Sustainable Economic Prosperity Research Articles

Attaining Sustainable Development in Post-Conflict Societies: A Conceptual and Theoretical Perspective from North-East Nigeria

One of the most cherished aspirations of every society emerging from conflict is its ability to transform, bounce back and attain sustainable development in the post-conflict period. No society indicate or abhors lack of willingness to achieve such a noble dream. In Nigeria, the crises of Boko Haram led to the destruction of properties and communities, death of persons, and displacement of millions of individuals. The violent conflict has destroyed several livelihood sources and made many rich individuals poor and destitute and as well sent many young people, women and children into their untimely graves. This paper examines the attainment of sustainable development in post-conflict societies with focus on North-East Nigeria. The paper is hinged on conceptual and theoretical approach to examining the post-conflict state of attaining sustainable development using secondary data derived from published and unpublished sources with analysis based of thematic approach using document analysis. The focus of the paper is on the ravaging violent conflict by the Boko Haram insurgents in the by addressing the key fundamental issues including the phases of conflicts management and recovery, the strategies for the attainment of sustainable development and economic prosperity in the post conflict society, the key actors and strategic stakeholders in the post conflict recovery and reconstructions, and the challenges confronting sustainable development in the post-conflict society.

The assessment of national conduct in realizing the right to heath: using the framework of United Nations

Purpose Health is a human right and a fundamental building block of sustainable development, economic prosperity and poverty reduction. To realize people’s right to health, evaluating the situation of the right and its determinants is necessary. This paper aims to analyze Iran’s conduct in realizing its population’s right to health. Design/methodology/approach A qualitative case study design involving a structured review of relevant laws, policy documents, reports and academic literature was undertaken. The data were collected from electronic databases and the official Web pages of the United Nations (UN) and Iran’s Government and analyzed by a framework suggested by the UN. Findings Iran’s law and policies intend to combat health inequalities and to provide an adequate standard of living for everyone, particularly disadvantaged groups and individuals. However, not all laws and policies protecting disadvantaged groups are adequately implemented. There are disparities in health status and access to health care among different socio-economic groups. International economic sanctions and government policies decreased people’s ability to access the necessities of life including health care. Moreover, social determinants of health, such as cultural beliefs regarding women’s rights have not been addressed sufficiently in the country’s laws. Research limitations/implications This study includes a broad range of subjects and provides an overview of the health-care system of Iran. However, more detail is needed to describe every aspect of the right to health. It was not feasible to address them all in this paper and needs more research. In addition, as with the majority of qualitative studies, the design of the current study is subject to limitations. Firstly, the research quality of narrative reviews is dependent on the researcher’ skills and more easily can be influenced by his/her personal biases. Second, the rigor is more difficult to maintain, assess and demonstrate. Nevertheless, narrative studies often complement quantitative studies and are informative. Originality/value To fulfill the right to health, Iran should improve affordability and quality of care and the situation of the determinants of health. The gaps in people’s access to health care need to be identified, and all necessary means and scarce resources be allocated to remove access barriers and to improve the situation of disadvantaged people. The adoption of relatively low-cost targeted programs, the proper management of resources and the prevention of unnecessary costs are suggested.

Assessing the Contribution of Smes Towards the Industrial Development of Ogun State

This study delves into the vital role played by Small and Medium-sized Enterprises (SMEs) in advancing the industrial development of Ogun State, Nigeria. SMEs are the backbone of the state's economic landscape, contributing significantly to employment, innovation, and economic growth. Through a comprehensive analysis of SMEs in various industries, this research evaluates their impact on industrial development. The assessment encompasses factors such as job creation, local value addition, and technology transfer, shedding light on the multifaceted contributions of SMEs. Additionally, the study explores the challenges faced by these enterprises and the potential for policy interventions to further enhance their role in industrial development. The findings of this research are invaluable for policymakers, business owners, and stakeholders aiming to bolster the industrial sector of Ogun State. By understanding the diverse ways in which SMEs contribute to industrial development, strategic decisions and policies can be formulated to foster sustainable growth and economic prosperity in the state.

УПРАВЛІННЯ ДІЯЛЬНІСТЮ НЕУРЯДОВИХ ОРГАНІЗАЦІЙ ПІДТРИМКИ БІЗНЕСУ

The article considers the main areas of management of non-governmental organizations: strategic planning; program development; financial management; human resources management; implementation of projects; involvement of interested parties; communications and advocacy; impact assessment. It has been established that the management process in non-governmental business support organizations is dynamic and operational, aimed at adapting to changing business needs. Effective governance ensures that these organizations can effectively fulfill their mission of supporting business and promoting sustainable economic development and prosperity. The components of the management of a non-governmental business support organization are characterized. The peculiarities of managing the activities of non-governmental business support organizations through the prism of taking into account the interests of members and stakeholders in the management of such organizations are highlighted. The typical organizational structure of non-governmental business support organizations was studied. Despite the fact that the structure may differ depending on the size, activities and goals of a specific non-governmental business support organization, as a rule, it consists of such components as: senior management, executive management and functional departments, the key aspects of their work are considered. Documents defining management in non-governmental business support organizations were considered, in particular: charter; internal regulations (determine relations with members); principles, rules and policies; strategic plan («road map» of the organization's functioning); annual budget The resource provision of non-governmental business support organizations and the management aspect of such provision are characterized, namely: management of material, human, and financial resources; time, technology and information management; risk management; strategic management.

Welsh Health Equity Solutions Platform

Abstract Health inequities are a longstanding issue in Wales, as they are across the globe. They disproportionately affect the health& wellbeing outcomes of disadvantaged groups, restricting opportunities to live full and prosperous lives. Post COVID-19 new groups are emerging with disproportionately higher risk of poor health and premature death and disease, especially those with unmet needs and vulnerabilities. More recently, the rising cost of living is amplifying health inequities. Despite their prevalence, health inequities are avoidable. Caused by multiple, interlinked factors; efforts to reduce health inequities thus require action on all the social determinants of health across the life course. Improved understanding of the key drivers of health gaps is needed to address the problem& provide support for solutions-driven action to break down the barriers to health equity. The Welsh Health Equity Solutions Platform (WHESP) is a new innovative tool developed around the WHO Health Equity Status Report initiative framework of the ‘five essential conditions’ for healthy, prosperous lives for all. WHESP aims to inform and facilitate policy and decision making to improve population health and address the increasing health gap. WHESP is an online gateway to data, health economics and modelling, policies, resources and innovative tools on health equity. Emerging evidence is highlighted to identify tools and solutions for achieving healthy prosperous lives for all in Wales and beyond. WHESP will be linked with and feed into a WHO health equity gateway, providing an example and inspiration for countries to learn and follow, as well as to contribute and share. WHESP recognises that there is not a ‘one size fits all’ approach. It provides an extensive body of evidence to inform evidence-based decision making to reduce the health gap, improve overall population health and wellbeing, and achieve inclusive and sustainable economic growth and prosperity for all. Key messages • Efforts to reduce health inequalities require action across all of the social determinants of health. • WHESP provides extensive evidence to facilitate cross-sectoral action and policy change.

The Economics of Entrepreneurship: Drivers, Impacts, and Policy Implications

The study of entrepreneurship as an economic phenomenon has evolved over the years, with seminal works by scholars laying the foundation for understanding its multifaceted nature. The objective of the research paper "The Economics of Entrepreneurship: Drivers, Impacts, and Policy Implications" is to investigate and analyze the multifaceted aspects of entrepreneurship and its role in driving economic growth and development. Additionally, the research seeks to assess the effectiveness of existing policies and initiatives aimed at promoting entrepreneurship and propose evidence-based policy recommendations to foster a conducive environment for entrepreneurial ventures. The methodology employed in the research involves a comprehensive and systematic approach to gather and analyze data. Firstly, a literature review is conducted to gain insights into existing theories, studies, and empirical evidence related to entrepreneurship, economic growth, and policy implications. Secondly, data is collected from various sources, such as government reports, surveys, and databases, to assess the level of entrepreneurial activity, its impact on the economy, and the effectiveness of existing policies. The significance of the research paper lies in its potential to contribute valuable insights to the field of entrepreneurship and its implications for economic development. By comprehensively exploring the various drivers and impacts of entrepreneurial activities, this study aims to shed light on the crucial role of entrepreneurship in fostering innovation, job creation, and economic growth.
 The findings from this study indicate that entrepreneurship plays a vital role in stimulating economic growth, job creation, and innovation. It is evident that entrepreneurial ventures contribute significantly to GDP growth and job opportunities, thereby enhancing overall economic development [1,2]. The research also highlights the significance of effective policy measures to promote and support entrepreneurship. Government initiatives, such as tax incentives, access to financing, and business development programs, are instrumental in creating a conducive environment for entrepreneurial activities [3,4]. In conclusion, this study underscores the pivotal role of entrepreneurship in driving economic growth and development. It emphasizes the need for policymakers to formulate strategies that facilitate entrepreneurial activities and mitigate the challenges faced by entrepreneurs. By adopting effective policy implications, countries can harness the potential of entrepreneurship to achieve sustainable economic prosperity [5,6].

Economic Analysis of the Tax System: The Example of Azerbaijan

This paper presents an economic analysis of the tax system in Azerbaijan, focusing on its structure, efficiency, and impact on economic growth and development. The study aims to provide insights into the strengths and weaknesses of the tax system, identify potential areas for improvement, and offer policy recommendations for optimizing its effectiveness. Based on the findings of the analysis, several policy recommendations are proposed to enhance the efficiency and effectiveness of the tax system in Azerbaijan. These recommendations include streamlining tax administration processes, improving tax compliance through simplified regulations and electronic filing systems, promoting a more balanced tax burden across sectors, and exploring options for tax reform to incentivize investment and foster economic growth. In conclusion, this economic analysis provides a comprehensive evaluation of the tax system in Azerbaijan, highlighting its strengths and weaknesses. By offering policy recommendations, the study aims to contribute to ongoing discussions on tax reform and optimization, ultimately supporting the country's goals of sustainable economic development and prosperity.

How do financial development and ICT moderate financial resource curse hypothesis in developing countries?

Sustainable resource utilization and economic prosperity are one of the ultimate goals worldwide; mainly, resource-abundant emerging countries are more concerned with identifying the factors of sustainable development in confronting the resource curse. Over the last two decades, tremendous progression in information and communication technology (ICT) and financial development (FD) has triggered economic prosperity. In this aspect, the study evaluates the dynamic impact of natural resources (NR), ICT, and FD on economic growth in eleven developing economies from 1990 to 2021. Moreover, the study confirms the presence of a curse paradox or blessing associated with NR by employing a cross-section augmented distributed lag (CS-ARDL) estimator after resolving the cross-section dependency and heterogeneity issues. The findings exhibit that NR is inversely associated with economic development, confirming the resource curse problem in these economies, while FD and ICT encourage sustainable growth. Manifestly, the indirect moderating contribution of ICT and FD reveals that when resource-abundant countries are embodied with a well-developed financial sector and ICT infrastructure, resources are efficiently consumed, leading to inclusive economic progress. In addition, the identical outcomes are echoed by utilizing the alternative panel techniques. Overall, the study recommends valuable policy strategies in resource utilization for sustainable development.

Sustainable Development and its Role in Achieving Economic Well-being

This research revolves around one of the important issues in contemporary reality, which is the issue of sustainable development, and the reference for sustainable development in its achievement of economic well-being. The truth is that Islamic Sharia is contained in its rulers and texts everything that achieves sustainable development; as the use of this term has become very large, whose goal is to find balance and prosperity. As was mentioned in the Holy Qur'an and the Sunnah of the Prophet, an economy without extravagance or waste can indicate sustainable development and economic prosperity. The study necessitated the following plan: an introduction to two sections and a conclusion. The first topic contains two demands: (1 contains a statement of the nature of sustainable development, (2 the emergence of sustainable development; the second topic contains two demands: (1 models from the Holy Qur'an and the Prophetic Sunnah, (2 the challenges and difficulties facing sustainable development in Islamic countries; followed by the conclusion and the most important results reached, sources, and references.
 Keywords: development, sustainable, welfare, economy

How road investment can improve economic prosperity : The case for Northern England

Good roads are critical to modern functioning society, providing flexible mobility options for people to access jobs and services via private car, by bus, or for local trips by foot or cycle. Likewise, almost all freight movements depend on good strategic and local road connections. Investment in transport, including roads, can deliver economic agglomeration and an increase in effective density, also direct user benefits, productivity gains, greater labour market participation and business investment. This paper posits that, to maximise the benefits of road investment, we need a holistic whole-systems approach to aligning policy and infrastructure investment focused on achieving sustainable economic prosperity, improved social inclusivity, environmental goals, and most critically, decarbonisation of transport and the wider economy.

Regional Development Capabilities: A Strategic Geographical Review of Eastern Sri Lanka

This review article proposes that sustainable regional development in Sri Lanka can be achieved through the strategic development of the Eastern Province. The aim is to promote economic growth in the region and enhance connectivity with Southeast Asia by developing a trade-oriented economy. By establishing new trade partnerships and reinforcing the small trade shipping system based on the Bay of Bengal, the region can benefit from greater connectivity with neighboring countries and expand its economic capabilities. To achieve this goal, the paper suggests the development of value-added industries in the Eastern Province, which could include manufacturing, processing, and other forms of industrial production. This would not only create new employment opportunities and stimulate economic growth in the region but also generate new trade opportunities and revenue streams. Overall, the paper proposes a strategic approach to regional development in Sri Lanka that emphasizes the importance of leveraging the country’s geographical position and economic potential. By developing a trade-oriented economy and enhancing connectivity with neighboring countries, the Eastern Province can become a hub for economic activity in the region, promoting sustainable economic growth and prosperity for the country as a whole.

Development of a Forest Village Agriculture Farmer Dependence Model on Forest Resources for The Creation of Sustainable Economic Prosperity in The Banyumas Forest Area, Central Java Province, Indonesia

Communities that live close to forests heavily rely on the resources found there. In the KPH Banyumas setting of Central Java, the research aims to determine the likelihood of choosing to work in the forest for income and characterize the elements that impact the decision to work for forest farming and forest village agricultural farmers. The study’s findings suggest that, in the forest community, the choice of employment is influenced by the physical ability variable, but not by the risk or reward factors. The factors that impact the household income of Banyumas forest village farmers include age, labor hours, and the amount of land farmed. The number of dependents, education level, own land size, and non-forest family income factors all affect how dependent Banyumas forest village farmers are on forest resources. According to this research, it is also evident that the practice of purchasing and selling land leases that do not adhere to the regulations regarding the management period of forest areas for agricultural farmers’ businesses has prevented the forest village community institution from serving as an ideal institution for village farmers.

Solar photovoltaic program helps turn deserts green in China: Evidence from satellite monitoring

Solar energy is considered one of the key solutions to the growing demand for energy and to reducing greenhouse gas emissions. Thanks to the relatively low cost of land use for solar energy and high power generation potential, a large number of photovoltaic (PV) power stations have been established in desert areas around the world. Despite the contribution to easing the energy crisis and combating climate change, large-scale construction and operation of PV power stations can change the land cover and affect the environment. However, few studies have focused on these special land cover changes, especially vegetation cover changes, which hinders understanding the effects of the extensive development of solar energy. Here, we used Continuous Change Detection and Classification - Spectral Mixture Analysis (CCDC-SMA) based on Landsat images to monitor changes in vegetation abundance before and after the PV power stations deployment. To reduce the interference of PV shading on vegetation abundance estimation, we improved the vegetation (VG) fraction from SMA and developed the Photovoltaics-Adjusted Vegetation (PAVG) fraction for vegetation abundance measurements in PV power stations. Results show that PV power stations in China's 12 biggest deserts expanded from 0 to 102.56 km2 from 2011 to 2018, mainly distributed in the central part of north China. The desert vegetation in the deployment area of PV power stations presented a significant greening trend. Compared to 2010, the greening area reached 30.80 km2, accounting for 30% of the total area of PV power stations. Overall, the large-scale deployment of PV power stations has promoted desert greening, primarily due to government-led Photovoltaic Desert Control Projects and favorable climatic change. This study shows the great benefits of PV power stations in combating desertification and improving people's welfare, which bring sustainable economic, ecological and social prosperity in sandy ecosystems.

Corporate Governance by South African State-Owned Entities (SOEs) – Contributing to Achieving Agenda 2063

Following centuries of institutional colonization, Africa remains in dire need of development and has failed to realize its potential to drive sustainable economic growth and prosperity. Despite the residual contribution of Africa’s colonial legacy to this malaise, it is suggested that African states should stop blaming coloniality for their failure to develop and accept responsibility for their own socioeconomic development. To arrest the downward spiral and provide the platform necessary to drive sustainable development across the African continent, the African Union launched Agenda 2063. To claim its rightful place in the global economy with a renewed focus on accountability, African states must change their development trajectory and address the economic, environmental, social, and governance interests of their legitimate stakeholders as they strive for sustainable development and their beneficiaries with added value. African states can no longer afford to remain passive participants in the process, providing raw materials for beneficiation by the Global North. The findings of this paper are based on the assertion that effectively governed state-owned entities (SOEs) represent vehicles available to states to leverage their drive for socioeconomic development in their respective countries, thereby contributing to achieving the Agenda 2063 goals. Despite relying on quantitative data to inform a corporate governance conformance matrix, purposively developed from the OECD Guidelines, World Bank Toolkit, and Agenda 2063, the study adopts an interpretative approach to thematically analyze the content of the published annual reports of South African SOEs. While the relatively high conformance scores achieved by the South African SOEs appear to suggest conformance with strong corporate governance practices. It belies the fact that several of these highly compliant SOEs are currently under investigation in relation to numerous instances of serious fraud and corruption. The incongruence of these public disclosures with the de facto situation implies that they do not represent a meaningful attempt by SOEs to discharge their governance obligations effectively. Instead, they may simply be an attempt to placate stakeholders that these SOEs were being effectively governed rather than to account to stakeholders meaningfully. The study concludes that merely imposing a regulatory, corporate governance framework will not be sufficient to ensure the effectiveness of governance in SOEs, but rather that effective processes must be established to monitor and enforce compliance with these frameworks, together with effective consequence management for non-compliance.

Emerging non‐thermal technologies for enhanced quality and safety of fruit juices

SummaryThe importance of healthy foods has widely grown with consumers' rising demand and is an excellent area of interest for the food industry to improve global health status and provide sustainable economic prosperity. Fruit juices are immunity‐boosting foods loaded with bio‐actives, offering functional and physiological benefits. While fruit juice processing is a crucial determiner of juice quality, the employed technologies should meet the global sustainable development goals. This fact has elevated the emergence of innovative minimal‐processing techniques. These technologies aim at retaining phytochemicals and nutrients while destroying pathogenic microorganisms and deactivating enzymatic activity, thereby extending the shelf‐life of fruit juices.

Securing Grid Infrastructure Resilience Through Improved Capital Asset Planning and Management

Utilities are working to strengthen and evolve their electric grid operations to deliver power with higher reliability and safety, resulting in superior customer service. In addition to these traditional, yet still very relevant objectives, the concept of improving grid resiliency is one that electric grid operators, regulators and customers are increasingly interested in. There is a growing awareness and recognition that a more resilient electric system is essential for the modern and sustained economic prosperity of local communities and residents. Grid resilience has long been in the lexicon of utilities and their stakeholders. However, evolving legislative and regulatory mandates are increasing the urgency for focused solution planning and execution.

A Simulation Tool for Calculation of Engine Thermal Boundary Conditions

<div class="section abstract"><div class="htmlview paragraph">Reducing emissions and the carbon footprint of our society have become imperatives requiring the automotive industry to adapt and develop technologies to strive for a cleaner sustainable transport system and for sustainable economic prosperity. Electrified hybrid electric vehicles (HEV), plug-in hybrid electric vehicles (PHEV) and range extender powertrains provide potential solutions for reducing emissions, but they present challenges in terms of thermal management. A key requirement for meeting these challenges is accurately to predict the thermal loading and temperatures of an internal combustion engine (ICE) quickly under multiple full-load and part-load conditions.</div><div class="htmlview paragraph">Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) and thermal survey database methods are used to derive thermal loading of the engine structure and are well understood but typically only used at full-load conditions. These methods are limited in terms of computational overhead with CFD and the validity of the database when wishing to look at part-load conditions to build up a thermal map of the engine for transient solutions.</div><div class="htmlview paragraph">This paper presents a new analytical Finite Element (FE) based tool for calculating thermal boundary conditions of all the components of the power cylinder using physical models and semi-empirical correlations, without the need for CFD analysis, and which overcomes the limitation of database methods which are not predictive. An iterative solution is used that captures all the heat paths in detail and where each solution runs quickly enough to allow different design variants to be assessed for multiple operating conditions. The calculated temperatures and the corresponding deformations can then be used to predict piston secondary motion and ring dynamics and to better predict friction, wear and oil consumption of the power cylinder and the structural durability of the components.</div><div class="htmlview paragraph">The toolset is applied to a 2.0 liter 4-cylinder Gasoline Turbocharged Direct Injection (GTDI) engine and validated with measurements on the piston, cylinder head and cylinder bore for different full and part-load conditions.</div></div>

Morphology for circular economy business models in the electrical and electronic equipment sector of Singapore and South Korea: Findings, implications, and future agenda

Moving to a circular economy requires manufacturers and producers to rethink their business model for a stronger value proposition and delivery. Many businesses have implemented circular economy business models (CEBMs) with different design options to accomplish sustainable business goals and economic prosperity. However, the unexplored options in the design of CEBMs can be a significant obstacle in the transition to a circular society. This paper seeks to investigate the CEBM design options currently reported in the Electrical and Electronic Equipment (EEE) sector of Singapore and South Korea, proposing a research agenda to advance circular economy research in both countries. In this systematic review, we follow four basic dimensions in a business model, value proposition, value delivery, value creation, and value capture, in a morphological analysis of 119 publications to identify business model design options in the Electrical and Electronic Equipment sector of Singapore and South Korea. Our findings showed that producers in both countries were similar in their intentions yet adopted different approaches regarding the four dimensions. In Singapore, result-oriented CEBMs and cooperation with the local government and community emerged as major design options. On the other hand, in the South Korean context, rental or leasing business models using the membership system with personalized home visiting service and the use of digital capabilities were rampant. These findings are expected to help producers and practitioners understand and adopt better design options to drive their business models, highlighting the agenda to further investigate digital servitization and consumer acceptance in CEBMs.

Circular economy and frugal innovation: a conceptual nexus.

Frugal innovation (FI) and circular economy (CE) are two concepts that are recently being deliberated among researchers, policymakers, businesses, governments, and international organizations. Being a nascent development, both still lack an extant body of theories and data. Undisputedly they both share commonalities in gathering tractions among scholars. But the conceptual relationship between them has been unclear and hence makes it difficult to understand how one can promote the other. The current work constructs a conceptual framework through literature, explicating nexus, characteristics, and indicators of the two concepts and then exploring this framework through case analysis and focus group discussion (FGD). The results of our findings show that the two concepts are outcome of considerations on resource constraints and/or resource optimization; promote redesigning of product and services to minimize resources while achieving core functionality; involve the participation of stakeholders; and are implemented in stages. Most importantly, they foster the three pillars of sustainable development-social equity, economic prosperity, and environmental quality. However, supportive policies and institutions are largely associated with the development of CE which is not the same for FI in most countries. We conclude that FI being mainly operational in the emerging economies could serve as a veritable enabling tool for promoting the CE concept in the developing regions of the globe but will require the support of formal institutions and policies.

Economic growth in contrast to GHG emission reduction measures in Green Deal context

The global economy is on the verge of one of the greatest transitions in modern history. The ability to ensure sustainable economic development and prosperity while significantly reducing consumption of energy resources and generated greenhouse gas emissions is a global challenge that affects every country in the world. To assess whether economies are ready for this challenge, there is an urgent need to examine this dual relationship between economic growth and climate change measures. European Green Deal strategy has set the ambitious goal of Europe becoming the first climate-neutral continent by 2050, boosting competitiveness and long-term prosperity of the economy. Kaya identity and LMDI decomposition is applied to examine how European Union countries have been coping with these countereffects historically. The decomposition analysis is conducted for the EU-28 (including the UK) countries for a 10-year study period from 2010 to 2019. This study analyses the main drivers of changes in GHG emissions in European Union and estimates the progress made in implementing the Green Deal targets. The results show that in the EU, energy efficiency improvements have twice the effect on reducing GHG emission compared to RES strategies. The effect of economic growth was the main offsetting factor hindering the achievement of larger GHG emission reductions. More in-depth ex-ante and ex-post investigation is performed for the Baltic States. A novel forecasting technique is applied to project GHG emissions under three different development scenarios, such as the scenario with existing measures, the scenario with additional measures, and the business-as-usual scenario. The results show that the current climate policies in the Baltic States are not sufficient to achieve the 2030 emission reduction targets and that greater efforts should be made to enforce climate mitigation measures in the economies.