Sustained Potential Shifts Research Articles

Auditory brain-stem evoked potentials in cat after kainic acid induced neuronal loss. I. Superior olivary complex

Auditory brain-stem potentials (ABRs) were studied in cats for up to 45 days after kainic acid had been injected unilaterally or bilaterally into the superior olivary complex (SOC) to produce neuronal destruction while sparing fibers of passage and the terminals of axons of extrinsic origin connecting to SOC neurons. The components of the ABR in cat were labeled by their polarity at the vertex (P, for positive) and their order of appearance (the arabic numerals 1, 2, etc.). Component P1 can be further subdivided into 2 subcomponents labeled P1a and P1b. The correspondences we have assumed between the ABR components in cat and man are indicated by providing a Roman numeral designation for the human component in parentheses following the feline notation, e.g., P4 (V). With bilateral SOC destruction, there was a significant and marked attenuation of waves P2 (III), P3 (IV), P4 (V), P5 (VI), and the sustained potential shift (SPS) amounting to as much as 80% of preoperative values. Following unilateral SOC destruction the attenuation of many of these same ABR components, in response to stimulation of either ear, was up to 50%. No component of the ABR was totally abolished even when the SOC was lesioned 100% bilaterally. In unilaterally lesioned cats with extensive neuronal loss (> 75%) the latencies of the components beginnign at P3 (IV) were delayed to stimulation of the ear ipsilateral to the injection site but not to stimulation of the ear contralateral to the injection. Binaural interaction components of the ABR were affected in proportion to the attenuation of the ABR. These results are compatible with multiple brain regions contributing to the generation of the components of the ABR beginning with P2 (III) and that components P3 (IV), P4 (V), and P5 (VI) and the sustained potential shift depend particularly on the integrity of the neurons of the SOC bilaterally. The neurons of the lateral subdivision (LSO) and the medial nucleus of the trapezoid body (MNTB) of the SOC have a major role in generating waves P3 (IV) and P4 (V).

Sustained potential shifts and changes in acoustic evoked potentials after presentation of a non-acoustic priming stimulus to carp ( CYPRINUS CARPIO)

1. 1. Recordings were made from the region of the midbrain tectum and torus semicircularis of sustained potential shifts (SPS) to a non-acoustic priming stimulus and the change in subsequent acoustic evoked potentials (AEPs) to-a train of six clicks after a long rest. 2. 2. In the absence of priming stimuli (a jet of saline or water to the flank) the AEP to the first click in a train had the highest amplitude; with these stimuli it became the most attenuated. 3. 3. The SPS to both non-acoustic stimuli was initially ( ca 4 sec) negative, then became positive for a similar time period. 4. 4. After saline jet the tectal and the torus AEP amplitude was significantly correlated with the torus SPS; after water jet, the tectal and the torus AEP durations were correlated with the SPS. 5. 5. Application of alumina gel to the posterior telencephalic border caused elevation of the torus AEP amplitude after some 5 hr.

Neuronal contributions to auditory brainstem potentials (ABR)

ABRs were studied in cats for up to 45 days after kainic acid injections into the superior olivary complex (SOC) or cochlear nucleus (CN), which destroyed neurons while sparing fibers of passage and the terminals of axons of extrinsic origin. With destruction of the CN neurons, there was a loss of components P2 (III), and P3 (IV) and only a modest attenuation and prolongation of the latency of components P4 (V) and P5 (VI). Unexpectedly, to stimulation of the ear contralateral to the injection side, waves P2 (III), P3 (IV), and P4 (V) were also attenuated and delayed in latency. The sustained potential shift from which the components arose was not affected. Following bilateral SOC destruction, there was a moderate attenuation of wave P2 (III), and a marked attenuation of up to 80% of P3 (IV), P4 (V), P5 (VI), and the sustained potential shift. No component of the ABR was totally abolished. The results are compatible with multiple brain regions contributing to the generation of the components of the ABR beginning with P2 (III) and that components P3 (IV), P4 (V), and P5 (VI) and the sustained potential shift depend particularly on the integrity of the neurons of the SOC bilaterally.

Anatomic organization and physiology of the limbic cortex

Ce rapport analyse l'organisation anatomique du systeme limbique, ses principales connexions avec les autres compartiments du cerveau et sa physiologie en rapport avec le comportement de l'animal

Brain potentials in a memory-scanning task. III. Potentials to the items being memorized

Cerebral potentials evoked by items presented for memorization in a memory-scanning task were recorded from subjects ranging in age from 18 to 86 years old. Subjects were divided into younger (average age = 29 years) and older groups (average age = 66 years). Both verbal (digits) and non-verbal (musical notes) stimuli were used. Digits were presented in the auditory as well as the visual modality, and notes were presented acoustically. Potentials are described in terms of their scalp distribution, latency, and amplitude and are compared between the young and old subjects. Potentials evoked by the memorized items consisted of a positive (P50–90), negative (N100–150), positive (P185–225) sequence in the first 250 msec following stimulus onset. A sustained potential shift then followed whose amplitude differed with the items being memorized. The shift was positive in the parietal region being largest (5 μV) with verbal items presented visually and slightly smaller (3 μV) with non-verbal auditory stimuli (the notes); in contrast, verbal auditory digits were not associated with a detectable sustained parietal potential shift. In the frontal recordings there was a sustained potential shift accompanying all stimulus types, which was more negative in the young subjects. The amplitude of these sustained potential shifts differed as a function of the position of the item in the memorized set. These results provide electrophysiological evidence of brain activity during memorization that varies with the items being processed as well as differing between young and old subjects.

Brain slow potential and ERP changes associated with operator load in a visual tracking task

Brain electrophysiological changes occurring during the course of a visual tracking task were recorded from 24 normal subjects under varying conditions of workload. Recordings were made with directly coupled amplifiers from 4 scalp midline locations and of vertical and horizontal EOG. The task was to track with a joystick a moving letter on a video monitor screen. Various decisions and button pressing responses were required from the subject during the course of each tracking trial, the total duration of a trial being 28 sec. Trial difficulty was varied by requiring identification of 'targets' or 'non-targets' based on a pre-learned 1-, 3- or 6-letter set of possible targets, by varying speed and distance travelled by the letter and by the introduction of movement perturbation. Sustained negative slow potential (SP) shifts were associated with the introduction and course of each trial. These had 2 phases: an early phase related to memorization and rehearsal and a later stage associated with the tracking itself. Increasing tracking difficulty resulted in an increased negative DC shift during the tracking stage. Increased memory set size caused a reduction in the negative shift during the preparatory, memorization phase. The experimental manipulations of difficulty also resulted in a number of changes in the amplitude and/or latency of ERP components associated with the various points of decision or response.

Excitability changes of ankle extensor group Ia and Ib fibers during fictive locomotion in the cat.

The present study examines the modulation of gastrocnemius-soleus (GS) monosynaptic reflexes as well as the intraspinal threshold changes of GS group I primary afferent terminals ending in the intermediate and motor nuclei during fictive locomotion in high decerebrate cats. The amplitude of the monosynaptic reflexes (MSR's) evoked in the medial gastrocnemius by stimulation of the lateral gastrocnemius nerve was increased during the extensor (E) phase, decreased during the flexion (F) phase of the step cycle and remained transiently increased after spontaneous episodes of fictive stepping. The intraspinal threshold of populations and of single group Ia GS afferent fibers ending in the motor pool, as well as of single Ia and Ib fibers ending in the intermediate nucleus, showed a sustained reduction during the episodes of fictive locomotion with superimposed cyclic changes in phase with the step cycle. During fictive walking and trotting the reduction of the intraspinal threshold of both Ia and Ib fiber terminals was maximal during the middle or late portion of the F-phase. During fictive gallop elicited by stimulation of the superficial peroneus nerve, the decrease in the intraspinal threshold of the Ia afferent fibers occurred however in phase with the activity of the GS motoneurons. During episodes of fictive locomotion slow, sustained negative DC potential shifts lasting tents of seconds, reflecting an increase in the extracellular potassium concentration were recorded at the base of the dorsal horn and in the intermediate nucleus. The present findings support the existence of tonic and phasic depolarization of the intraspinal terminals of GS group Ia and Ib primary afferents during spontaneous fictive locomotion. It is suggested that accumulation of potassium ions in the extracellular space contributes mainly to the sustained depolarization of group I fibers. The phasic depolarization would be mostly due to the activation of specific sets of interneurons and may, in the case of Ia fibers, contribute to the cyclic modulation of the MRS elicited during fictive locomotion.

Spontaneous ictal-like discharges and sustained potential shifts in the developing rat neocortex.

1. Intra- and extracellular recording techniques were used to study epileptogenesis in in vitro slices of immature rat neocortex. Slices of sensorimotor cortex were prepared from animals 5-60 days old. Epileptiform activity was induced by bath application of 50 microM picrotoxin. 2. Convulsant-induced paroxysmal activity was observed only rarely in the youngest age group (5-7 days) and consisted of orthodromically evoked bursts of low-amplitude isolated discharges. This activity was labile and could be evoked only at long interstimulus intervals (greater than 10 s). 3. Extracellular recordings in slices from 8- to 15-day-old rats showed spontaneous epileptiform activity consisting of 10- to 30-s paroxysms of repetitive spike discharges superimposed on a 3- to 5-mV negative steady potential. This steady potential declined slightly during the course of the prolonged discharge and returned quickly to base line following the last spike discharge. 4. Laminar analysis of epileptiform activity in 8- to 15-day-old rats showed that the spike discharges were negative and superimposed on a positive slow wave in superficial cortical layers. At 100 micron below the pial surface, the slow potential reversed polarity and remained negative throughout the remainder of the cortex. Spike discharges reversed polarity 800 micron below the pial surface. 5. In intracellular recordings from slices obtained from 9- to 14-day-old animals, each paroxysm began with a sharply rising membrane depolarization (paroxysmal depolarizing shift, or PDS). A second PDS occurred before the cells repolarized to their resting potential. A series of PDSs then followed, superimposed on a sustained membrane depolarization. This was associated with a 33% decrease in input resistance. Afterhyperpolarizations (AHPs) following termination of the depolarization were low in amplitude or absent. 6. In the 16- to 30-day-old age group, extracellular recordings showed paroxysmal activity consisting of 3-10 initial spikes followed by a sustained, slow, negative-potential shift. This slow potential could be as great as 30 mV in amplitude and could last as long as 180 s. Paroxysmal events recurred spontaneously at intervals of 4-11 min. Spontaneous PDSs and slow, negative-potential shifts were not observed after 30 days of age, although PDSs could still be evoked by orthodromic stimulation. 7. Intracellular recordings in the 16- to 30-day-old group revealed that each paroxysmal event consisted of an initial period of increased synaptic activity and cellular firing, followed by a marked, long-lasting depolarization (LLD), culminating in an AHP.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)

Potassium and calcium concentrations in interstitial fluid of hippocampal formation during paroxysmal responses.

The concentration of potassium ([K+]o) and of calcium ([Ca2+]o) in interstitial fluid of the hippocampal formation of rats anesthetized with urethan was recorded with double-barreled ion-selective microelectrodes. The ipsilateral angular bundle was stimulated with trains of repetitive pulses. [K+]o increased during angular bundle stimulation in both dendritic and cell body layers of the fascia dentata. When stimulation was frequent and intense enough to provoke intercurrent paroxysmal discharge (IPaD), [K+]o in the granule cell body layer rose much above the level it attained during previous, nonparoxysmal activation. No similar excess increase of [K+]o related to paroxysmal firing was observed in the dendritic layer. It is concluded that tonic paroxysmal discharge of the granule cells is associated with an outflow of K ions from the cell somata, but not the dendrites. Extracellular sustained potential (SP) shifts and responses of [K+]o associated with paroxysmal firing showed no consistent correlation in fascia dentata. It is concluded that paroxysmal SP shifts in fascia dentata (unlike in spinal cord and cerebral neocortex) are dominated by the extracellular currents generated by granule cells, not by neuroglia. In the postparoxysmal phase, however, a small residual SP shift was observed in both soma and dendrite layers, which had characteristics compatible with its being generated by glial cells. Responses of [Ca2+]o varied from rat to rat. During nonparoxysmal excitation [Ca2+]o increased, decreased, or remained unchanged. During paroxysmal firing [Ca2+]o always decreased in the granule cell body layer, but the magnitude of the response varied greatly. In the dendritic layer a similar but smaller decrease was observed in some but not all cases. Probable reasons for the unpredictability of the responses of [Ca2+]o are discussed. The responses of [Ca2+]o recorded in fascia dentata of urethan-anesthetized rats that have previously been kindled were not detectably different from those of control animals. Leão's spreading depression (LD) was associated with large increase of [K+]o, decrease of [Ca2+ )o, and intense negative SP shift in both dendritic and cell body layers of fascia dentata, as well as in CA1 zone of hippocampus. It is concluded that LD in hippocampal formation is associated with more widespread depolarization of pyramidal and granule cells than in cerebral neocortex and cerebellar cortex where changes of [K+]o are limited to the more superficial layers.

Sustained potential shifts and paroxysmal discharges in hippocampal formation.

Paroxysmal firing was provoked by electric stimulation of afferent pathways in hippocampal formation of intact, urethan-anesthetized rats, of freely moving unanesthetized rats, and in hippocampal tissue slices in vitro. The electric responses of fascia dentata and CA3 zone of the hippocampus of urethan-anesthetized rats were recorded with extracellular microelectrodes. Paroxysmal discharges were provoked by stimulating the ipsilateral angular bundle. During repetitive stimulation, intercurrent paroxysmal discharges (IPaD) took the form of compound action potentials (population spikes) of large amplitude, provoked by but not locked in time to the stimulus pulses. IPaD was often but not always followed by paroxysmal after-discharge (PaAD), usually consisting of bursts of population spikes, sometimes superimposed on a slow wave. Stimulus pulses that were not strong enough to evoke population spikes when applied singly could provoke the paroxysmal firing of large amplitude spikes when applied repetitively. The liminal frequency to provoke paroxysmal firing, with 10-s train duration and with pulses evoking 60 to 80% of maximal amplitude focal postsynaptic potential (PSP) waves, varied between 6 and 15 Hz in urethan-anesthetized rats. The outbreak of IPaD was always accompanied by a marked sustained potential (SP) shift. The polarity of the paroxysmal SP shift was the opposite of the polarity of the PSP waves. We conclude that the extracellular paroxysmal SP shifts in fascia dentata are probably generated mainly by current flowing from the dendritic trees toward the cell somata of granule cells. The amplitude of the population spikes fired during paroxysmal discharges could reach 30-40 mV, indicating the precise coincidence of the impulses fired by many neurons. These spikes often arose without a detectable preceding synaptic potential. We conclude that the synchronization of the action potentials fired by granule and pyramidal cells during paroxysmal discharge is probably due to electric interaction among the neurons. In unanesthetized freely moving rats IPaD and PaAD consisting of bursts of population spikes were provoked. These were similar to those observed in urethan-anesthetized rats. Motor seizures provoked in kindled rats were associated with intense and prolonged spike bursts followed by spikeless positive waves recorded in the granule cell layer of fascia dentata. In hippocampal tissue slices maintained in vitro, paroxysmal firing could be provoked in CA1 zone by repetitive stimulation of Schaffer collaterals. IPaD and PaAD could be provoked in some slices exposed to normal (3.5 mM) [K+] and in all slices exposed to elevated (5.5 or 7.0 mM) [K+].(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)

Visual unit, EEG and sustained potential shift responses in the brains of toads ( Bufo bufo) during alert and defensive behavior

Cranially mounted differential preamplifiers allowed visual unit activity, EEGs and sustained potential shifts to be monitored from the tectum of freely moving toads ( Bufo bufo). Alert behavior was elicited by a moving visual stimulus. Movement of the stimulus in the receptive field of a unit elicited its activity and increased the amplitude of the high frequency component of the local EEG, accompanied by a sustained potential shift. When an animal received a “prod” with a perspex rod, defensive behavior ensued accompanied by slight activity of the visual unit, a large increase in the amplitude of the lower frequency component of the EEG and a large, sustained, potential shift. The results are discussed in relation to the specific neuronal unit responses of the animal and to possible sensitising functions of the non-specific EEG and sustained potential shift responses.

Effects of telencephalic ablation on visual unit, sustained potential shift, and EEGs recorded from the toad tectum in response to a visual stimulus.

Extracellular recordings were made of visual unit activity, sustained potential shifts (SPSs), and electroencephalographic activity (EEGs) from the optic tectum and of EEGs from the telencephalon of immobilized toads (Bufo bufo). Moving visual stimuli were presented, and the bioelectric responses were monitored both before and after ligature of the telencephalon. The operation reduced the neuronal spike frequency and the amplitude of the tectal SPS and EEG responses. EEGs were still recorded from the tectum and even the isolated telencephalon. The results are discussed in relation to possible adaptive functions of SPS and EEG changes, the genesis of the EEG, and the role of the telencephalon in visually guided prey-catching behavior.

Effects of telencephalic ablation on visual unit, sustained potential shift, and EEGs recorded from the toad tectum in response to a visual stimulus.

Effects of telencephalic ablation on visual unit, sustained potential shift, and EEGs recorded from the toad tectum in response to a visual stimulus.

Visual unit, EEG and sustained potential shift responses to biologically significant stimuli in the brain of toads (Bufo bufo)

Visual unit activity, EEG changes and sustained potential shifts (SPS) were recorded from the toad tectum whilst the animal was presented with a visual stimulus. Telencephalic EEGs were also recorded.

The effects of pretectal lesions on neuronal, sustained potential shift and electroencephalographic responses of the toad tectum to presentation of a visual stimulus

1. 1. Extracellular recordings of visual unit activity, sustained potential shifts and EEGs were made simultaneously from the tectum of both immobilised and freely moving toads ( Bufo bufo). Configurational moving stimuli were presented and the bioelectric responses monitored from the region of the same neuron, both before and after a surgical lesion of the caudal dorsal thalamus and the pretectum (TP region). These lesions caused a loss of configurational selectivity in the response of T5(2) units recorded in immobilised animals and a loss of selectivity in prey-catching behavior in the freely-moving specimens. Visual neurons in general showed a more persistent response after pretectal lesions, and T5(2) neurons also showed an enhanced firing rate. 2. 2. TP lesions caused reductions in the amplitude of the sustained potential shift and EEG responses of the tectum to visual stimuli, moving in the visual field of the contralateral eye, and also reduced the amplitude of the ipsilateral pretectal EEG response. The telencephalic EEG response was eliminated altogether. EEG responses of the tectum in freely-moving animals, though smaller in amplitude, were more lasting and of higher frequency after lesion formation. The results are considered to support earlier contentions that there are specific, inhibitory neuronal connections from pretectum to tectum which contribute to the configurational selectivity of the visual system of toads. Non-specific SPS and EEG responses do not appear to contribute directly to the “disinhibited” prey-catching behavior of toads or the loss of configurational selectivity of visual neurons, resulting from pretectal lesions.

Model calculations relating sustained cortical potential shifts to electrolyte and volume regulation during enhanced neuronal activity

Model calculations relating sustained cortical potential shifts to electrolyte and volume regulation during enhanced neuronal activity

Contribution of Neuron Dendrites to Extracellular Sustained Potential Shifts

This chapter discusses the contribution of neuron dendrites to extracellular sustained potential shifts. Mounting evidence suggests that extracellular sustained potential (SP) shifts are generated by depolarizations in glia cells in response to the rise in extracellular potassium activity that occurs when neighboring neurons are activated. Extracellular potassium activity increases have been shown to occur in the visual cortex in response to visual stimuli. This cortical response also occurs during barbiturate “spindle” activity and during epileptic seizures. In the spinal cord, though a close correlation exists between glial cell membrane potential and the extracellular SP, no such correlation is apparent for the neural cell membrane potential and the evoked SP. The event-related type of SP, such as the CNV in humans and its homolog in animals, differs from the potassium-glia cell type in two important aspects: (1) the event-related SP is evoked by the contextual significance of a natural or expected stimulus instead of electric activation of small afferent pathways, and (2) the event-related SP can be evoked only in the conscious brain and is always absent in the anesthetized brain.

Scalp recorded slow potential shifts during isometric ramp and hold contractions in human subjects.

During voluntary isometric slow ramp contractions of the hand up to an internally defined target force level sustained negative potential shifts in the EEG were recorded from 6 human subjects. The potential shifts are composed of (a) a bilateral wide spread negativity with a maximum amplitude at the vertex, and (b) a smaller negative wave contralateral to the responding hand with a maximum over the respective motor area. Both components disappear during a voluntary isometric isotonic contraction when subjects have to maintain a stable force level for some seconds.

Arousal-Related Sustained Potentials in Neocortex and Hippocampus of Rats

Publisher Summary This chapter discusses arousal-related sustained potentials in neocortex and hippocampus of rats. Two major types of electrophysiological response are observed in cats as a consequence of stimulation of the ascending reticular activating system. The typical thalamocortical response to stimulation is a low-voltage, fast activity or “thalamocortical desynchronized arousal” (TDA). Concurrently, the usual reaction of the hippocampus is the theta rhythm or “hippocampal synchronized arousal” (HSA). In mammals having a higher ratio of hippocampus to neocortex (e.g., rabbit or rat), a paradoxical HSA is also found extensively in monopolar recordings from the neocortex. However, these activities are found to be volume conducted from the underlying hippocampus and neocortical activity proper is fundamentally desynchronized during HSA with bipolar recordings. Several investigators have reported that negative sustained potential shifts (SPs) also develop over the neocortex or in the hypothalamus during arousal. It is generally assumed that these negative SPs arise as a consequence of TDA activity. They could also develop in association with HSA responses.

Potentials evoked by alvear tract in hippocampal CA1 region of rats. II. Spatial field analysis.

ArticlesPotentials evoked by alvear tract in hippocampal CA1 region of rats. II. Spatial field analysisS. W. LeungS. W. LeungPublished Online:01 Nov 1979https://doi.org/10.1152/jn.1979.42.6.1571MoreSectionsPDF (3 MB)Download PDF ToolsExport citationAdd to favoritesGet permissionsTrack citations ShareShare onFacebookTwitterLinkedInWeChat Previous Back to Top Next Download PDF FiguresReferencesRelatedInformation Cited ByMechanisms of Gamma Oscillations in the Hippocampus of the Behaving RatNeuron, Vol. 37, No. 2Structural Inhomogeneities Differentially Modulate Action Currents and Population Spikes Initiated in the Axon or DendritesL. López-Aguado, J. M. Ibarz, P. Varona, and O. Herreras1 November 2002 | Journal of Neurophysiology, Vol. 88, No. 5Apical and Basal Orthodromic Population Spikes in Hippocampal CA1 In Vivo Show Different Origins and Patterns of PropagationFabian Kloosterman, Pascal Peloquin, and L. Stan Leung1 November 2001 | Journal of Neurophysiology, Vol. 86, No. 5Macroscopic and Subcellular Factors Shaping Population SpikesP. Varona, J. M. Ibarz, L. López-Aguado, and O. Herreras1 April 2000 | Journal of Neurophysiology, Vol. 83, No. 4Modulation of Dendritic Action Currents Decreases the Reliability of Population SpikesL. López-Aguado, J. M. Ibarz, and O. Herreras1 February 2000 | Journal of Neurophysiology, Vol. 83, No. 2Fast pre-potential generation in rat hippocampal ca1 pyramidal neuronsNeuroscience, Vol. 53, No. 4Long-term potentiation induced by patterned stimulation of the commissural pathway to hippocampal CA1 region in freely moving ratsNeuroscience, Vol. 48, No. 1Current source density of sustained potential shifts associated with electrographic seizures and with spreading depression in rat hippocampusBrain Research, Vol. 570, No. 1-2Methods for studying the conductance changes associated with synaptic activation of forebrain slices: the interpretation of field potentials using CSD profilesJournal of Neuroscience Methods, Vol. 39, No. 1The role of hippocampal commissures in the interhemispheric transfer of epileptiform afterdischarges in the rat: a study using linear and non-linear regression analysisElectroencephalography and Clinical Neurophysiology, Vol. 76, No. 6The development of changes in hippocampal GABA immunoreactivity in the rat kindling model of epilepsy: A light microscopic study with gaba antibodiesNeuroscience, Vol. 23, No. 2Electrical activity of the cingulate cortex. I. Generating mechanisms and relations to behaviorBrain Research, Vol. 407, No. 1Laminar distribution of hippocampal rhythmic slow activity (RSA) in the behaving rat: Current-source density analysis, effects of urethane and atropineBrain Research, Vol. 365, No. 1A simple method for the construction of electrode arraysJournal of Neuroscience Methods, Vol. 11, No. 3Cellular bases of hippocampal EEG in the behaving ratBrain Research Reviews, Vol. 6, No. 2Two types of interictal transients of reversed polarity in rat hippocampus during kindlingElectroencephalography and Clinical Neurophysiology, Vol. 55, No. 3Differential effects of pentobarbital and ether on the synaptic transmission of the hippocampal CA1 region in the ratElectroencephalography and Clinical Neurophysiology, Vol. 51, No. 3Model of behavioral modulation of the hippocampal CA1 region of the ratBrain Research, Vol. 205, No. 1Behavior-dependent evoked potentials in the hippocampal CA1 region of the rat. I. Correlation with behavior and eggBrain Research, Vol. 198, No. 1Behavior-dependent evoked potentials in the hippocampal CA1 region of the rat. II. Effect of eserine, atropine, ether and pentobarbitalBrain Research, Vol. 198, No. 1 More from this issue > Volume 42Issue 6November 1979Pages 1571-1589 Copyright & PermissionsCopyright © 1979 the American Physiological Societyhttps://doi.org/10.1152/jn.1979.42.6.1571PubMed501390History Published online 1 November 1979 Published in print 1 November 1979 Metrics