SVC Video Research Articles

Efficient SVC Multicast Streaming for Video Conferencing With SDN Control

Video conferencing consumes a substantial portion of network bandwidth and have strong latency requirements. In traffic engineering, software-defined networking (SDN) optimizes video conferencing performance through flexible controls. SDN switches process packets by leveraging ternary content-addressable memory (TCAM), which is a high-speed hardware-based packet forwarding element. However, TCAM is not cost-effective and limited in space, especially in SDN, as it requires more TCAM space to match more packet fields. Previous studies rely on SDN to handle SVC video streaming; however, none considers TCAM space in SDN switches. In this paper, we propose a novel SVC multicast streaming scheme named adaptive SDN-based SVC multicast (ASCast). Each video layer forms a multicast tree, and we formulate a linear programming problem for the tree construction. To address the problem, we design static and dynamic heuristic algorithms to build multicast trees and maximize overall video quality with limited TCAM space. Moreover, to reduce TCAM space consumption, we carefully consider multicast integer programming address assignment for video layers and forwarding rule installation. Based on our evaluation, ASCast provides a 35% higher video data rate and installs 66% fewer forwarding rules into switches than other SVC video multicast schemes.

Dynamic Aggregation Mechanism for Efficient Transmission of H.264/ SVC Video Over IEEE 802.11n WLANs

Background: In just last two-years most of the world’s video data has been created by the digital devices like smartphone, surveillance cameras, and wireless sensor networks. These days the IEEE 802.11n enabled devices for Wireless Local Area Networks (WLANs) are being used to achieve higher throughput at the Medium Access Control (MAC) layer. </p><p> Methods: In this research, the Dynamic Aggregation Mechanism (DAM) algorithm is proposed for H.264/SVC video transmission over IEEE 802.11n WLANs. The modified Network Simulator (NS2) was used to examine the quality of received H.264/SVC video over 802.11n WLAN. For quality measurement, PSNR was used for all nine H.264/SVC video traffic. </p><p> Results: The proposed mechanism improved the PSNR for received video.

SVC Video Delivery in Cache-Enabled Wireless HetNet

In heterogeneous cellular network (HetNet), costly transmissions from the macro base stations can be reduced by caching popular videos at small base station and user equipment. In this paper, we consider the joint transmission scheduling and rate allocation problem of scalable video coding streaming over cache-enabled wireless HetNet. We formulate the joint optimization problem to maximum system capacity with an mixed-integer linear programming, and prove that finding the optimal solution is NP-hard. Heuristic solution was proposed based on an iterative algorithm focusing on transmission scheduling decision and rate allocation, where transmission capacity is allocated flexibly and the quality of service of users is satisfied. Simulation results have shown that the proposed scheme can significantly improve the video-delivery performance for all users, in comparison with existing schemes.

AD3-GLaM: A cooperative distributed QoE-based approach for SVC video streaming over wireless mesh networks

We study the routing problem of scalable video coding video streaming over wireless mesh networks. In contrast to most of the conventional routing algorithms, our proposal focuses on optimizing users’ satisfaction. The mean opinion score –an indicator of quality of experience (QoE) in video streaming– is utilized to assess the quality of routes in wireless mesh networks. The objective is to optimize the overall user experience in the network. Conventional routing approaches do not consider QoE and are not optimal with respect to user experience. Moreover, some centralized approaches are not scalable and require significant computational resources. The latter disadvantage can be overcome using distributed approaches. This paper presents a QoE-based cooperative distributed routing approach. Among distributed cooperative optimization schemes, AD3 is highlighted as one of the most efficient because of its fast convergence. The contributions of this paper are as follows: we encode the original problem into a factor graph and optimize the number of exchanged messages; we propose a partially distributed routing scheme based on OLSR and AD3; and we propose a distributed decoding algorithm in order to find a feasible solution. Our thorough simulation results confirm the advantages of the proposed scheme.

Priority-Aware Packet Pre-marking for DiffServ Architecture Based on H.264/SVC Video Stream Structure

The H264/SVC codec allows for generation of hierarchical video streams. In the stream of this type video data belonging to different layers have different priority depending on their importance to the quality of the video and the decoding process. This creates new demands on the mechanisms of packet marking, and thus new challenges for the policy guaranteeing QoS parameters, such as those defined in the DiffServ architecture. Therefore, mechanisms of the traffic engineering used in the DiffServ network should, as far as possible, take into account internal distribution of priorities inside video streams. This may be achieved by implementing an appropriate method for packet pre-marking. The paper describes the Weighted Priority Pre-marking (WPP) algorithm for priority-aware SVC video streaming over a DiffServ network. Our solution takes into account the relative importance of the Network ion Layer Units. It also does not require any changes in the implementation of the DiffServ marker algorithm. The results presented confirm that video transmission in the DiffServ domain, based on the WPP packet pre-marking, can provide better perceived video quality than the standard (best effort) streaming of multi-layered SVC video. In addition, a comparison with the transmission of the same video content encoded with the H264/AVC codec also points to the superiority of our proposed method.

SVC video stream allocation and adaptation in heterogeneous network

The paper deals with video data transmission in format H.264/SVC standard with QoS requirements satisfaction. The Sender-Side Path Scheduling (SSPS) algorithm and Sender-Side Video Adaptation (SSVA) algorithm were developed. SSPS algorithm gives the possibility to allocate video traffic among several interfaces while SSVA algorithm dynamically changes the quality of video sequence in relation to QoS requirements. It was shown that common usage of two developed algorithms enables to aggregate throughput of access networks, increase parameters of Quality of Experience and decrease losses in comparison with Round Robin algorithm. For evaluation of proposed solution, the set-up was made. The trace files with throughput of existing public networks were used in experiments. Based on this information the throughputs of networks were limited and losses for paths were set. The results of research may be used for study and transmission of video data in heterogeneous wireless networks.

공유 네트워크에서 최대 요구대역폭 트리 구축을 위한 효율적인 알고리즘

Recently, an idea has been suggested in which members construct the network by sharing their surplus bandwidth of their own access point. This kind of network is called public-shared network. As an application, SVC video streaming delivery system on public-shared network has been proposed. To send video stream from the stream server to clients, a tree structure is constructed where the root is a stream server, internal nodes are sharable access points, and leafs are clients. The previous researches have focused on constructing the minimal sharable-bandwidth tree which can serve all video streaming requests using the minimal sharable bandwidth. In this paper, we have shown that the problem of constructing a tree structure with given sharable access points to serve maximal video streaming requests is NP-hard. We also have developed an efficient heuristic algorithm for this problem and evaluated experimentally our algorithm.

Utility-Based H.264/SVC Video Streaming Over Multi-Channel Cognitive Radio Networks

In a cognitive radio (CR) network, a secondary user (SU) with multiple interfaces is capable of accessing multiple CR channels in an opportunistic fashion. Therefore, the available channel resources may change dramatically, and the reliabilities of the multiple accessed CR channels are also time-varying. Video streaming in such a multi-channel CR network faces great challenges in guaranteeing the quality of the received video. To deal with these challenges, we adopt H.264/SVC encoded video as the source and firstly optimize the video streaming from the perspective of exploiting more channel resources for the SU by developing a flexible sensing-transmission scheme for opportunistic spectrum access (OSA). In this scheme, the primary user activity, channel sensing result, and channel sensing accuracy are all considered in reducing the unnecessary channel sensings and correspondingly extending the transmission duration for the SU. Based on the flexible sensing-transmission scheme, we then propose a utility-based H.264/SVC video transmission scheme to further improve the expected video quality at the receiver. Specifically , the network abstraction layer units (NALUs) in the SVC video are assigned utilities which accurately reflect their contributions to the video quality, and the total effective utility of expected received video is maximized through perfectly dispatching the NALUs over the multiple CR channels. Both analytical studies and experimental results validate the effectiveness and efficiency of the proposed method.

오류 강인 SVC 비디오 전송을 위한 Exclusive-OR 기반의 FEC 부호화 시스템 설계 및 성능 분석

In this paper, we design and analyze performance of Exclusive-OR based FEC (Forward error correction) system to deploy SVC video transmission service over packet-loss prone IP network. In the designed system, we adopt standard compliant Exclusive-OR based FEC scheme and apply it to be appropriate to the hierarchical layer structure of SVC video. To verify the performance of the designed Exclusive-OR based FEC system for SVC video transmission, we employ NIST-NET based transport simulator. By the SVC video transmission using the NIST-NET based simulator, we confirm the error resilient transmission performance of the designed Exclusive-OR based FEC system.

Technique for authenticating H.264/SVC and its performance evaluation over wireless mobile networks

In this paper, a bit stream-based authentication scheme for H.264/Scalable Video Coding (SVC) is proposed. The proposed scheme seamlessly integrates cryptographic algorithms and Erasure Correction Codes (ECCs) to SVC video streams such that the authenticated streams are format compliant with the SVC specifications and preserve the three-dimensional scalability (i.e., spatial, quality and temporal) of the original streams. We implement our scheme on a smart phone and study its performance over a realistic bursty packet-lossy wireless mobile network. Our analysis and experimental results show that the scheme achieves very high verification rates with lower communication overhead and much smaller decoding delay compared with the existing solutions.

Investigate the Performance Evaluation of IPTV Over WiMAX Networks

Deployment Video on Demand (VoD) over the next generation (WiMAX) has become one of the intense interest subjects in the research these days, and is expected to be the main revenue generators in the near future and the efficiency of video streaming over next generation 4G is the key to enabling this. We are considering video streaming for real time video was coded by different H.264.x codes (H.264/AVC, and SVC), and we consider an IP-Unicast to deliver this streaming video over WiMAX. Our approach investigates the performance evaluation of IPTV (VoD) over WiMAX networks. OPNET is used to investigate the performance of VoD over WiMAX. Results obtained from simulation indicate that SVC video codec is an appropriate video codec for video streaming over WiMAX.

A Survey of VBR Video Traffic Models

We have seen a phenomenal growth in video applications in the past few years. An accurate traffic model of VBR video is necessary for performance evaluation of a network design and also for creating synthetic loads that can be used for benchmarking a network. In view of this, various models for VBR video traffic have been proposed in the literature. In this paper, we classify and survey these models. In addition, we implemented four representative video traffic models and compared them using the H.264 AVC video traces available at the Arizona State University video traces library. These models are: the Markov Modulated Gamma (MMG) model, the Discrete Autoregressive (DAR) model, the second order Autoregressive AR(2) model, and a wavelet-based model. The results show that the MMG and the wavelet-based models are suitable for both video conference and IPTV, while the DAR model is good for video conference traffic only. According to our results, the AR(2) model is not suitable for generating any type of H.264 video. A brief overview of SVC, HD, and 3D video is also provided.

High-Speed FPGA Architecture for CABAC Decoding Acceleration in H.264/AVC Standard

Video encoding and decoding are computing intensive applications that require high performance processors or dedicated hardware. Video decoding offers a high parallel processing potential that may be exploited. However, a particular task challenges parallelization: entropy decoding. In H.264 and SVC video standards, this task is mainly carried out using arithmetic decoding, an strictly sequential algorithm that achieves results close to the entropy limit. By accelerating arithmetic decoding, the bottleneck is removed and parallel decoding is enabled. Many works have been published on accelerating pure binary encoding and decoding. However, little research has been done into how to integrate binary decoding with context managing and control without losing performance. In this work we propose a FPGA-based architecture that achieves real time decoding for high-definition video by sustaining a 1 bin per cycle throughput. This is accomplished by implementing fast bin decoding; a novel and area efficient context-managing mechanism; and optimized control scheduling.

MIMO 릴레이 네트워크에서 비디오 적응적인 중요도 인지 네트워크 코딩

SVC layered video is consists of a Base Layer (BL) and Enhancement Layer (EL). Without the base layer decoding, the higher EL layer can not be decoded. Therefore, successful transfer of the BL is important factor for improving the SVC video data. In this paper, we propose a network coding of layered video to improve success decoding probability with the importance order of the video data over a multi-relay system. We shows that formula analysis and experimental results of the proposed network coding scheme. In addition, we shows performance of video quality according to the number of relays.

무선링크에서 기본 계층의 반복과 HARQ를 적용한 H.264 SVC의 성능

In this paper, we propose base layer repetition and HARQ schemes for improving the reliability and the performances of H.264 SVC video transmission in a wireless channel, and investigate its performances. The proposed method may solve the problems of transmission delay as well as the scarcity of wireless resources, since the proposed scheme was applied for only base layer, not for enhancement layer. The numerical results show that the proposed scheme can enhance the BER performance of and the FER of , when SNR

공유 네트워크에서 공유대역폭 트리 구성을 위한 선형 시간 알고리즘

본 논문에서는 공유 네트워크에서 최소 공유대역폭 트리 구축 문제의 근사해를 구하기 위한 선형 시간 알고리즘을 제안한다. 공유 네트워크는 자신이 소유한 AP의 일부 대역폭을 다른 사람들과 공유하는 사용자가 생성하는 통신 기반 구조로 사용자는 이러한 공유 AP를 통해 어디서나 인터넷을 사용하고 데이터를 전송할 수 있다. 최근에 공유 네트워크에서 SVC 기술을 사용하는 비디오 스트리밍 전송 시스템을 구축하는 방안이 제안되었는데 서버로부터 모든 클라이언트에게 비디오 스트림을 보내기 위해서는 트리 구조를 만든다. 클라이언트의 비디오 스트림 요구를 전부 만족시키는 트리 구조를 생성하는데 있어, 사용되는 공유 AP의 공유대역폭의 합이 최소가 되는 것이 바람직 한데 최소 공유대역폭 트리 구축 문제는 NP-하드임이 증명되어 있다. 이 문제를 해결하기 위해 기존에 발표된 알고리즘들은 해를 잘 찾지 못하거나 효율적이지 못한 단점을 가지고 있다. 실험 결과를 보면 제안 알고리즘이 기존의 알고리즘보다 해를 찾는 성공률이나 해의 결과에서 모두 우수하였다. In this paper we have proposed a linear time algorithm for solving the minimum sharable-bandwidth tree construction problem. The public-shared network is a user generated infrastructure on which a user can access the Internet and transfer data from any place via access points with sharable bandwidth. Recently, the idea of constructing the SVC video streaming delivery system on public-shared network has been proposed. To send video stream from the stream server to clients on public-shared network, a tree structure is constructed. The problem of constructing a tree structure to serve the video streaming requests by using minimum amount of sharable bandwidth has been shown to be NP-hard. The previously published algorithms for solving this problem are either unable to find solutions frequently or less efficient. The experimental results showed that our algorithm is excellent both in the success rate of finding solutions and in the quality of solutions.

Packet level video quality evaluation of extensive H.264/AVC and SVC transmission simulation

Abstract Video transmission over error prone channels as present in most of today’s communication channels, such as Mobile TV or some IPTV systems, is constantly subject to research. Simulation is an important instrument to evaluate performance of the overall video transmission system, but the multitude of parameters often requires large and time-consuming simulation sets. In this paper, we present a packet level mechanism for fast evaluation of error-prone H.264/AVC and SVC video transmission with application layer video quality metrics, such as PSNR. Our approach significantly reduces the overall simulation time by eliminating redundancy in the evaluation phase and utilizing the prediction structure of the video codec. The benefit of the presented packet level video quality evaluation is evaluated with an exemplary simulation setup of an IPTV service with link congestion.

SVC 비디오 스트리밍을 위한 계층적 암호화 제어 기법

Recently, the standardization of SVC technology which can provide adaptive video quality in diverse service environments has been completed. This paper proposes a layered encryption technique which takes into account the prioritized layer characteristics of SVC and control constant encryption complexity satisfying the target computational complexity. In particular, it analyzes the importance of NAL unit in the SVC video layer and suggests a method to apply appropriate encryption complexity proper for it. The effectiveness of the proposed method is proved through the comparison of time required for encryption and the reconstructed video quality using imperfect decryption key.

Forward Error Correction-Based 2-D Layered Multiple Description Coding for Error-Resilient H.264 SVC Video Transmission

In this paper, we propose a novel 2-D layered multiple description coding (2DL-MDC) for error-resilient video transmission over unreliable networks. The proposed 2DL-MDC scheme allocates multiple description sub-bitstreams of a 2-D scalable bitstream to two network paths with unequal loss rates. We formulate the 2-D scalable rate-distortion problem and derive the expected distortion for the proposed scheme. To minimize the end-to-end distortion given the total rate budget and packet loss probabilities, we need to optimally allocate source and channel rates for each hierarchical sublayer of the scalable bitstream. The conventional Lagrangian multiplier method can be utilized to solve this problem but with overwhelming computational complexity. Therefore, we consider the use of the genetic algorithm to solve the rate-distortion optimization problem. The simulation results verify that the proposed method is able to achieve significant performance gain as opposed to the conventional equal rate allocation method.

SVC 기반의 위성방송 서비스를 위한 계층 분리형 PES 패킷화 및 처리 기법

In this paper, we propose an efficient layer-separable PES packetization and processing scheme for DVB-S2 satellite broadcasting service based on SVC video. Unlike the conventional single layer-based video coding such as MPEG-2, MPEG-4 and H.264, SVC can combine numerous number of video layers, which are aggregated to a single bitstream. Therefore, it is necessary to devise a new PES packetization scheme that can efficiently separate multiple video layers of SVC. In order to combine the layered characteristics of the SVC video and the robust channel coding capability of LDPC (Low Density Parity Check) of DVB-S2 for unequal error protection, we propose an efficient PES packetization in the transmitter side and PES packet processing scheme in the receiver side of DVB-S2. We prove the effectiveness of the proposed scheme in terms of processing speed and time delay required for processing of the separated layers of SVC video in the satellite broadcasting service.