Resource Sustainable Development Research Articles

Fireside Chat with Benjamin William Cashore: The Role of National Policies in Driving Sustainable Development of Vital Resources

Fireside Chat with Benjamin William Cashore: The Role of National Policies in Driving Sustainable Development of Vital Resources

Well-Being and Sustainable Utilization of Forest Environment with Diverse Vegetation Distributions

Forest landscape space is the basic unit of forest landscape resources. Healthy forest landscape resources can not only improve the sustainable cycle of forest ecological service function, but also have a positive impact on human health and well-being. Evidence supports the view that the forest environment is beneficial to people’s health, and further discussion of the dose response between environmental attributes and physical and mental recovery has been widely carried out by scholars. As an important component of environmental attributes, it is necessary to clarify the relationship between vegetation distribution and users’ health in order to better plan, design, and utilize forest environmental resources. This study mainly used the virtual immersive forest environment video in VR, and used the difference test in SPSS 23.0 to clarify whether the distribution of vegetation in the forest environment will affect the physiological and psychological recovery effect of users. The main results are as follows: (1) Experiencing the forest environment can promote users’ physiological and psychological health, and its recovery effect is significantly better than the indoor environment (p < 0.05). (2) The distribution of vegetation in the forest environment will affect users’ physiological and psychological recovery effect. Among them, in the cluster and randomly distributed forest environments, the relaxation and concentration of users can be improved mainly by alleviating their negative emotions. In the evenly distributed forest environment, users mainly achieve the purpose of relaxation by improving their vitality and positive emotions. These results show that the distribution of vegetation is one of the factors for the restoration of forest environment. In the future design and management of the forest environment, the health and well-being of users can be effectively enhanced by getting involved with the vegetation distribution in the site, aiming to provide a scientific basis for the promotion of the rehabilitation function of forest landscape space and its sustainable utilization, thus promoting the sustainable development of forest resources and improving people’s quality of life.

Identifying the spatio-temporal distribution characteristics of offshore wind turbines in China from Sentinel-1 imagery using deep learning

ABSTRACT Offshore wind power is a crucial clean energy source for coastal countries and advances blue economies. Accurate spatial mapping of offshore wind turbines supports energy assessment and the sustainable development of marine resources. Offshore wind power has developed rapidly in China, but the spatiotemporal distribution characteristics of offshore wind turbines and farms remain poorly understood. Extracting nearshore small targets from Sentinel-1 synthetic aperture radar images remain challenging due to noise from the rough sea surface background and the diverse substrate types in offshore wind turbine (OWT) distributions. Here, to address these issues, we first created a dataset of China’s offshore wind turbines (COWTs) that contained typical substrate types (e.g. seawater and tidal flats). Then, a deep learning model integrating an attention mechanism and receptive fields was used to accurately detect COWTs. The well-trained model was used to detect the changes in COWTs from 2015 to 2022. Our model detected an increase in the number of offshore wind farms in China from 7 to 114 (clusters counted as an offshore wind farm), while COWTs increased from 305 to 6451 from 2015 to 2022. The Taiwan Strait exhibited the highest wind speeds, yet the Jiangsu and Guangdong regions had the most installed turbines. Over 90% of COWTs were located in areas with offshore wind energy resources less than 500 W/m3, indicating a mismatch between COWT installation and wind resource distribution. This study demonstrated temporal and geographical generalizability, which is promising for global wind power detection. Our analysis of spatiotemporal variation in COWTs facilitates informed decision-making for future field establishment and sustainable marine planning.

Achieving Sustainable Resource Development: A State-of-the-Art Understanding of Blue-Green Water

Achieving Sustainable Resource Development: A State-of-the-Art Understanding of Blue-Green Water

Robust estimation of hydrogeological parameters from wireline logs usingsemi-supervised deep neural networks assisted with global optimization-based regression methods

Understanding the distribution of hydrogeological properties of the aquifers is crucial for sustainable groundwater resource development. This research explores the application of deep autoencoder neural networks (AE-NN), assisted with global optimization methods for estimating hydrogeological parameters in the Quaternary aquifer system in the Debrecen area, Hungary. Traditional methods for estimating aquifer parameters typically depend on field experiments and laboratory analyses, which are both costly and time-consuming, and often fail to account for the heterogeneity of groundwater formations. In this study, deep AE-NN models are trained to extract latent space (LS) representations that capture key features from the available well logs, including spontaneous potential (SP), natural gamma ray (NGR), shallow resistivity (RS), and deep resistivity (RD). The LS log is then correlated with shale volume and hydraulic conductivity, as determined by the Larionov and Csókás methods, respectively. Regression analysis revealed a Gaussian relationship between the LS log and shale volume and a negative nonlinear relationship with hydraulic conductivity. Global optimization methods, including simulated annealing (SA) and particle swarm optimization (PSO), were used to refine the regression parameters, enhancing the predictive capabilities of the models. The results demonstrated that AE-NN assisted with global optimization methods can be effectively used to estimate shale volume and hydraulic conductivity, proposing a novel and independent approach for estimating hydrogeological parameters critical to groundwater flow and contaminant transport modeling.

Nitrogen reduction enhances crop productivity, decreases soil nitrogen loss and optimize its balance in wheat-maize cropping area of the Loess Plateau, China

In winter wheat-summer maize double cropping, fertilization changes the nitrogen (N) balance in the soil N pool, grain N uptake, N loss, and nitrogen use efficiency (NUE), ultimately impacting crop productivity and environmental health. For agricultural systems to maintain yields at lower environmental costs, N budgets must be balanced. Still, there is a deficiency in the reporting of N budgets of farming systems that incorporate all N flows. We evaluated the effects of various N fertilizer application rates on soil N balance and crop productivity in the 2017–2021 winter wheat-summer maize growing seasons. These rates included non-N fertilization (N0), 75 kg·N·ha−1 (N75), 150 kg·N·ha−1 (N150), 225 kg·N·ha−1 (N225), and conventional N fertilizer application rate, 300 kg·N·ha−1 (N300). Our analysis was based on a long-term field fertilization experiment and in-situ observation (established in 2010). The results show that fertilization significantly increased crop yields (wheat: 29.2 %–97.6 %; maize:25.4 %–98.1 %; annal: 27.0 %–96.7 %), among which N225 showed the highest increase value, compared with N0. Moreover, the N225 maximized grain N uptake by 201.0 %, reducing N losses and increasing N sequestration compared to the conventional N application rate of N300. N balance changes from negative to positive as the N application rate increases (wheat: −63.78–85.24 kg·ha−1; maize: −55.77–82.25 kg·ha−1; annal: −119.58–167.46 kg·ha−1·yr−1). Combining years of N inputs and outputs, the N225 is more balanced. Therefore, our study shows that an appropriate reduction of N fertilizer (N225) can help maintain agricultural productivity and promote N sequestration in farmland by reducing environmental N loss. Maintaining the virtuous cycle of N in the farmland ecosystem is beneficial and essential for the efficient utilization, high yield, and sustainable development of farmland resources.

Sustainable development of fishery resources: Precipitation of protein from surimi rinsing wastewater by low-temperature plasma

This study aimed to determine the impact of low-temperature plasma (LTP) on the protein stability and composition in surimi rinsing wastewater (SRW). When SRW (300 mL) was treated with LTP at a power of 420 W and a flow rate of 1.1 L/min for 106 s, the protein precipitation was 76.04 %, the pH was close to the estimated value of the isoelectric point (pI). In comparison with the pI precipitation treatment, non-precipitated proteins in the SRW after LTP precipitation treatment showed significant changes in amino acids susceptible to oxidation but had minor changes in the hydrophobic amino acid content. LTP showed a markedly differentiated response to the different protein types in the SRW, increasing the relative amounts of several enzyme proteins in the non-precipitated protein. The combined effect of the active ingredients provided by LTP on protein conformation and hydrophobic interactions may be responsible for this ‘screening’ phenomenon.

Characteristics and Indicative Significance of Groundwater Stable Isotopes in the Loess Plateau at the Regional Scale

Regional groundwater recharge is a critical scientific issue for sustainable groundwater resource development and management. However, spatial variations in groundwater recharge in the Loess Plateau （LP） remain poorly understood. To fill this knowledge gap, a systematic sampling campaign and stable isotope analysis were carried out for groundwater （shallow aquifer） in 13 major catchments during July 2019. The main objectives of this study were： ① to understandthe spatial distribution and influencing factors of stable isotopes in groundwater and ② to reveal the groundwater recharge sources and pathways and their spatial variations, combined with the precipitation stable isotope datasets. Stable isotopes in groundwater had poor spatial variations at the regional scale； however, they became isotopically depleted with the increase in annual average precipitation on the catchment scale （r = -0.87）. Compared with the stable isotope of precipitation, stable isotopes of groundwater were generally depleted and were similar to the precipitation of the rainy season （July-September）. These together indicated that there was pronounced seasonality of groundwater recharge, and the main recharge period was the rainy season. In particular, the recharge seasonality index （δP/G） was closely related to the catchment's average annual precipitation （r = -0.77） and leaf area index （r = -0.63）. In addition, groundwater lc-excess was generally negative, with the catchment-mean value ranging from -4.3‰ to -0.7‰. Hydrologically, this indicated that groundwater recharge pathways （ratio of matrix flow vs. preferential flow） were different among these catchments, which should be quantitatively determined by combining the saturated zone （groundwater） and the unsaturated zone （soil） in future work. Our findings can improve the understanding of groundwater recharge in LP and provide a scientific basis for sustainable management of groundwater resources at the regional scale.

IoT-ENHANCED SHALE OIL AND GAS GREEN DEVELOPMENT: STATUS AND FUTURE

Shale oil and gas, deemed as vital alternative resources to conventional oil and gas, have spurred significant interest in information-based exploration and development technologies within the industry in recent years [1]. China boasts extensive shale oil and gas reserves, with the International Energy Agency (EIA) estimating China's shale oil technology capable of extracting approximately 4.393 billion tonnes, ranking third globally. Additionally, China holds shale gas geological resources of about 134.4 trillion cubic meters, ranking first worldwide, showcasing immense development potential. Shale oil and gas, being unconventional resources, are distributed within the pore and fracture systems of organic-rich shale formations. Compared to conventional oil and gas, shale oil and gas exhibit weaker trap control and stronger distribution continuity, typically characterized by poor reservoir physical properties. Conventional extraction methods often struggle to yield industrial oil and gas flow from shale oil and gas resources, necessitating unconventional development technologies such as reservoir monitoring, directional wells, horizontal wells, and segmental fracturing [2]. However, these technologies come with challenges and risks, including complex production operations, high production data density, and environmental concerns such as surface ecological damage and pollutant emissions, further impacting shale oil and gas production. To facilitate the upgrading process of China's shale oil and gas industry, this paper presents the current status of Internet of Things (IoT) application technologies for shale oil and gas development and proposes a research outlook based on the concept of green development. Against the backdrop of energy transformation, it offers a reference framework for the sustainable development of China's extensive shale oil and gas resources.

Preface

The 6th International Conference on Fisheries and Marine Science (InCoFiMS) “The Strategic Role of Marine and Aquaculture in Supporting Resource Diversity and Sustainable Development Goals” Surabaya, Indonesia, October 30th, 2023 FACULTY OF FISHERIES AND MARINE UNIVERSITAS AIRLANGGA PREFACE The 6th International Conference on Fisheries and Marine Sciences (InCoFiMS) in 2023 is a regular event held by the Faculty of Fisheries and Marine, Universitas Airlangga, Indonesia. This conference was held in Surabaya on October 30th, 2023. The theme was “The Strategic Role of Marine and Aquaculture in Supporting Resource Diversity and Sustainable Development Goals.” The theme underlines the importance of fisheries and marine in achieving the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). More than 100 participants (presenters and non-presenters) attended this conference virtually via Zoom meetings to reach parts of the world. It was also an honor for the committee since the keynotes and speakers invited were diverse. This international conference is an excellent opportunity for students, researchers, and professionals worldwide to meet and discuss current issues on every topic related to the SDGs. The fisheries and marine domains have experienced exponential change, driven by challenges and prospects. The fisheries and marine sector’s contribution to the noble goals of sustainable development has deepened. We express our deepest thanks to all parties who have contributed to the publication of these proceedings. We thank Universitas Airlangga for its full support in holding the international conference. We also thank the reviewers for their contributions. These proceedings contain research papers that have been selected for publication. Hopefully, these proceeding will benefit the progress of the fisheries and marine sectors. Abdul Manan, S.Pi., M.Si., Ph.D. Chairman of the 6th InCoFiMS List of Organizing Committee is available in this Pdf.

Inovasi Pembelajaran Nahwu dalam Kurikulum Bahasa Arab Modern

The research examines innovations in nahwu learning in modern Arabic curricula, with the aim of improving student understanding and engagement. The research method used is a descriptive qualitative approach, involving the study of literature, document analysis, and interviews with Arabic education experts. Research findings show that the use of digital technologies, such as interactive learning applications and e-learning platforms, as well as the development of contextual teaching materials, significantly improved students' understanding of Arabic grammar by up to 30%. Student involvement also increased sharply by 50% when the learning methods used were more interactive and relevant to their lives. In addition, teachers responded positively to these innovations, with a 25% increase in positive responses. The results of this study underline the importance of adaptation in teaching methods to keep up with technological developments and the needs of modern students. Successful implementation of innovation requires the support of educational institutions, adequate training for teachers, and the development of sustainable learning resources. The research concludes that innovation in nahwu learning is effective in improving the quality of Arabic language education and must be continuously developed and widely applied to optimal results.

The Phonological Coordination Relationship of Hancheng Dialect in Shaanxi Province

Hancheng, located in the northeast corner of Guanzhong Plain, Shaanxi Province, is an ancient civilized city with a long history and splendid culture. Under the background of the vigorous promotion of Mandarin, many dialects are gradually declining in use, and the Hancheng dialect is the same. Hancheng dialect belongs to Fenhe Piece of Central Plains Mandarin, which has both similarities and differences with Beijing dialect. Hancheng dialect has dentate labial initials [pf pfh f v], while Beijing dialect does not. There are [ʅᴇ] vowels in Hancheng dialect, as well as nasalized vowels such as [ã, ẽ], which are not found in Beijing dialect. Based on this, the author made a field investigation and objective description of the pronunciation, vocabulary and grammar of Hancheng dialect in order to preserve it. Dialects and Mandarin are both bridges for people to communicate, each playing a unique role. As linguists, we bear the mission to meticulously document certain dialects, turning them into precious cultural heritage to be passed down to future generations. This paper describes the relationship between consonant and vowel in Hancheng dialect, and uses a number of table expressions to concretize it. This can not only provide materials for the study of Shaanxi dialect, but also contribute to the study of folk culture, and contribute to the protection of the diversity of dialects, but also promote the sustainable development of language resources.

Superlight Ambient Temperature Reversible Hydrogen Storage Media Based on Alkali and Alkali Earth Metal-Functionalized 2D Square-Octagon BCN Monolayer.

Energy has always been the engine of human beings; however, because of the environmental pollution caused by traditional fossil fuels, the development of more sustainable energy resources is urgently needed. The hydrogen storage medium is essential for its realization. Here, we introduce a hydrogen storage material, a two-dimensional (2D) square-octagon BCN (SO-BCN) monolayer, composed of lightweight elements (B, C, and N) and strategically functionalized with alkali and alkali earth metal atoms (Li, Na, Mg, and K). Notably, Li@SO-BCN and Mg@SO-BCN exhibit exceptional reversible hydrogen storage capabilities, surpassing the DOE standard of 5.5 wt %, with gravimetric capacities of 7.129 wt % and an impressive value of 11.656 wt %, alongside low adsorption energies of -0.21 eV/H2 and -0.268 eV/H2 at room temperature, respectively. Our investigation, which combines analysis of the atomic structure, electronic structure, and hydrogen process, reveals distinct mechanisms at play: Li activates the substrate, creating additional adsorption sites on the SO-BCN monolayer. Compared with Li, the functionalization of Mg atoms not only activates SO-BCN via charge transfer but also allows Mg2+ to act as a potent attractor for H2 molecule adsorption. This work provides both promising candidates for future hydrogen storage media based on 2D monolayers and a design paradigm for next-generation hydrogen storage materials, emphasizing the synergy of electron-donating species, substrate activation, and hierarchical porous structures.

Improving Skills and Empowering Women Community through Gayatri Womens’ School in Grenden Village, Jember, Indonesia

Womens’ empowerment plays an important role in improving family welfare. Womens’ empowerment can be done through increasing access to education, skills, economic opportunities, health, and participation in decision-making in various fields. This study aims to improve the skills of Womens’ groups in Grenden Village, Jember, Indonesia through non-formal education, namely the Gayatri Womens’ School. The Gayatri Womens’ School was established with the main objective of providing training and non-formal education to women in Grenden Puger Village to face various challenges in terms of skills and employment opportunities for women. This study uses a descriptive qualitative research approach to explore the research subjects. The subjects of this study include Womens’ groups in Grenden Village who are members of the Gayatri Womens’ School, consisting of one person representing each study group, family welfare empowerment (PKK), and Integrated Service Post cadres. The data analysis technique uses the Miles and Hubberman interactive model which consists of 4 stages, namely data collection, data reduction, data presentation, and drawing conclusions. The implementation of the Gayatri Womens’ School activities consists of the stages of planning, implementation, evaluation, and sustainability. Gayatri Womens’ school training activities were carried out in 6 study groups, namely Krajan 1 class, Krajan II class, Kapuran class, Kumitir class, Karangsono class, and Karetan class. Gayatri Womens’ school activities were able to increase income and improve the environment through the utilization of local potentials such as corn silk tea, fertilizer from corn cobs, corn husk crafts, hair clips, and photo frames from shells, eco print batik, hanging pots from coconut shells and corn milk. Gayatri Womens’ school activities can empower skills to foster an independent and creative attitude in achieving sustainable human resource development.

Pencegahan Pernikahan Dini Dan Peningkatan Minat Melanjutkan Pendidikan Berlandaskan Nilai-Nilai Islam

Early marriage and low interest in education are still problems in several areas in Indonesia, including the Central Lombok area with a fairly high rate of child marriage, so it has a big impact on the length of schooling and the quality of education in the area. This service aims to prevent child marriage, increase interest in education and strengthen the younger generation at Al-Hananiyah Islamic Middle School, Bodak Hamlet, Central Lombok, West Nusa Tenggara. This service method is carried out by educating peers by providing education about the dangers of early marriage and the importance of education. The results of the service show an increase in students' knowledge about the dangers of early marriage and the importance of education as well as an increase in students' interest in completing their education. The conclusion in this service shows the importance of education for the younger generation, especially regarding future orientation so that they are not fixated on getting married at a young age which has the potential to cause several problems in the future such as poverty, stunting and low human resources which have an impact on human resource development and sustainable development.

Projected future changes in the cryosphere and hydrology of a mountainous catchment in the upper Heihe River, China

Abstract. Climate warming exacerbates the degradation of the mountain cryosphere, including glacier retreat, permafrost degradation, and snow cover reduction. These changes dramatically alter the local and downstream hydrological regime, posing significant threats to basin-scale water resource management and sustainable development. However, this issue is still not adequately addressed, particularly in mountainous catchments. We developed an integrated cryospheric–hydrologic model, the FLEX-Cryo model, to comprehensively consider glaciers, snow cover, and frozen soil and their dynamic impacts on hydrological processes. Taking the mountainous Hulu catchment located in the upper Heihe River of China as a case study, we utilized the state-of-the-art climate change projection data under two scenarios (SSP2-4.5 and SSP5-8.5) from the sixth phase of the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project (CMIP6) to simulate the future changes in the mountainous cryosphere and their impacts on hydrology. Our findings showed that under the medium-emission scenario (SSP2-4.5) and high-emission scenario (SSP5-8.5), by the end of the 21st century, the glacier will completely melt out around the years 2051 and 2045, respectively. The annual maximum snow water equivalent is projected to decrease by 41.4 % and 46.0 %, while the duration of snow cover will be reduced by approximately 45 and 70 d. The freeze onset of seasonally frozen soil is expected to be delayed by 10 and 22 d, while the thaw onset of permafrost is likely to advance by 19 and 32 d. Moreover, the maximum freeze depth of seasonally frozen soil is projected to decrease by 5.2 and 10.9 cm per decade, and the depth of the active layer will increase by 8.2 and 15.5 cm per decade. Regarding hydrology, catchment total runoff exhibits a decreasing trend, and the tipping point of glacier runoff occurs approximately between 2019 and 2021. Permafrost degradation will likely reduce the duration of low runoff in the early thawing season; the discontinuous baseflow recession gradually transitions into linear recessions, and the baseflow increases. Our results highlight the significant changes expected in the mountainous cryosphere and hydrology in the future. These findings enhance our understanding of cold-region hydrological processes and have the potential to assist local and downstream water resource management in addressing the challenges posed by climate change.

Coastal Cultural Ecosystem Services: A Bridge between the Natural Ecosystem and Social Ecosystem for Sustainable Development

Cultural Ecosystem Services (CESs), as non-material benefits and well-being provided by ecosystems to humans, possess the ability to bridge nature and human society and interpret their complex interrelationships. Coastal areas are regions with concentrated human activities, where coastal zones are often subject to human development, pollution, and degradation. Compared to other ecosystems, coastal ecosystems face greater pressures and threats, and the cultural services they provide are more vulnerable. Research on coastal ecosystem cultural services needs to consider ecosystem vulnerability and find ways to protect and restore ecosystem functions. Therefore, this paper explores the intrinsic logical system and feasibility of guiding natural resource management and enhancing human well-being through coastal CESs, discussing related research data acquisition, method analysis, and perceptual application. Based on this, this paper analyzes the development trends of coastal CESs in natural resource management and enhancing human well-being from aspects such as biodiversity, human–nature interaction processes, cultural heritage conservation, local economic development, and community management. Finally, it proposes advancing the in-depth research of coastal CESs from the perspectives of integrating multi-source data, interdisciplinary development, and incorporating CESs into policy making, providing theoretical support for the systematic study of rational resource utilization and sustainable ecosystem development.

Changes in river morphology and influencing factors in the upper Yellow River over the past 25 years

Changes to the morphology of the upper Yellow River (UYR) had various impacts on the surrounding ecology and society, as well as the entire basin. However, low-spatial-resolution imagery (e.g., MODIS, AVHRR) cannot capture sufficient spatial details for monitoring complex water bodies, while high-spatial-resolution imagery (e.g., SPOT, Quickbird, Ikonos) lacks spatial coverage and the revisit frequency necessary for large-scale water body monitoring. To address these limitations, this study utilized the Google Earth Engine (GEE) and ArcGIS spatial analysis tools, applied pan-sharpening to downscale Landsat imagery of the study area from 1999 to 2023, performed river extraction, and calculated the spatiotemporal changes in river morphology in the UYR using river morphological parameters (i.e. area, channel width, centerline length, sinuosity index, lateral migration rate, channel stability). The Automated Water Extraction Index (AWEIsh) effectively characterized the study area, and pan-sharpening technology improved the extraction accuracy of small water bodies. Finally, the overall accuracy and Kappa coefficient were 0.993 and 0.985, respectively. Over the past 25 years, the area and average width of the entire reach of the UYR changed significantly, with the maximum value being 1.3 times the minimum value, whereas the centerline length and sinuosity index showed no apparent changes, and the lateral migration rate varied minimally, with the average annual movement ranging from 4.67 m to 10.18 m. In typical river segments without human activity, although single-channel reaches exhibited stronger stability than multi-channel reaches, natural factors (i.e. annual precipitation, annual runoff, annual sediment discharge) had a noticeable impact on the morphology of both single-channel and multi-channel reaches. Large-scale cascade hydropower development in the UYR has significantly impacted river morphology over a short period. Meanwhile, in river sections unaffected by human activities, the changes occurred gradually. This study provides support for better understanding complex river morphologies at large regional and long-term scales and a scientific basis for water resource management and sustainable development in the UYR.

The Effect of Multilateral Economic Cooperation on Sustainable Natural Resource Development

The relationship between natural resource development and sustainable development has long been a focus in academia. In the context of a new global economic cooperation system, many scholars argue that such cooperation can lead to a “resource curse” effect in partner countries, hindering their sustainable development. This study analyzed panel data from 64 countries from 2008 to 2020, using the Belt and Road Initiative as a representative of multilateral economic cooperation (MEC) policies. The aim was to examine the actual impact of multilateral economic cooperation on the sustainable development levels of partner countries and to explore the underlying mechanisms influencing these outcomes. First, we measured and identified the sustainable development index (SDI) under natural resource development schemes and the “resource curse” effect in these countries. Then, we employed a double machine learning approach to evaluate the policy effects of MEC on sustainable resource development. We constructed an interactive double machine learning model to examine and validate the specific mechanisms of resource development effects. The results indicate that the level of sustainable resource development in MEC countries is relatively low, and a “resource curse” effect already exists. However, participating in MEC suppresses this “curse” effect. By promoting innovation cooperation, institutional improvement, structural optimization, trade openness, and pollution reduction, MEC effectively enhances the sustainable development levels of partner countries.

Geothermal Resource Assessment and Development Recommendations for the Huangliu Formation in the Central Depression of the Yinggehai Basin

As a renewable resource, geothermal energy plays an increasingly important role in global and regional energy structures. Influenced by regional tectonic activities, multi-stage thermal evolution, and continuous subsidence, the subsurface temperatures in the Yinggehai Basin has been consistently rising, resulting in the formation of multiple geothermal reservoirs. The Neogene Huangliu Formation, with its high geothermal gradients, suitable burial depths, considerable thickness, and wide distribution, provides excellent geological conditions for substantial geothermal resources. However, the thermal storage characteristics and geothermal resources of this formation have not been fully assessed, limiting their effective development. This study systematically collected and analyzed drilling, geological, and geophysical data to examine these reservoirs’ geometric structures, thermal properties, and physical characteristics. Further, we quantitatively evaluated the geothermal resource potential of the Huangliu Formation and its respective reservoirs through volumetric estimation and Monte Carlo simulations, pointing zones with high geothermal prospects and formulating targeted development strategies. The findings indicate: (1) The Yinggehai Basin exhibits an average geothermal gradient of 39.4 ± 4.7 °C/km and an average terrestrial heat flow of 77.4 ± 19.1 mW/m2, demonstrating a favorable geothermal background; (2) The central depression of the Huangliu Formation harbors considerable geothermal resource potential, with an average reservoir temperature of 140.9 °C, and a total geothermal resource quantified at approximately 2.75 × 1020 J, equivalent to 93.95 × 108 tec. Monte Carlo projections estimate the maximum potential resource at about 3.10 × 1020 J, approximately 105.9 ×108 tec. (3) Additionally, the R14 and R23 reservoirs have been identified as possessing the highest potential for geothermal resource development. The study also proposes a comprehensive utilization model that integrates offshore geothermal power generation with multiple applications. These findings provide a method for the evaluation of geothermal resources in the Yinggehai Basin and lay a foundation for the sustainable development of resources.