes a lexicon-based approach with comparisons of various SVM kernels, including linear, polynomial, RBF, and sigmoid. Additionally, this research applies the Term Frequency-Inverse Document Frequency (TF-IDF) for word weighting. The study results indicate that the best performance was achieved with the Sigmoid and Linear kernels when no oversampling technique was applied. The results for the linear kernel without balancing achieved 81.83% accuracy, 77.46% precision, 81.83% recall, and 79.53% F1 score. Meanwhile, the Sigmoid kernel yielded 81.83% accuracy, 77.39% precision, 81.83% recall, and 79.53% F1-score.

Kernelized support vector machines for modified Gabor features facial recognition

The Gabor-filter approach has been extensively used in the recognition of patterns most especially in the extraction of features during image processing. Gabor filters usefulness explored in face recognition is traceable to its computational properties and biological relevance. Despite all the distinct characteristics of Gabor filters, it suffers from high feature dimensionality. This has led majorly to computational problems in any Gabor-based facial recognition model. The paper presents modified Gabor features for face recognition by introducing a meta-heuristics optimization algorithm using the Ant Colony Optimization Algorithm (ACO) to obtain relevant and optimal features from huge Gabor features. Kernels of Support Vector Machines (SVM); Linear SVM Kernel (LSVMK), Polynomial SVM Kernel (PSVMK), Sigmoid SVM (SSVMK) and Gaussian SVM Kernel (GSVMK) were employed for the classification of face images to either matched or mismatched. Two datasets were used for the evaluation of the system, they include: the Olivetti Research Laboratory (ORL) database and the acquired Africa face image database (ABFI). All the Kernelized SVMs produced an effective output in terms of training time, classification accuracy and error rate. Experimental results showed the lowest training time of 7.3195s was obtained in GSVMK for ABFI face image dataset, non-optimized Gabor feature gave the best accuracy of 90.88% in PSVMK of image size 75x75 for ABFI dataset, the optimized Gabor features recorded the best accuracy of 96.93% in GSVMK of image size 125x125 for ORL image dataset, the lowest error rate of 08.18% was obtained in LSVMK with image size of 150x150 for ORL image dataset

Fishy forensics: FT-NIR and machine learning based authentication of Mediterranean anchovies (Engraulis encrasicolus)

Seafood authentication and traceability is a challenging issue owing to its complex supply chain and fishing in international waters. NIR spectroscopy has been successfully used to authenticate food of animal and plant origin. In this study, FT-NIR was used to discriminate between Mediterranean anchovies (Engraulis encrasicolus) fished from Adriatic, Balearic, and Tyrrhenian Sea. The spectra were prepared using the standard normal variate (SNV) and the Savitzky-Golay 1st derivative, 2nd order (SG), as well as both together. The model was built, after outlier removal, with linear-support vector machine (L-SVM), polynomial-SVM (P-SVM), k-nearest neighbor (k-NN) and Random Forest (RF). Spectral preprocessing improved model classification accuracy for all algorithms. The data could not be put into groups by linear algorithms like L-SVM and k-NN because the NIR spectra were not linear and had many columns. Non-linear algorithms, P-SVM and RF when coupled with SG+SNV, successfully produced models with maximum robustness. P-SVM and RF models had 100 % accuracy in training set and 95.7 % and 95.5 % accuracy in testing set, respectively and 95.2 and 95.1 accuracy in cross-validation set.

Development of Machine Learning Models for Predicting the 1-Year Risk of Reoperation After Lower Limb Oncological Resection and Endoprosthetic Reconstruction Based on Data From the PARITY Trial.

Oncological resection and reconstruction involving the lower extremities commonly lead to reoperations that impact patient outcomes and healthcare resources. This study aimed to develop a machine learning (ML) model to predict this reoperation risk. This study was conducted according to TRIPOD + AI. Data from the PARITY trial was used to develop ML models to predict the 1-year reoperation risk following lower extremity oncological resection and reconstruction. Six ML algorithms were tuned and calibrated based on fivefold cross-validation. The best-performing model was identified using classification and calibration metrics. The polynomial support vector machine (SVM) model was chosen as the best-performing model. During internal validation, the SVM exhibited an AUC-ROC of 0.73 and a Brier score of 0.17. Using an optimal threshold that balances all quadrants of the confusion matrix, the SVM exhibited a sensitivity of 0.45 and a specificity of 0.81. Using a high-sensitivity threshold, the SVM exhibited a sensitivity of 0.68 and a specificity of 0.68. Total operative time was the most important feature for reoperation risk prediction. The models may facilitate reoperation risk stratification, allowing for better patient counseling and for physicians to implement measures that reduce surgical risks.

Performance enhancement of classifiers through Bio inspired feature selection methods for early detection of lung cancer from microarray genes

Gene expression in the microarray is assimilated with redundant and high-dimensional information. Moreover, the information in the microarray genes mostly correlates with background noise. This paper uses dimensionality reduction and feature selection methods to employ a classification methodology for high-dimensional lung cancer microarray data. The approach is enforced in two phases; initially, the genes are dimensionally reduced through Hilbert Transform, Detrend Fluctuation Analysis and Least Square Linear Regression methods. The dimensionally reduced data is further optimized in the next phase using Elephant Herd optimization (EHO) and Cuckoo Search Feature selection methods. The classifiers used here are Bayesian Linear Discriminant, Naive Bayes, Random Forest, Decision Tree, SVM (Linear), SVM (Polynomial), and SVM (RBF). The classifier's performances are analysed with and without feature selection methods. The SVM (Linear) classifier with the DFA Dimensionality Reduction method and EHO feature selection achieved the highest accuracy of 92.26 % compared to other classifiers.

Utilizing Multi-Class Classification Methods for Automated Sleep Disorder Prediction

Even from infancy, a human’s day-life alternates from a period of wakefulness to a period of sleep at night, during the 24-hour cycle. Sleep is a normal process necessary for human physical and mental health. A lack of sleep makes it difficult to control emotions and behaviour, reduces productivity at work, and can even increase stress or depression. In addition, poor sleep affects health; when sleep is insufficient, the chances of developing serious diseases greatly increase. Researchers in sleep medicine have identified an extensive list of sleep disorders, and thus leveraged Artificial Intelligence (AI) to automate their analysis and gain a deeper understanding of sleep patterns and related disorders. In this research, we seek a Machine Learning (ML) solution that will allow for efficient classification of unlabeled instances as being Sleep Apnea, Insomnia or Normal (subjects without a specific sleep disorder) by assessing the performance of two well-established strategies for multi-class classification tasks: the One-Vs-All (OVA) and One-Vs-One (OVO). In the context of the specific strategies, two well-known binary classification models were assumed, Logistic Regression (LR) and Support Vector Machines (SVMs). Both strategies’ validity was verified upon a dataset of diverse information related to the profiles (anthropometric data, sleep metrics, lifestyle and cardiovascular health factors) of potential patients or individuals not exhibiting any specific sleep disorder. Performance evaluation was carried out by comparing the weighted average results in all involved classes that represent these two specific sleep disorders and no-disorder occurrence; accuracy, kappa score, precision, recall, f-measure, and Area Under the ROC curve (AUC) were recorded and compared to identify an effective and robust model and strategy, both class-wise and on average. The experimental evaluation unveiled that after feature selection, 2-degree polynomial SVM under both strategies was the least complex and most efficient, recording an accuracy of 91.44%, a kappa score of 84.97%, precision, recall and f-measure equal to 0.914, and an AUC of 0.927.

Enhancing Machine Learning Model Performance in Addressing Class Imbalance

This research aims to investigate methods for handling class imbalance in machine learning models, with a focus on the Support Vector Machine (SVM) algorithm. We apply oversampling (SMOTE) and undersampling techniques to a dataset with class imbalance and evaluate the performance of SVM using these methods. Experiments are conducted using data from Twitter social media regarding the 2024 general electionsThe findings indicate that incorporating SMOTE effectively enhances the performance of SVM models, particularly within the SVM Polynomial variant. However, the use of undersampling shows limited impact on improving SVM model performance. This study provides valuable insights for researchers and practitioners in choosing the appropriate strategy for handling class imbalance in machine learning models.

Exploitation of Bio-Inspired Classifiers for Performance Enhancement in Liver Cirrhosis Detection from Ultrasonic Images.

In the current scenario, liver abnormalities are one of the most serious public health concerns. Cirrhosis of the liver is one of the foremost causes of demise from liver diseases. To accurately predict the status of liver cirrhosis, physicians frequently use automated computer-aided approaches. In this paper, through clustering techniques like fuzzy c-means (FCM), possibilistic fuzzy c-means (PFCM), and possibilistic c means (PCM) and sample entropy features are extracted from normal and cirrhotic liver ultrasonic images. The extracted features are classified as normal and cirrhotic through the Gaussian mixture model (GMM), Softmax discriminant classifier (SDC), harmonic search algorithm (HSA), SVM (linear), SVM (RBF), SVM (polynomial), artificial algae optimization (AAO), and hybrid classifier artificial algae optimization (AAO) with Gaussian mixture mode (GMM). The classifiers' performances are compared based on accuracy, F1 Score, MCC, F measure, error rate, and Jaccard metric (JM). The hybrid classifier AAO-GMM, with the PFCM feature, outperforms the other classifiers and attained an accuracy of 99.03% with an MCC of 0.90.

Comparative Study of Predictive Classification Models on Data with Severely Imbalanced Predictors

Analysing pre-COVID-19 unemployment in West Java is vital for comprehending and tackling Indonesia’s economic challenges. This significance arises not only due to the region’s high unemployment rate, but also from the need to understand unemployment patterns before COVID-19, which has become more relevant now during the country’s post-pandemic recovery phase. This study evaluates four machine learning models (Random Forest, Linear SVM, RBF SVM, and Polynomial SVM) to classify employment status using demographic and job-related variables. The objective is to find the most suitable model, particularly considering the imbalanced nature of the study-case data. Data from the National Labor Force Survey (SAKERNAS) in August 2019 is utilized, comprising 54,429 respondents across districts in West Java. The four models are evaluated using holdout validation with a 70:30 stratified proportion, repeated for 100 times. Results indicate that the random forest model outperforms others in balanced accuracy, F1-score, and computational time. The random forest model also underscores the importance of gender and age in classifying employment status in West Java, suggesting a need for targeted intervention, especially for female citizens and individuals in productive age groups.

Optimizing Breast Cancer Detection: Deep Transfer Learning Empowered by SVM Classifiers

Objectives: The research aims to enhance breast cancer detection accuracy and effectiveness using deep transfer learning and pre-trained neural networks. It analyses breast ultrasound images and identifies important characteristics using pre-trained networks. The goal is to create a more efficient and accurate automated system for breast cancer detection. Methods: The study uses breast ultrasound cancer image data from the Kaggle Data Repository to extract informative features, identify cancer-related characteristics, and classify them into benign, malignant, and normal tissue. Pre-trained Deep Neural Networks (DNNs) extract these features and feed them into a 10-fold cross-validation SVM classifier. The SVM is evaluated using various kernel functions to identify the best kernel for separating data points. This methodology aims to achieve accurate classification of breast cancer in ultrasound images. Findings: The study confirms the effectiveness of deep transfer learning for breast cancer detection in ultrasound images, with Inception V3 outperforming VGG-16 and VGG-19 in extracting relevant features. The combination of Inception V3 and the SVM classifier with a polynomial kernel achieved the highest classification accuracy, indicating its ability to model complex relationships. The study demonstrated an AUC of 0.944 and a classification accuracy of 87.44% using the Inception V3 + SVM polynomial. Novelty: This research demonstrates the potential of deep transfer learning and SVM classifiers for accurate breast cancer detection in ultrasound images. It integrates Inception V3, VGG-16, and VGG-19 for breast cancer detection, demonstrating improved classification accuracy. The combination of Inception V3 and SVM (polynomial) achieved a significant AUC (0.944) and classification accuracy (87.44%), outperforming other models tested. This research underscores the potential of these technologies for accurate breast cancer detection in ultrasound images. Keywords: Breast Cancer, Deep Learning, Feature Extraction, Inception-v3, SVM, Transfer Learning

Support Vector Machine Approaches for Tumor Classification and Survival Prediction in Cancer Patients: A Multi-Omics Data Analysis

This study examines the viability of Support Vector Machine (SVM) calculations in tumour classification and survival forecast utilizing multi-omics information investigation in cancer patients. Leveraging a comprehensive dataset comprising genomic, transcriptomic, proteomic, and metabolomics profiles from assorted cancer sorts, we compared four SVM variations: Direct SVM, Polynomial SVM, Radial Basis Function (RBF) SVM, and Sigmoid SVM. Results illustrated that the RBF SVM calculation displayed predominant execution in tumour classification, accomplishing an exactness of 92%, with accuracy, review, and F1 score values of 91%, 94%, and 92% respectively. For survival forecast, the RBF SVM too beat other variations with a concordance file (C-Index) of 78%. These discoveries highlight the potential of SVM approaches in leveraging multi-omics information to move forward with cancer determination and forecast. Our consideration contributes to the developing body of research in machine learning-based cancer investigation and underscores the significance of coordination of different atomic datasets for personalized oncology.

Heart Disease Prediction using SVM

Diagnosing and predicting the outcome of cardiovascular disease are essential tasks in medicine that help ensure patients receive accurate classification and treatment from cardiologists. The use of machine learning in the healthcare sector has grown due to its ability to identify patterns in data. By applying machine learning techniques to classify the presence of cardiovascular diseases, it's possible to decrease the rate of misdiagnosis. This study aims to create a model capable of accurately forecasting cardiovascular diseases to minimize the deaths associated with these conditions. In this paper, two types of SVM model such as linear SVM and polynomial SVM is used. Accuracy, precision, recall and F1 score has been evaluated for comparing linear SVM and polynomial SVM. Polynomial SVM provides better accuracy than linear SVM.

Classification of delivery type of pregnant women using support vector machine

One of the ways to reduce maternal mortality is by diagnosing childbirth to find out whether a mother will give birth normally or not so that appropriate treatment can be done. This study aims to improve maternal safety and health by classifying delivery type of pregnant women, either Caesarean or normal types, using the Support Vector Machine method. The dataset used in this study was taken from a hospital in 2020. It consists of 25 attributes and 302 records that include information about the health conditions of pregnant women and babies. Several experiments were performed towards the dataset with and without balancing. Three types of SVM kernels, namely Linear, RBF, and Polynomial kernels, were then implemented to classify the dataset using several variations of parameters of C, gamma, and degree. The validation was performed using several k-fold cross validations. The results of this study show that the highest accuracy is 92.98% at 5-fold cross validation using the RBF kernel with parameters C = 10 and gamma = 1. The performances of the three SVM kernels varied depending on the type of data used.

Development and Validation of a Computed Tomography-Based Radiomics Nomogram for the Preoperative Prediction of Central Lymph Node Metastasis in Papillary Thyroid Microcarcinoma

This study aims to develop and validate a computed tomography (CT)-based radiomics nomogram for pre-operatively predicting central lymph node metastasis (CLNM) in patients with papillary thyroid microcarcinoma (PTMC) and explore the underlying biological basis by using RNA sequencing data. This study trained 452 PTMC patients across two hospitals from January 2012 to December 2020. The sets were randomly divided into the training (n = 339), internal test (n = 86), external test (n = 27) sets. Radiomics features were extracted from primary lesion's pre-operative CT images for each patient. After screening for features, five algorithms such as K-nearest neighbor, logistics regression, linear-support vector machine (SVM), Gaussian SVM, and polynomial SVM were used to establish the radiomics models. The performance of these five algorithms was evaluated and compared directly to radiologist's interpretation (CT-reported lymph node status). The radiomics signature score (Rad-score) was generated using a linear combination of the selected features. By combining the clinical risk factors and Rad score, a radiomics nomogram was established and compared with Rad-score and clinical model. The performance of the nomogram was evaluated based on the receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve, calibration curve, and the decision curve analysis (DCA). The potential biological basis of nomogram was revealed by performing genetic analysis based on the RNA sequencing data. A total of 25 radiomic features were ultimately selected to train the machine learning models, and the five machine learning models outperformed the radiologists' interpretation by achieving area under the ROC curves (AUCs) ranging from 0.606 to 0.730 in the internal test set. By incorporating the Rad score and clinical risk factors (sex, age, tumor-diameter, and CT-reported lymph node status), this nomogram achieved AUCs of 0.800 and 0.803 in the internal and external test set, which were higher than that of the Rad-score and clinical model, respectively. Calibration curves and DCA also showed that the nomogram had good performance. As for the biological basis exploration, in patients predicted by nomogram to be PTC patients with CLMN, 109 genes were dysregulated, and some of them were associated with pathways and biological processes such as tumor angiogenesis. This radiomics nomogram successfully identified CLNM on pretreatment imaging across multiple institutions, exceeding the diagnostic ability of radiologists and had the potential to be integrated into clinical decision making as a non-invasive pre-operative tool.

Comparative Analysis of Classification Models for Predicting Cancer Stage in a Chilean Cancer Center

This study aimed to develop a predictive model for cancer stage using data from a Chilean cancer registry. Several factors, including cancer type, patient age, medical history, and time delay between diagnosis and treatment, were examined to determine their association with cancer stage. Multiple supervised multi-class classification methods were tested, and the best-performing models were identified. The results showed that the random forest, SVM polynomial, and composite models performed well across different stages, although distinguishing between Stages II and III was more challenging. The most important features for predicting cancer stage were found to be cancer type, TNM variables, and diagnostic extension. Variables related to treatment timing and sequence also showed some importance. It was emphasized that the results of predictive models should be interpreted carefully to avoid overprediction or underprediction. Clinical context and additional information should be considered to enhance the accuracy of predictions. The small dataset and limitations in data availability posed challenges in accurately predicting cancer stage for different cancer types. Implementing the predictive model can have various benefits, including informing treatment decisions, assessing disease severity, and optimizing resource allocation. Further research and expansion of the model's scope were recommended to improve its performance and impact. Overall, the study emphasized the potential of predictive models in cancer staging and highlighted the need for ongoing advancements in this field

New approach for predicting nitrogen and pigments in maize from hyperspectral data and machine learning models

Fast diagnostics from hyperspectral data and machine learning (ML) models to predict nitrogen (N) and pigment content in maize crops is challenging to optimize nitrogen fertilization. This research assessed the efficiency of the five ML algorithms, the best phenological stage, and the sensitivity of the 90 spectra to estimate N and pigment content. Therefore, this field research proposes as a novelty to test which of the five ML algorithms accurately estimates nitrogen, chlorophyll, and carotenoid content in maize leaves at different phenological stages using hyperspectral band data. The treatments were arranged in a factorial scheme with four N doses (0, 54, 108, and 216 kg ha−1) combined with five leaf collection seasons at phenological stages V6 to V14. The ML models tested were artificial neural networks – ANN, decision tree adapted for prediction problems – M5P, REPTree decision tree, random forest - RF, polynomial support vector machine – PSVM, and ZeroR - ZR (control). Spectral bands 530–560 nm and 690–750 nm are effective wavelengths because the visible region with lower reflectance (530–560 nm) affects N uptake and chlorophyll and carotenoid content, while the red-edge and near-infrared region affects N and chlorophyll content. The random forest (RF) model performed better with higher correlation (r) and mean absolute error (MAE) between predicted and observed values for all variables, with the correlation coefficient (r) value being around 0.6 and the MAE below 0.5 for the prediction of chlorophyll a+b. For the prediction of flavonoids, the r was around 0.6 and the error was 0.07. Support vector machine (SVM) and RF efficiently predicted nitrogen content, in predicting of NF, the r values for both algorithms were above 0.35 and the error was below 2.75.

Research and prediction of pipeline inspection gauges velocity based on simulation and neural network

Pipeline transportation is a highly efficient transportation mode, and pipeline inspection gauge (PIG) is a widely used pipeline cleaning, detection and maintenance device. The PIG's ability to fulfill its intended purpose hinges heavily on its motion velocity. And it is vital to predict and control the velocity of PIG to ensure optimal functioning. This paper establishes several models with different rotary valve orifice numbers, orifice diameters, valve openings, and sealing disc compression amounts. The effects of the factors on PIG force state and velocity are analyzed by finite element method (FEM). With these simulation outcomes, the paper establishes velocity prediction models based on polynomial fitting, support vector machine (SVM) and neural network methods. In addition, by combining neural networks with genetic algorithms, the PIG size is optimized. The results demonstrate that compared with polynomial fitting and SVM, neural networks are more convenient and accurate and have a broader application prospect.

Heart sound classification using wavelet scattering transform and support vector machine

OBJECTIVE: A representation of the sound recordings that are associated with the movement of the entire cardiac structure is termed the Phonocardiogram (PCG) signal. In diagnosing such diverse diseases of the heart, PCG signals are helpful. Nevertheless, as recording PCG signals are prone to several surrounding noises and other disturbing signals, it is a complex task. Thus, prior to being wielded for advanced processing, the PCG signal needs to be denoised. This work proposes an improved heart sound classification by utilizing two-stage Low pass filtering and Wavelet Threshold (WT) technique with subsequent Feature Extraction (FE) using Wavelet Scatter Transform and further classification utilizing the Cubic Polynomial Support Vector Machine (SVM) technique for CVD. METHOD: A computer-aided diagnosis system for CVD detection centered on PCG signal analysis is offered in this work. Initially, by heavily filtering the signal, the raw PCG signals obtained using the database were pre-processed. Then, to remove redundant information and noise, it is denoised via the WT technique. From the denoised PCG, wavelet time scattering features were extracted. After that, by employing SVMs, these features were classified for pathology. RESULTS: For the analysis, the PCG signal obtained from the Physionet dataset was considered. Heavy low-pass filtering utilizing a Low-Pass Butterworth Filter (LPBF) is entailed in the pre-processing step. This removed 98% of the noise inherently present in the signal. Further, the signal strength was ameliorated by denoising it utilizing the WT technique. Promising results with maximum noise removal of up to 99% are exhibited by the method. From the PCG, Wavelet Scattering (WS) features were extracted, which were later wielded to categorize the PCG utilizing SVMs with 99.72% accuracy for different sounds. DISCUSSION: The Classification accuracies are analogized with other classification techniques present in the literature. This technique exhibited propitious outcomes with a 3% improvement in the F1 score when weighed against the top-notch techniques. The improvement in the metrics is attributed to the usage of the pre-processing stage comprising of Low-pass filter and WT method, WS Transform (WST), and SVMs. CONCLUSION: The superiority of the proposed technique is advocated by the comparative investigation with prevailing methodologies. The system revealed that Coronary Artery Disease (CAD) can be implemented with superior methods to achieve high accuracy.

Deep Learning Frameworks for Cardiovascular Arrhythmia Classification

Arrhythmia classification is a prominent research problem due to the computational complexities of learning the morphology of various ECG patterns and its wide prevalence in the medical field, particularly during the COVID-19 pandemic. In this article, we used Empirical Mode Decomposition and Discrete Wavelet Transform for preprocessing and then the modified signal is classified using various classifiers such as Decision Tree, Logistic Regression, Gaussian Naïve Bayes, Random Forest, Linear SVM, Polynomial SVM, RBF SVM, Sigmoid SVM and Convolutional Neural Networks. The proposed method classify the data into five classes N (Normal), S (Supraventricular premature) beat, (V) Premature ventricular contraction, F (Fusion of ventricular and normal), and Q, (Unclassifiable Beat) using softmax regressor at the end of the network. The proposed approach performs well in terms of classification accuracy when tested using ECG signals acquired from the MIT-BIH database. In comparison to existing classifiers, the Accuracy, Precision, Recall, and F1 score values of the proposed technique are 98.5%, 96.9%, 94.3%, and 91.32%, respectively.

A Hybrid ROS-SVM Model for Detecting Target Multiple Drug Types

Misleading in determining the decision to use the target drug will be fatal, even to death. This study examines five pharmacological targets designated as types A, B, C, X, and Y. Early detection of misleading drug targeting will reduce the risk of death. This study aims to develop hybrid random oversampling techniques (ROS) and support vector machine (SVM) methods. The use of the oversampling technique in this study aims to balance classes in the dataset; due to the data collection in each class, there is a relatively large gap. This study applies five schemes to see which combination of models produces the highest accuracy. This study also uses five types of SVM kernels, linear, polynomial, gaussian, RBF, and sigmoid, combined with the ROS oversampling technique. Our proposed model combines the ROS oversampling technique with a linear SVM kernel. We evaluated the proposed model and resulted in an accuracy of 97% and compared it with several experiments, including the ROS technique with a sigmoid kernel which only resulted in 50% accuracy. It can be seen from the results obtained that the linear kernel is very adaptive to data types in the form of numeric and nominal compared to other kernels. The method proposed in this study can be applied to other medical problems. Future research can be carried out using a combination of other sampling techniques with deep learning-based methods on this issue.